Antiulcerogenic and antioxidant activities of Plantago ovata ethanolic extract in rats

Abstract This study aimed to determine the antiulcerogenic and antioxidant activities of Psyllium (Plantago ovata Forssk) seed ethanolic extract in rats. We assessed the antioxidant potential using free radical scavenging on DPPH, -carotene bleaching activity, ferric reducing power, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. In the antiulcerogenic study, pre-treatment with Plantago ovata seeds ethanolic extract (POE) (400 mg/kg b.wt) significantly protected against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats by decreasing the ulcer index value and preserving the integrity of the gastric mucosa. The oxidative stress status in the stomach tissues showed a significant increase in the antioxidant enzyme levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase with a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation during pre-treatment with POE. In conclusion, the POE protects against gastric ulcer due to its antioxidant potential and presence of bioactive molecules.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar as atividades antiulcerogênica e antioxidante das sementes de Psyllium (Plantago ovata Forssk) em ratos. O potencial antioxidante foi avaliado utilizando o método do sequestro do radical livre DPPH, autooxidação do -caroteno, poder redutor de ferro e atividade de sequestro do radical hidroxila. No estudo antiulcerogênico, o pré-tratamento com o extrato etanólico das sementes de Plantago ovata (POE) (400 mg/Kg b.wt) reduziu a úlcera gástrica induzida pelo etanol em ratos, diminuindo o valor do índice de úlcera e preservando a integridade da mucosa gástrica. O estudo do estresse oxidativo nos tecidos estomacais mostrou um aumento significativo dos níveis das enzimas antioxidantes superóxido dismutase, catalase e glutationa peroxidase, com uma diminuição significativa da peroxidação lipídica enquanto pré-tratamento com POE. Em conclusão, o POE protege contra úlcera gástrica devido aos seus potenciais antioxidantes e à presença de moléculas bioativas.

Antiulcerogenic and antioxidant activities of Plantago ovata ethanolic extract in rats / Atividade antiulcerogênica e antioxidante do extrato etanólico de Plantago ovata em ratos

This study aimed to determine the antiulcerogenic and antioxidant activities of Psyllium (Plantago ovata Forssk) seed ethanolic extract in rats. We assessed the antioxidant potential using free radical scavenging on DPPH, ß-carotene bleaching activity, ferric reducing power, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. In the antiulcerogenic study, pre-treatment with Plantago ovata seeds ethanolic extract (POE) (400 mg/kg b.wt) significantly protected against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats by decreasing the ulcer index value and preserving the integrity of the gastric mucosa. The oxidative stress status in the stomach tissues showed a significant increase in the antioxidant enzyme levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase with a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation during pre-treatment with POE. In conclusion, the POE protects against gastric ulcer due to its antioxidant potential and presence of bioactive molecules.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar as atividades antiulcerogênica e antioxidante das sementes de Psyllium (Plantago ovata Forssk) em ratos. O potencial antioxidante foi avaliado utilizando o método do sequestro do radical livre DPPH, autooxidação do ß-caroteno, poder redutor de ferro e atividade de sequestro do radical hidroxila. No estudo antiulcerogênico, o pré-tratamento com o extrato etanólico das sementes de Plantago ovata (POE) (400 mg/Kg b.wt) reduziu a úlcera gástrica induzida pelo etanol em ratos, diminuindo o valor do índice de úlcera e preservando a integridade da mucosa gástrica. O estudo do estresse oxidativo nos tecidos estomacais mostrou um aumento significativo dos níveis das enzimas antioxidantes superóxido dismutase, catalase e glutationa peroxidase, com uma diminuição significativa da peroxidação lipídica enquanto pré-tratamento com POE. Em conclusão, o POE protege contra úlcera gástrica devido aos seus potenciais antioxidantes e à presença de moléculas bioativas.

