Plan estratégico nacional multisectorial de VIH e ITS 2022-2027 / National multisector strategic plan for HIV and STIs 2022-2027

El Plan Estratégico Nacional Multisectorial de VIH e ITS 2022-2027 (PENM 2022-2027) es el resultado directo de la evaluación de medio término del PENM 2022-2026, enriquecido con perspectivas clave del "Análisis de la Respuesta del Sector Salud al VIH en El Salvador" realizado por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) en diciembre de 2023. Además, se ha fundamentado en herramientas metodológicas actualizadas, como la "Lista de verificación y lista de referencia para el desarrollo y revisión de un plan estratégico nacional de respuesta al VIH" de ONUSIDA (2023), con el objetivo de complementar y alinear nuestras acciones con las directrices, recomendaciones y estrategias más recientes propuestas por ONUSIDA

The National Multisector Strategic Plan for HIV and STIs 2022-2027 (PENM 2022-2027) is the direct result of the mid-term evaluation of the PENM 2022-2026, enriched with key perspectives of the Analysis of the Health Sector Response to HIV in El Salvador carried out by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) in December 2023. In addition, it has been based on updated methodological tools, such as the "Checklist and list of reference for the development and review of a national strategic HIV response plan" of UNAIDS (2023), with the aim of complementing and aligning our actions with the guidelines, most recent recommendations and strategies proposed by UNAIDS

Estruturação do plano de imunização no combate a covid-19: (des)ordem nos acordos entre os poderes / Structuring the immunization plan to fight covid-19: (dis)order in agreements between the powers / Estructura del plan de inmunización para combatir el covid-19: (des)orden en acuerdos entre potencias

Objetivo: Fomentar o debate acerca da ordenação do plano de vacinação nacional, considerando os aspectos organizacionais entre união, estados e municípios. Métodos: Revisão de literatura, tendo como base os periódicos Cientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS), usando como descritores: Pandemia, Vacina e Plano de Imunização. Com essa busca foram encontradas, inicialmente, 48 publicações. Após a realização da análise, foram incluídos 11 artigos científicos na revisão. Os textos foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo semântica. Resultados: Foram levantadas duas categorias: estratégias de combate a pandemia do covid-19 no Brasil, e a manipulação da sociedade civil e a desordem da cobertura vacinal. Conclusão: as reflexões aqui apresentadas podem contribuir para que os profissionais de enfermagem desenvolvam uma postura reflexiva frente a demanda vacinal, processo de planejamento e percepções da sociedade civil, podendo desencadear uma melhora na preparação para a educação em saúde. (AU)

Objective: To encourage the debate about the ordering of the national vaccination plan, considering the organizational aspects between the union, states and municipalities. Methods: Literature review, based on scientific journals Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and Virtual Health Library (VHL), using as descriptors: Pandemia, Vaccine and Immunization Plan. With this search, 48 publications were initially found. After the analysis, 11 scientific articles were included in the review. The texts were subjected to semantic content analysis. Results: Two categories were raised: strategies to combat the covid-19 pandemic in Brazil, and the manipulation of civil society and the disorder of vaccination coverage. Conclusion: The reflections presented here can contribute for nursing professionals to develop a reflexive posture in face of the vaccine demand, planning process and civil society perceptions, which can trigger an improvement in the preparation for health education. (AU)

Objetivo: Fomentar el debate sobre la ordenación del plan nacional de vacunación, considerando los aspectos organizativos entre sindicato, estados y municipios. Métodos: Revisión de la literatura, con base en revistas científicas Biblioteca Electrónica en Línea (SCIELO), Coordinación para el Perfeccionamiento del Personal de Educación Superior (CAPES) y Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS), utilizando como descriptores: Pandemia, Vacuna y Plan de Inmunización. Con esta búsqueda se encontraron inicialmente 48 publicaciones. Después del análisis, se incluyeron 11 artículos científicos en la revisión. Los textos fueron sometidos a análisis de contenido semántico. Resultados: Se plantearon dos categorías: estrategias para combatir la pandemia de covid-19 en Brasil y la manipulación de la sociedad civil y el desorden de la cobertura de vacunación. Conclusión: Las reflexiones aquí presentadas pueden contribuir para que los profesionales de enfermería desarrollen una postura reflexiva ante la demanda de vacunas, el proceso de planificación y las percepciones de la sociedad civil, lo que puede desencadenar una mejora en la preparación para la educación en salud. (AU)

Plan Operativo Institucional 2024 / Institutional Operational Plan 2024

Para la formulación del Plan Operativo Institucional (POI) 2024, el Ministerio de Salud (MINSAL) mantiene como marco de referencia político/técnico la Ley del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud; el Plan Cuscatlán; la Agenda Digital El Salvador 2020 2030; que entre sus componentes más importantes incluye la innovación, educación y competitividad, la modernización del Estado y la transformación digital; el Plan de Desarrollo Social; el Plan Nacional de Salud; la Ley Nacer con Cariño para un Parto Respetado y un Cuidado Cariñoso y Sensible para el Recién Nacido, la Ley Amor Convertido en Alimento para el Fomento, Protección y Apoyo a la Lactancia Materna y la Ley Crecer Juntos para la Protección Integral de la Primera Infancia, Niñez y Adolescencia, entre otras de importancia para la producción social de la salud

For the formulation of the Institutional Operational Plan (POI) 2024, the Ministry of Health (MINSAL) maintains the Law of the National Integrated Health System as a political/technical framework of reference; the Cuscatlán Plan; the Digital Agenda El Salvador 2020 2030; which among its most important components includes innovation, education and competitiveness, the modernization of the State and digital transformation; the Social Development Plan; the National Health Plan; the Born with Love Law for a Respected Childbirth and Loving and Sensitive Care for the Newborn, the Love Turned into Food Law for the Promotion, Protection and Support of Breastfeeding and the Grow Together Law for the Comprehensive Protection of Early Childhood , Childhood and Adolescence, among others of importance for the social production of health

Plan estratégico para el abordaje integral de las personas con epilepsia 2024-2031 / Strategic plan for the comprehensive approach to people with epilepsy 2024-2031

El presente Plan Estratégico para el abordaje integral de la persona con epilepsia 2024-2031 es la respuesta al compromiso del Plan Mundial para fortalecer la gobernanza para el abordaje integral de la persona en El Salvador, el Ministerio de Salud como rector ha elaborado con la participación de las Instituciones integrantes del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud. Dicho Plan integra el marco de referencia destacando el panorama mundial y nacional de la situación de las personas con epilepsia, estableciendo los principios rectores y enfoques para el abordaje integral, además las líneas estratégicas y actividades programadas

This Strategic Plan for the comprehensive approach to people with epilepsy 2024-2031 is the response to the commitment of the World Plan to strengthen governance for the comprehensive approach to the person in El Salvador, the Ministry of Health as rector has developed with the participation of the Institutions that make up the National Integrated Health System. This Plan integrates the reference framework highlighting the global and national panorama of the situation of people with epilepsy, establishing the guiding principles and approaches for a comprehensive approach, as well as the strategic lines and programmed activities

Plan estratégico intersectorial para el abordaje integral de la enfermedad renal crónica en El Salvador 2024-2028 / Intersectoral strategic plan for the comprehensive approach to chronic kidney disease in El Salvador 2024-2028

La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) constituye un importante problema de salud pública en el mundo y la región de las Américas, teniendo una prevalencia poblacional del 10% al 13%. Generalmente la ERC se atribuye a causas tradicionales principalmente diabetes mellitus, hipertensión arterial y obesidad. El país actualmente se enfrenta a una doble carga de enfermedad renal crónica, una debida a causas tradicionales como diabetes, hipertensión y obesidad, entre otros y de otra carga debida a causas no tradicionales. En el caso de la ERC, que afecta a las comunidades agrícolas salvadoreñas, el fenómeno se hace más complejo porque está sustentado sobre profundas raíces sociales que generan esta enfermedad en interacción con factores ambientales y ocupacionales

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) constitutes an important public health problem in the world and the region of the Americas, with a population prevalence of 10% to 13%. CKD is generally attributed to traditional causes, mainly diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure and obesity. The country currently faces a double burden of chronic kidney disease, one due to traditional causes such as diabetes, hypertension and obesity, among others, and another burden due to non-traditional causes. In the case of CKD, which affects Salvadoran agricultural communities, the phenomenon becomes more complex because it is based on deep social roots that generate this disease in interaction with environmental and occupational factors

Plan contingencial para el abordaje integral en salud ante la emergencia ambiental decretada en Lago de Coatepeque 2024-2025 / Contingency plan for a comprehensive health approach to the environmental emergency declared in Lake Coatepeque 2024-2025