Actividad antiinflamatoria in vitro de Plantago major L. y Piper aduncum L. sobre la fosfolipasa A2 del veneno de la serpiente Lachesis muta muta / In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Plantago major L. and Piper aduncum L. on phospholipase A2 from the venom of snake Lachesis muta muta

Objetivo. Evaluar la actividad inhibitoria in vitro de los extractos de Plantago major «llantén» y Piper aduncum «matico» sobre Fosfolipasa A2 (PLA2) del veneno de la serpiente Lachesis muta muta. Materiales y métodos. Esta investigación fue de tipo explicativa con diseño experimental. Se recolectaron hojas de P. major y P. aduncum en la provincia de Huarochirí en Lima, Perú. Se prepararon extractos alcohólicos diluidos en agua destilada y se realizaron los ensayos fitoquímicos, la cuantificación de fenoles y flavonoides, la cromatografía de capa fina (CCF) en celulosa y la actividad enzimática con PLA2. Se analizó la capacidad de inhibir la PLA2 con los extractos en estudio y sus fracciones. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba de Kruskal Wallis y comparaciones múltiples de Bonferroni. Resultados. Tanto en P. major como en P. aduncum se identificó cualitativamente la presencia de fenoles, flavonoides y taninos; además, P. aduncum presentó saponinas. La inhibición de la actividad de la PLA2 del veneno por el extracto total de P. major fue del 45,3%, y sus fracciones mostraron valores de inhibición: LLF-1 con 31,1%, LLF-2 con 66,3% y LLF-3 con 65,5%. En P. aduncum, los valores de inhibición para el extracto total fueron de 86,9%, y sus fracciones presentaron inhibiciones: MF-1 con 34,3%, MF-2 con 67,1% y MF-3 con 54,9%. El análisis estadístico demostró diferencias significativas en la inhibición de la PLA2 (p=0,009) por los extractos. Conclusión. Los ensayos realizados demostraron una asociación entre el efecto antiinflamatorio de los extractos y la inhibición de la PLA2.

Objective. To evaluate the in vitro inhibitory activity of Plantago major "llantén" and Piper aduncum "matico" extracts on phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from the venom of the snake Lachesis muta muta. Materials and methods. We carried out an explanatory study with experimental design. Leaves of P. major and P. aduncum were collected in the province of Huarochirí in Lima, Peru. Then, we prepared alcoholic extracts diluted in distilled water and conducted phytochemical assays, quantification of phenols and flavonoids, thin layer chromatography (TLC) on cellulose and enzymatic activity with PLA2. The ability to inhibit PLA2 with the extracts under study and their fractions was analyzed. The Kruskal Wallis test and Bonferroni multiple comparisons were used during statistical analysis. Results. Phenols, flavonoids and tannins were qualitatively identified in both P. major and P. aduncum; in addition, P. aduncum presented saponins. The inhibition of PLA2 activity of the venom by the total extract of P. major was 45.3%, and its fractions showed the following inhibition values: 31.1% for LLF-1, 66.3% for LLF-2 and 65.5% for LLF-3. The inhibition values for the total extract of P. aduncum were 86.9%, and its fractions showed the following inhibition rates: 34.3% for MF-1, 67.1% for MF-2 and 54.9% for MF-3. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in the inhibition of PLA2 (p=0.009) by the extracts. Conclusion. The tests demonstrated an association between the anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts and PLA2 inhibition.

Mechanism of Alisma plantago-aquatica Linn. improving chronic glomerulonephritis based on network pharmacology and experimental verification / 药学学报

This study aims to explore the improvement and the mechanism of the Alisma plantago-aquatica Linn. (ApL) on chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN). All animal experiments were followed the regulation of the Experimental Animal Ethical Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. CGN mouse model was established by a single tail-vein injection of doxorubicin (Dox) (20 mg·kg-1). One week after Dox administration, the mice received water extract of ApL (85 and 255 mg·kg-1) by gavage once a day for 14 days. At the end of experiment, the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), serum albumin (ALB), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) were detected, kidney histopathological H&E staining was analyzed. Active ingredients and action targets of ApL were collected from TCMSP database, and CGN-related targets were obtained from Genecards database. STRING platform was employed to perform protein-protein interaction (PPI), and Metascape platform was used for KEGG pathway and GO enrichment analysis. The results of experiments demonstrated that ApL (85 and 255 mg·kg-1) could reduce the ACR and the content of SCr and BUN, and increase the content of ALB in mice. Network pharmacology results predicted that nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)-related pathway and biological process of oxidoreductase activity regulation may be involved in the ApL-provided amelioration on CGN. The verification results showed that ApL could inhibit the activation of NF-κB and the expression of inflammatory factors in mice, and reduce the activity of renal myeloperoxidase (MPO). Meanwhile, ApL promoted the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and increased the expression of its downstream gene mRNA, and reduced the level of renal malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and further elevated renal glutathione (GSH) level. Based on network pharmacology combined experiments, this study found that ApL may improve CGN in mice through multiple targets and multiple pathways, in which the inhibition of NF-κB signaling and the activation of Nrf2 signaling may be important mechanisms involved.

Actividad antibacteriana de Plantago major, Eucalyptus globulus y Matricaria chamomilla, frente a Streptococcus mutans / Antibacterial actividad of Plantago Major, Eucalyptus globulus and Matricaria chamomilla against Streptococcus mutans

Introducción: Debido al consumo indiscriminado de fármacos, muchas bacterias han comenzado a mostrar resistencia. No obstante, cada vez hay más investigaciones que buscan soluciones a este problema, y para lograrlo indagan en los beneficios médicos de determinadas plantas sobre la cavidad oral y su menor efecto tóxico. El 10 % de las plantas a nivel mundial se usan con fines medicinales. El Instituto Nacional de Cáncer indica que el 67 por ciento de los fármacos tiene su origen en la naturaleza, y el 25 % derivan de las plantas. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto inhibitorio del crecimiento in vitro de los extractos de Plantago major, Eucalyptus globulus y Matricaria chamomilla a diferentes concentraciones (100 por ciento, 50 por ciento, 25 por ciento y 12,5 por ciento) sobre cepas de Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175). Métodos: Estudio cuasiexperimental, in vitro, longitudinal y prospectivo. El universo estuvo formado por las cepas Streptococcus mutans, y la población por las cepas de Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175). El tamaño de la muestra se basó en el método estandarizado del CLSI. La muestra fueron 10 discos por extracto, embebidos con 50 uL., colocados sobre agar Mueller Hinton con sembrado de Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175). Se realizaron las medidas de los halos de inhibición a las 24 horas. Se usaron pruebas paramétricas de análisis de varianza y la prueba Tukey. Resultados: El halo inhibitorio promedio de la clorhexidina al 0,12 por ciento fue de 12,76 mm (p = 0,006). El extracto de "eucalipto" al 25 por ciento presentó diferencias significativas respecto a los otros grupos (p = 0,040), al 50 por ciento (p = 0,002) y al 100 por ciento (p = 0,000). Conclusiones: El extracto hidroalcohólico de Eucalyptus globulus al 100 por ciento presentó efecto inhibitorio frente al Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) in vitro(AU)

Introduction: Due to the indiscriminate consumption of drugs, many bacteria have begun to show resistance. However, there is more and more research that seeks solutions to this problem, and to achieve this they investigate the medical benefits of certain plants on the oral cavity and its less toxic effect. 10 percent of the world's plants are used for medicinal purposes. The National Cancer Institute indicates that 67 percent of drugs originate in nature, and 25% are derived from plants. Objective: Determine the inhibitory effect of in vitro growth of the extracts of Plantago major, Eucalyptus globulus and Matricaria chamomilla at different concentrations (100 percent, 50 percent, 25 percent and 12.5 percent) on strains of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175). Methods: Quasiexperimental, in vitro, longitudinal and prospective study. The universe was formed by the strains Streptococcus mutans, and the population by the strains of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175). The sample size was based on the standardized CLSI method. The sample was 10 discs per extract, embedded with 50 uL., placed on Mueller Hinton agar with Streptococcus mutans seeding (ATCC 25175). Inhibition halos measurements were performed at 24 hours. Parametric analysis of variance tests and the Tukey test were used. Results: The average inhibitory halo of 0.12 percentchlorhexidine was 12.76 mm (p = 0.006). The extract of "eucalyptus" at 25 percent showed significant differences with respect to the other groups (p = 0.040), 50 percent (p = 0.002) and 100 percent (p = 0.000). Conclusions: The hydroalcoholic extract of Eucalyptus globulus at 100 percent presented inhibitory effect against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) in vitro(AU)

Quality evaluation of Plantago asiatica and fried Plantago asiatica based on fingerprint and analysis of chemical pattern recognition / 中国药房