El presente Plan contingencial para el abordaje integral en salud ante la emergencia ambiental decretada en Lago de Coatepeque 2024-2025, es un documento diseñado para enfrentar la emergencia ambiental en la cuenca del Lago de Coatepeque, el cual tiene como propósito principal proteger la salud de la población afectada por la crisis ambiental, abordando de manera integral los riesgos a la salud y desafíos que se presentan. El Plan abarca toda la extensión territorial de la cuenca del lago comprendida en 68.69 kilómetros cuadrados estipulados en la emergencia ambiental del Lago de Coatepeque y abarca todas las áreas de atención en salud, desde la prevención hasta el manejo de casos clínicos. Contempla objetivos, alcance, resultado esperado, antecedentes, justificación, abordaje integral, estrategias e intervenciones. La Emergencia Ambiental en el Lago de Coatepeque representa un riesgo significativo para la salud de 7,690 personas que habitan su cuenca en los 68.69 kilómetros cuadrados de la extensión territorial. El Plan constituye una respuesta que garantiza el abordaje integral y coordinado del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud para proteger a los habitantes y minimizar los efectos negativos. Su contenido describe el abordaje integral en salud que busca implementar acciones preventivas, de diagnóstico y tratamiento para reducir los efectos adversos en la salud de la población expuesta a la contaminación ambiental

This Contingency Plan for the comprehensive health approach to the environmental emergency declared in Lake Coatepeque 2024-2025, is a document designed to face the environmental emergency in the Lake Coatepeque basin, whose main purpose is to protect the health of the population affected by the environmental crisis, comprehensively addressing the health risks and challenges that arise. The Plan covers the entire territorial extension of the lake basin comprised of 68.69 square kilometers stipulated in the environmental emergency of Lake Coatepeque and covers all areas of health care, from prevention to the management of clinical cases. It includes objectives, scope, expected results, background, justification, comprehensive approach, strategies and interventions. The Environmental Emergency in Lake Coatepeque represents a significant risk to the health of 7,690 people who inhabit its basin in the 68.69 square kilometers of its territorial area. The Plan constitutes a response that guarantees the comprehensive and coordinated approach of the National Integrated Health System to protect the inhabitants and minimize the negative effects. Its content describes the comprehensive health approach that seeks to implement preventive, diagnostic and treatment actions to reduce the adverse effects on the health of the population exposed to environmental pollution

Consideraciones en la Renovación Curricular de la Carrera de Odontología en la Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

Dentro de la carrera de Odontología de la Universidad de La Frontera surge la necesidad de pasar por un proceso de renovación curricular. Para esto, se deben considerar tres ejes: la Mención en Prevención con la que cuenta el plan de estudios de Odontología, la coherencia con la legislación chilena y el Modelo Educativo de la Universidad en la formación y gestión de la carrera, y las metodologías de formación actualizadas. La Mención en Prevención se debe fortalecer para entregar una formación integral a los estudiantes, con énfasis en la responsabilidad social. La legislación chilena actualmente exige una revisión sistemática al plan de estudios de Odontología para cumplir con los estándares de calidad, y paralelamente la Universidad propone un Modelo Educativo que entrega un sello de calidad al trabajo de la casa de estudios, con el cual la carrera también debe alinearse. Por otra parte, la constante actualización de conocimientos disciplinares y pedagógicos en Odontología deben ser considerados y estudiados para un óptimo resultado en el proceso de renovación curricular, como así también la inclusión de las nuevas herramientas tecnológicas que se han desarrollado. Estos son ejes esenciales a considerar para generar impacto en educación en Odontología.

Within the dentistry program of the University of La Frontera, there is a need to undergo a process of curricular renewal. For this, three axes must be considered: Mention in Prevention in the Dentistry curriculum, the coherence with the Chilean legislation and the Educational Model of the University in the training and management of the program, and the updated training methodologies. The Mention in Prevention should be strengthened to provide comprehensive training to students, with emphasis on social responsibility. Chilean legislation currently requires a systematic review of the dentistry curriculum to comply with quality standards, and at the same time the University proposes an Educational Model that provides a quality seal for the work of the university, with which the program must also be aligned. On the other hand, the constant updating of disciplinary and pedagogical knowledge in Dentistry must be considered and studied for an optimal result in the process of curricular renovation, as well as the inclusion of new technological tools that have been developed. These are essential axes to consider in order to generate impact on education in dentistry.

Plan técnico para la ejecución de la "Jornada a nivel nacional de acciones integrales e intersectoriales para la prevención de las Arbovirosis 2024"

Las arbovirosis en El Salvador son enfermedades reincidentes en la que se ven relacionados muchos factores determinantes, en los cuales el Ministerio de Salud está realizando grandes esfuerzos por superarlos, a fin de mantener controlado el riesgo de brotes o epidemias de estas enfermedades, conservando de esta manera la primicia fundamental de conservar la salud de todos los salvadoreños

Arboviruses in El Salvador are recurrent diseases in which they are related many determining factors, in which the Ministry of Health is making great efforts to overcome them, in order to keep the risk of outbreaks or epidemics of these diseases under control diseases, thus preserving the fundamental first of preserving the health of all Salvadorans

Plan nacional para la prevención, el control y la eliminación de las enfermedades tropicales priorizadas en El Salvador 2024-2026 / National plan for prevention, control and elimination of tropical diseases prioritized in El Salvador 2024-2026

El presente Plan nacional integral e Inter programático para la prevención, el control y la eliminación de las enfermedades tropicales priorizadas en El Salvador 2024-2026, contiene el marco conceptual, categorización de las ET, datos estadísticos y epidemiológicos, definiciones, clasificaciones, distribución geográfica, manejo, tratamiento, desafíos del abordaje integral e intersectorial para cada enfermedad descrita y los recursos necesarios para llevar a cabo de manera satisfactoria las actividades planteadas

This comprehensive and inter-programmatic national plan for the prevention, control and elimination of prioritized tropical diseases in El Salvador 2024-2026, contains the conceptual framework, categorization of ETs, statistical and epidemiological data, definitions, classifications, geographical distribution , management, treatment, challenges of the comprehensive and intersectoral approach for each disease described and the resources necessary to satisfactorily carry out the proposed activities

Plan de implementación de la red nacional de apoyo para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la tuberculosis pediátrica / Implementation plan for the national support network for the diagnosis and treatment of paediatric tuberculosis

La tuberculosis en la edad pediátrica está íntimamente ligada a la enfermedad del adulto y se considera que los casos pediátricos son centinelas de lo que sucede en la comunidad en que la niña y el niño vive. Por lo antes expuesto, el Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud (SNIS) debe sumar esfuerzos bajo el enfoque de la Ley Crecer Juntos, para garantizar el bienestar de la niñez y adolescencia, y alcanzar el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) "Salud y Bienestar", ya que considera fundamental crear un "Plan de implementación de la red nacional de apoyo para el diagnóstico 10 y tratamiento de la tuberculosis pediátrica en El Salvador: RedNaTBPediátrica-ES", que contribuya a cumplir con los documentos regulatorios como la "Guía clínica para la atención pediátrica de la Tuberculosis y la coinfección TB/VIH" y demás normativas relacionadas al control de la tuberculosis en esta edad

Tuberculosis in paediatric age is closely linked to adult disease and paediatric cases are considered to be sentinels of what happens in the community in which the child lives. In view of the foregoing, the National Integrated Health System (NIS) must join forces under the Grow Together Act to guarantee the well-being of children and adolescents and achieve the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) "Health and Well-being"considers it essential to create a "Plan for the implementation of the national network of support for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric tuberculosis in El Salvador: RedNaTBPediátrica-ES", which contributes to comply with regulatory documents such as the Clinical Guide for Pediatric Care of TB and TB/HIV Co-infection" and other regulations related to tuberculosis control at this age

Plan técnico para la ejecución de la "Jornada a nivel nacional de acciones integrales e intersectoriales para lucha contra las Arbovirosis en Centros Escolares y Centros de Votación 2024" / Technical plan for the implementation of the "National day of comprehensive and intersectoral actions to combat Arbovirosis in Schools and Voting Centers 2024

En la situación del dengue en El Salvador, inciden determinantes (ambientales, económicos, políticos y sociales), la constante migración del campo a la ciudad, una creciente urbanización sin planificación ni regulación alguna, pobreza, inequidad en el ingreso y condiciones de exclusión que relegan a la población en esta situación a exponerse permanentemente a condiciones de alto riesgo y vulnerabilidad que favorecen la persistencia de la transmisión de arbovirosis, entre ellos se pueden señalar crecimiento poblacional, construcción de viviendas inadecuadas que generan condiciones críticas de hacinamiento, deficiente abastecimiento de agua que obliga a las personas a almacenarla inadecuadamente, una deficiente recolección de desechos sólidos, todo lo cual genera condiciones adecuadas para la multiplicación del Aedes aegypti y la transmisión de la enfermedad. El Ministerio de Salud, anticipándose al retorno de alumnos a un aproximado de 5,000 centros escolares públicos y privados, además de la prevención en 1,600 centros de votación, se ha programado la ejecución de una jornada a nivel nacional de acciones, la cual tiene por objetivo el control del vector en su fase larvaria y adulta; así como, la realización de acciones gubernamentales de carácter preventivas, en el que se realizarán actividades de promoción de la salud encaminadas a la eliminación de criaderos y otras actividades que sean factibles de desarrollar por la comunidad.