OBJECTIV E To establish the method for evaluating the quality o f Plantago asi atica and fried P. asiatica . METHODS The fingerprints of 15 batches of P. asiatica and 15 batches of fried P. asiatica were established by HPLC. The common peaks were identified with the Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprinting of TCM （2012 edition）， and similarity evaluation was performed. Analysis of chemical pattern recognition was performed by using SPSS 25.0 and SIMCA-P 14.1 software（cluster analysis ，principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares regression analysis ）. The markers which affected the difference in the quality between P. asiatica and fried P. asiatica were screened with variable importance projection（VIP）value greater than 1. RESULTS There were 18 common peaks in the fingerprints of 15 batches of P. asiatica and 13 common peaks in the fingerprints of 15 batches of fried P. asiatica . A total of 8 common peaks were found in both of them. Their similarities were greater than 0.920. Two common peaks were identified as geniposidic acid ，acteoside. The results of cluster analysis showed that when the spacing was 10，the 30 batches of samples could be clustered into three categories ，with S 1-S5 as one，S16-S20 as one ，S6-S15 and S 21-S30 as one . The results of the pri ncipal component analysis showed that the cumulative variance contribution rate of the first two principal components was 82.575％ . The results of the orthogonal partial least squares regression analysis showed that the VIP values of the three common peaks were greater than 1，namely peak E（acteoside）， peak D （geniposidic acid ） and peak G. CONCLUSIONS Established fingerprints are stable ，simple sina.com and rapid. It can be used for the quality evaluation of P. asiatica and fried P. asiatica ，by combining with analysis of chemical pattern recognition. Acteoside ，geniposidic acid and the component represented by peak G may be the markers affecting the difference in quality of P. asiatica and fried P. asiatica .

Technological study for preparing granule formulation from the concen trated extract of Plantago Major.L / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Introduction@#Nowadays, there is a growing trend to use natural medicines with low side effects, and research on medicinal raw materials used in traditional medicine has become more widespread. Therefore, it is important to obtain a suitable drug form from <i>Plantago Major</i> L and to conduct chemical and pharmaceutical technology research.@*Material and method@#The research was conducted in the pharmaceutical industry and technology laboratory. A granule formulation with several variants consisting of a concentrated extract and excipients was obtained. The sum of flavonoids of <i>Plantago Major</i> L extracts and Granular Dosage Forms was detected by thin-layer chromatography in a suitable solvent system prepared in the ratio of ethyl acetate, formic acid, glacial acetic acid, and water (100: 11:11:26). The total flavonoid content of the drug forms was determined by spectrophotometry.@*Result@#Technological researches were carried out with lactose and glucose fillers, gelatin 8%, polyvinyl chloride (PVP) 6%, starch 5% binders, talc 1%, magnesium stearate 1% sliding and lubricating agents and the wet granulation method was used to obtain granules in several variants and was determined by using parameters such as particle spill weight and flow quality. In this research, the flow rate of <i>Plantago Major</i> L grains with lactose as a filler and PVP as a binder was -2.8 ± 0.18 g / sec (p <0.001) and the spill weight was -0.54 ± 0.03 g /cm3 (p <0.001). Based on the results of the above research, lactose was added as a filler, PVP as a binder, 6% as a slide and lubricant, 3% as talc and 1% as magnesium stearate, and the granular drug technology was developed by wet granulation. Analysis of the total flavonoids by thin-layer chromatography revealed the same level of yellow-brown spots (Rf = 0.4) on the plate. The total flavonoid content of the granules from <i>Plantago Major</i> L was 3.8 ± 0.2% (p <0.002).@*Conclusion@#In this study, a simple and suitable drug formulation from <i>Plantago Major</i> L was successfully obtained and it was a basic research to make new drug formulations in further needs.