In the situation of dengue in El Salvador, determinants (environmental, economic, political and social), the constant migration from the countryside to the city, a growing urbanization without any planning or regulation, affect poverty, inequity in income and conditions of exclusion that relegate the population in this situation to be permanently exposed to conditions of high risk and vulnerability that favor the persistence of transmission of arbovirosis, These include population growth, construction of inadequate housing that generates critical conditions of overcrowding, poor water supply that forces people to store it improperly, poor solid waste collection, all of which generates adequate conditions for the multiplication of Aedes aegypti and the transmission of the disease. The Ministry of Health, anticipating the return of students to approximately 5,000 public and private schools, in addition to prevention in 1,600 voting centers, has scheduled the execution of a day at the national level of actions, which has as its objective the control of the vector in its larval and adult phase; as well as the carrying out of preventive governmental actions, which will include health promotion activities aimed at the elimination of hatcheries and other activities that are feasible to develop by the community

Application status of risk assessment models for periodontal disease / 口腔疾病防治

@#Risk assessment models for periodontal disease provide dentists with a precise and consolidated evaluation of the prognosis of periodontitis, enabling the formulation of personalized treatment plans. Periodontal risk assessment systems have been widely applied in clinical practice and research. The application fields of periodontal risk assessment systems vary based on the distinctions between clinical periodontal parameters and risk factors. The assessment models listed below are commonly used in clinical practice, including the periodontal risk calculator (PRC), which is an individual-based periodontal risk assessment tool that collects both periodontal and systemic information for prediction; the periodontal assessment tool (PAT), which allows for quantitative differentiation of stages of periodontal disease; the periodontal risk assessment (PRA) and modified periodontal risk assessment (mPRA), which are easy to use; and the classification and regression trees (CART), which assess the periodontal prognosis based on a single affected tooth. Additionally, there are orthodontic-periodontal combined risk assessment systems and implant periapical risk assessment systems tailored for patients needing multidisciplinary treatment. This review focuses on the current application status of periodontal risk assessment systems.

Pharmacotherapy plan for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer：a network meta-analysis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To determine the optimal therapeutic plan for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer （mHSPC）， and to provide reference for clinical decision-making. METHODS Retrieved from Medline， Embase， BIOSIS preview， the Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials. gov systematically， randomized controlled trials about mHSPC therapy， with overall survival （OS） and radiographic progression-free survival （rPFS） as efficacy outcomes and the incidence of serious adverse events （SAEs） as safety outcome， were collected during the inception-Mar. 2022. Two researchers independently screened the literature， extracted data， and evaluated the risk of bias for the included study before conducting a Bayesian network meta-analysis. RESULTS Eight studies with 9 437 patients were finally included. The effectiveness and safety of 7 therapy plans were compared [abiraterone acetate， apalutamide， darolutamide+docetaxel， docetaxel， enzalutamide， standard non-steroidal antiandrogen （SNA） in addition to ADT， and ADT alone]. In terms of efficacy index， the most beneficial regimen （except for ADT+SNA） for OS was ADT+darolutamide+docetaxel （HR＝0.54， 95%CI of 0.44-0.66）， followed by ADT+abiraterone acetate （HR＝0.64，95%CI of 0.57- 0.71）， apalutamide （HR＝0.65， 95%CI of 0.53-0.79）， enzalutamide （HR＝0.66， 95%CI of 0.53-0.82）； the least beneficial regimen for OS was ADT+docetaxel （HR＝0.79， 95%CI of 0.71-0.88）. The most beneficial regimen （except for ADT+SNA） for rPFS was ADT+enzalutamide （HR＝0.39， 95%CI of 0.30-0.50）， followed by ADT+apalutamide （HR＝0.48， 95%CI of 0.39- 0.60）， abiraterone acetate （HR＝0.57， 95%CI of 0.51-0.64）， docetaxel （HR＝0.62， 95%CI of 0.56-0.69）. The results of the tumor- loading subgroup analysis were the same. In terms of safety， ADT+darolutamide+docetaxel （OR＝25.86， 95%CI of 14.08-51.33）， and ADT+docetaxel （OR＝23.35， 95%CI of 13.26-44.81） were associated with markedly increased SAEs； the incidence of SAEs caused by ADT+abiraterone acetate （OR＝1.42，95%CI of 1.10-1.82） was slightly increased， and those of other therapy plans had no significant difference. CONCLUSIONS Compared with ADT alone， ADT+ darolutamide+docetaxel may provide the most significant OS benefit， but the incidence of SAEs is increased greatly； compared with ADT+docetaxel， ADT+abiraterone acetate， apalutamide or enzalutamide provide more OS benefits. ADT+enzalutamide provide optimal rPFS benefits with no increased SAEs.

Promoting implementation research and One Health approach to respond the four global health challenges: an interpretation of the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) Strategy 2024—2029 / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Tropical diseases, notably neglected tropical diseases and infectious diseases of poverty, remain major health problems endangering the poorest and most-marginalized people in the world. The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), which is co-sponsored by the World Health Organization, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Bank, is an important programme that helps facilitate, support, guide and coordinate global efforts to combat tropical diseases. On July 2023, TDR formally issued its 2024—2029 strategy, which proposed the direction and proprieties of global tropical disease prevention and control in the next six years. Based on its original focus on supporting researchers and research institutions from low and middle-income countries to conduct research on tropical diseases and building their research capabilities, this strategy proposed some new developments, which mainly included incorporating tropical disease prevention and control into the overall framework of addressing major global health challenges and achieving the health goals set by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to combat tropical diseases and contribute to achieving health goals of SDGs in a collaborative and integrated manner; supporting implementation research and encouraging practitioners and social innovators to participate in research to enable generation of solutions that may be used to solve local health problems; promoting and encouraging the One Health concept and interdisciplinary and cross-departmental collaboration; shifting gradually its focus from disease prevention and control to addressing the health needs of the poorest and most-marginalized populations. These new developments deserve the attention of personnel and institutions in China dedicated to the prevention and control of tropical diseases in order to help their future researches and activities.

Interpretation of the Action Plan to Accelerate the Elimination of Schistosomiasis in China (2023—2030) / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

On June 16, 2023, National Disease Control and Prevention Administration of the People’s Republic of China, in collaboration with other ministries, formulated and issued the Action Plan to Accelerate the Elimination of Schistosomiasis in China (2023—2030). The implementation of this plan provides an important basis for achieving the targets set in the “Healthy China 2030” action plan and the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. This paper describes the background, principles, targets, control strategies, safeguard measures and effectiveness evaluation of the plan, in order to guide the scientific and standardized implementation of actions for schistosomiasis elimination at the grassroots level, and facilitate the progress towards elimination of schistosomiasis in China with a high quality.

Plan nacional de abogacía, comunicación y movilización social para el control de la tuberculosis, 2023 ­ 2027 / National advocacy, communication and social mobilization plan for tuberculosis control, 2023 ­ 2027

Las estrategias de abogacía, comunicación y movilización social (ACMS) constituyen un proceso interactivo con las comunidades las cuales van más allá de la Información, Educación y Comunicación (IEC) que son empleadas para planificar intervenciones adecuadas a los desafíos del programa nacional de tuberculosis, con el fin de promover y mantener prácticas positivas entre poblaciones específicas, principalmente en grupos de mayor riesgo y vulnerabilidad, utilizando diversos canales de comunicación y mensajes. La ACMS es una estrategia fundamental para la integración de conocimientos, capacidades y habilidades que promueven la sensibilización y movilización de las personas hacia el cambio de comportamientos y entornos saludables. El plan tiene como propósito guiar las acciones de ACMS que realizará el personal de salud de las diferentes instituciones proveedoras de servicios de salud y organizaciones de la sociedad civil que trabajan para el control de la tuberculosis en el país

Advocacy, communication and social mobilization (ACMS) strategies are an interactive process with communities that go beyond Information, Education and Communication (IEC) which are used to plan interventions appropriate to the challenges of the national tuberculosis programme, in order to promote and maintain positive practices among specific populations, mainly in groups at higher risk and vulnerability, using various communication channels and message ACMS is a key strategy for integrating knowledge, skills and abilities that promote awareness and mobilization of people towards changing healthy behaviors and environments. The plan aims to guide the actions of ACMS to be carried out by the health personnel of the different health service providers and civil society organizations working for the control of tuberculosis in the country.s

Introducción de la tecnología CAD-CAM en la educación dental: una mirada desde los estudiantes y los docentes / Introduction of CAD-CAM technology in dental education: a student and teacher perspectives / Introdução da tecnologia CAD-CAM no ensino da medicina dentária: uma perspectiva dos alunos e dos professores

RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se describe la percepción del estudiante y del docente sobre el proceso de introducción de la tecnología CAD-CAM en la educación dental. Se realizó un estudio transversal y descriptivo; para el recojo de datos se utilizó dos cuestionarios validados por juicio de expertos y se aplicaron estadísticas descriptivas. Se obtuvo que el 57,9 % de los estudiantes y el 37,5 % de los docentes consideraron que la enseñanza de la tecnología CAD-CAM debería empezar en el tercer año de estudios; las capacitaciones fueron de utilidad tanto para estudiantes como para docentes; y esta tecnología sería un procedimiento de elección para el tratamiento con prótesis fija si lo tuvieran disponible. Se concluye que los estudiantes y los docentes tienen una percepción positiva sobre la introducción de la tecnología CAD-CAM en los cursos clínicos de la carrera de Odontología y sería un recurso de elección para el tratamiento con prótesis fija.

ABSTRACT This paper describes the student and teacher's perceptions of the process of introducing CAD-CAM technology in dental education. A cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out; two questionnaires validated by expert judgment were used for data collection, and descriptive statistics were applied. It was obtained that 57.9 % of the students and 37.5 % of the teachers considered that the teaching of CAD-CAM technology should begin in the third year of studies; the training was helpful for both students and teachers, and this technology would be a procedure of choice for treatment with fixed prosthesis if they had it available. It is concluded that students and teachers positively perceive the introduction of CAD-CAM technology in the clinical courses of the dental career, and it would be a resource of choice for fixed prosthesis treatment.

RESUMO Este artigo descreve as percepções dos estudantes e dos professores sobre o processo de introdução da tecnologia CAD-CAM no ensino da medicina dentária. Foi efetuado um estudo transversal e descritivo; para a recolha de dados foram utilizados dois questionários validados por avaliação de peritos e foi aplicada estatística descritiva. Verificou-se que 57,9% dos estudantes e 37,5% dos professores consideravam que o ensino da tecnologia CAD-CAM deveria começar no terceiro ano de estudos; as formações foram úteis tanto para os estudantes como para os professores; e esta tecnologia seria um procedimento de eleição para o tratamento protético fixo, se disponível. Conclui-se que os estudantes e professores têm uma percepção positiva sobre a introdução da tecnologia CAD-CAM nos cursos clínicos de medicina dentária e que esta seria um recurso de eleição para o tratamento protético fixo.

Evolución histórica del Sistema Nacional de Salud venezolano(1909-2023) / Historical evolution of the Venezuelan National Health System (1909-2023)

Se hace un análisis de la Evolución Histórica del Sistema Nacional de Salud en Venezuela desde 1909 hasta el año 2023. Se realizó un desglose de seis etapas: etapa "A" o Gomecista (1905 ­ 1935), etapa "B" o de la Segunda Guerra Mundial (1936- 1945), etapa "C" o de la División de Hospitales(1946-1949), etapa "D" o Perezjimenista (1950 ­ 1958), etapa "E" o de inicio de la Democracia (1959 ­ 1963), etapa "F" de Modelo Curativo y de Expansión Hospitalaria (1963 ­ 1998),etapa "G" de la Revolución Bolivariana (1999 ­ 2023). Se analizó también el Plan Nacional de Salud 2019 ­ 2025(AU)

An analysis of the Historical Evolution of the National Health System in Venezuela is made from 1909 to the year 2023. A breakdown of six stages is made: stage "A" or Gomez (1905 - 1935), stage "B" or Second World War (1936-1945),stage "C" or the Hospital Division (1946-1949), stage "D" or Perezjimenista (1950-1958), stage "E" or the beginning of Democracy (1959-1963), stage "F" of the Curative Model and Hospital Expansion (1963-1998), stage "G" of the Bolivarian Revolution (1999 - 2023). The National Health Plan 2019 -2025 is also analyzed(AU)

Análisis del programa de Farmacología Clínica en el plan de estudio E para la carrera de Medicina / Analysis of the program of Clinical Pharmacology in the E plan study for the Medicine career i: en

Introducción: En Cuba han existido varias concepciones sobre planes de estudio. La necesidad de revisar y proponer cambios que aseguren los niveles de calidad deseados en el proceso de formación integral de los futuros profesionales motivó a investigar los elementos teóricos y metodológicos que regulan y orientan el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en la asignatura Farmacología Clínica. Objetivo: Analizar el programa de Farmacología Clínica del plan de estudio E para la carrera de Medicina desde un enfoque crítico y sistematizado. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo del programa de estudio de la asignatura Farmacología Clínica según el plan E, vigente en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba, durante el 2022, para lo cual se utilizaron los métodos de revisión documental, los documentos rectores del proceso docente en la educación superior y la metodología propuesta por algunos autores. Resultados: Varios temas enunciaban un número excesivo de objetivos específicos sin tener en cuenta el nivel de asimilación; la forma de organización de la enseñanza más utilizada fue la conferencia. En las evaluaciones frecuentes no se tuvo en cuenta el trabajo investigativo independiente; en tanto, la bibliografía básica correspondió a una edición del 2002. Conclusiones: El programa no requirió trasformaciones temáticas, pero desde el punto de vista didáctico deben modificarse componentes del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y, además, se debe actualizar la bibliografía básica pertinente.

Introduction: In Cuba several conceptions have existed on the study plans. The necessity to revise and propose changes that assure the levels of quality wanted in the process of integral formation of the future professionals motivated to investigate the theoretical and methodological elements that regulate and guide the teaching-learning process in the Clinical Pharmacology subject. Objective: To analyze the program of Clinical Pharmacology of the E plan study for the medicine career, from a critical and systematized approach. Methods: A qualitative study of the study program in the Clinical Pharmacology subject was carried out according to the E plan, effective in the University of Medical Sciences in Santiago de Cuba, during 2022, for which the methods of documental review, the rector documents of the teaching process in higher education and the methodology proposed by some authors were used. Results: Several topics enunciated an excessive number of specific objectives without taking into account the level of assimilation; the form of organization most used in teaching was the conference. Independent investigative work was not taken into account in frequent evaluations; meanwhile, the basic bibliography corresponded to an edition from 2002. Conclusions: The program did not require of thematic transformations, but from the didactic point of view components of the teaching-learning process should be modified, besides updating the pertinent basic literature.

Análise da imunoexpressão de BAX e MMP-9 no líquen plano oral / Analysis of BAX and MMP-9 immunoexpression in oral lichen planus

Introdução: O líquen plano oral é uma doença crônica imunologicamente mediada relativamente comum, que acomete a mucosa oral. Clinicamente, o LPO é classificado em seis padrões bem identificados: placa, reticular, bolhoso, atrófico, papular e erosivo.Sendo os mais comuns oos tipos reticulares e erosivos. A ativação dos linfócitos TCD4+ no LPO, pode induzir os ceratinócitos ao processo de apoptose através da respostaimunológica citotóxica. A proteína Bax desempenha uma função relevante para o processo apoptótico. Deste modo, a presente pesquisa consistiu em um estudo transversal retrospectivo, descritivo, quantitativo e comparativo. Objetivo: Avaliar a expressão imuno-histoquímica das proteínas MMP9 e Bax no LPO. Método: Foram utilizados 43 casos de LPO para análise da imunoexpressão de Bax e MMP-9. Os resultados foram analisados através dos testes estatísticos apropriados e serão considerados significativos, valores onde p<0,05. Resultado: A imunoexpressão de MMP9 foi significativamente maior nos ceratinócitos e quando analisados os subtipos de líquen plano oral, não foram observados diferenças estatísticas entre os tipos reticulares e erosivos para as proteínas analisadas. Conclusões: Com essas observações, infere-se que a alteração na expressão das proteínas estudadas sugere um distúrbio nos mecanismos apoptóticos, os quais estão associados às lesões de LPO, e podemos concluir também que as imunoexpressões dessas proteínas não apresentaram diferença, quando relacionada ao tipo clínico reticular ou erosivo. Com esse resultado pode-se contribuir para um maior entendimento sobre os possíveis mecanismos celulares envolvidos na etiopatogenia dessa lesão (AU).

Background: Oral lichen planus is a relatively common immune-mediated chronic disease that affects the oral mucosa. Clinically, OLP is classified into six well-identified patterns: plaque, reticular, bullous, atrophic, papular, and erosive. The most common being the reticular and erosive types. The activation of TCD4+ lymphocytes in the OLP can induce keratinocytes to the process of apoptosis through the cytotoxic immune response. Thus, the present research consisted of a retrospective, descriptive, quantitative and comparative crosssectional study. Objective: to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of MMP-9 and Bax proteins in OLP. Methods: We used 20 cases of Inflammatory Fibrous Hyperplasia as control. The results were analyzed through the appropriate statistical tests and will be considered significant, values where p<0.05. Results: The immunoexpression of MMP-9 was significantly higher in keratinocytes and when the subtypes of oral lichen planus were analyzed, no statistical differences were observed between the reticular and erosive types for the proteins analyzed. Conclusions: With these observations, it is inferred that the alteration in the expression of the studied proteins suggests a disturbance in the proliferative and apoptotic mechanisms, which are associated with a pathological behavior of the oral mucosa, and consequently with a repercussion on the lesions of OLP, and we can also conclude that the immunoexpression of these proteins had no difference, when related to the reticular or erosive clinical type. This research aims to contribute to a greater understanding of the possible cellular mechanisms involved in the etiopathogenesis of this lesion, thus enabling the understanding of the clinical aspects of the pathology (AU).