The study of some biologically active substances in liquid extract’s from Plantago Major.L / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Introduction@#According to the annual health report of Mongolia, non-communicable diseases are rising. Digestive system diseases, the second leading cause of morbidity in the population, account for an average of 15.5 percent of all morbidity over the last 10 years. In traditional Mongolian medicine, <i>Plantago Major</i> L has been widely used as a remedy for wound healing, cholangitis, gastric and duodenal ulcers.@*Material and method@#The research was conducted in the pharmaceutical industry and technology laboratory. The leaves of <i>Plantago Major</i> L were chosen as the main raw materials and UV spectrophotometer, shaker, thin-layer chromatographic plates (Silica gel 60 F 254, Germany), and UV light were used in the experiment. The leaves of <i>Plantago Major</i> L were extracted with 40% ethyl alcohol in a soxlet apparatus and evaporated in a vacuum evaporator to obtain a thick extract.@*Result@#Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of granule and ethyl alcohol extracts of <i>Plantago Major</i> L revealed yellow-brown spots (Rf = 0.4) at the same level as the standard substance rutin on the plate, indicating the presence of flavonoids. The highest light absorption was 250 nm when determining the sensitive wavelength of ethyl alcohol extract of <i>Plantago Major</i> L between 200 nm and 520 nm. The total flavonoids contained 3.95 ± 0.17% (p <0.001) in 40% ethyl alcohol extract of <i>Plantago Major </i>L.@*Conclusion@#It was detected that quantitative mass of total flavonoids in liquid extracts from was 3.95±0.17%.

The study of some biologically active substances in liquid extract’s from Plantago Major.L / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Introduction@#According to the annual health report of Mongolia, non-communicable diseases are rising. Digestive system diseases, the second leading cause of morbidity in the population, account for an average of 15.5 percent of all morbidity over the last 10 years. In traditional Mongolian medicine, <i>Plantago Major</i> L has been widely used as a remedy for wound healing, cholangitis, gastric and duodenal ulcers.@*Material and method@#The research was conducted in the pharmaceutical industry and technology laboratory. The leaves of <i>Plantago Major</i> L were chosen as the main raw materials and UV spectrophotometer, shaker, thin-layer chromatographic plates (Silica gel 60 F 254, Germany), and UV light were used in the experiment. The leaves of <i>Plantago Major</i> L were extracted with 40% ethyl alcohol in a soxlet apparatus and evaporated in a vacuum evaporator to obtain a thick extract.@*Result@#Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of granule and ethyl alcohol extracts of <i>Plantago Major</i> L revealed yellow-brown spots (Rf = 0.4) at the same level as the standard substance rutin on the plate, indicating the presence of flavonoids. The highest light absorption was 250 nm when determining the sensitive wavelength of ethyl alcohol extract of <i>Plantago Major</i> L between 200 nm and 520 nm. The total flavonoids contained 3.95 ± 0.17% (p <0.001) in 40% ethyl alcohol extract of <i>Plantago Major</i> L.@*Conclusion@#It was detected that quantitative mass of total flavonoids in liquid extracts from was 3.95±0.17%.

Actividad analgésica y gastroprotectora de extractos e infusión de Minthostachys Mollis y Plantago Major

La muña y el llantén son plantas de la región andina de Bolivia, tradicionalmente sus hojas son utilizadas en forma de infusión debido a sus propiedades analgésica y gastroprotectora. Objetivo: evaluar la actividad analgésica y gastroprotectora de extractos e infusión de hojas de muña (Minthostachys mollis) y llantén (Plantago major), mediante de pruebas biológicas en Rattus norvegicus. Métodos: estudio de tipo experimental, prospectivo, longitudinal, en el que se evaluó la actividad analgésica y gastroprotectora en 30 Rattus norvegicus divididos en seis lotes: control, patrón, problema I, II, III, IV, a los cuales se les indujo contorsiones abdominales con ácido acético glacial y ulceras gástricas con etanol absoluto. Resultados: la infusión de muña y llantén presento 81,4% de actividad analgésica y un porcentaje por encima del 100% de efectividad, 60% de actividad gastroprotectora y 100% de efectividad con relación al número de lesiones. Asimismo, 69,6% de actividad gastroprotectora y 95,9% de efectividad con respecto al grado de la lesión. Estos porcentajes descritos fueron superiores en comparación a los porcentajes del extracto de muña, llantén, extractos combinados. La prueba de ANOVA un factor de Kruskal-Wallis, revelo diferencia estadística significativa (p0,05 (p=0,167 número de lesiones y p=0,384 grado de lesión); IC 95%). Conclusiones: la infusión de muña y llantén tienen mejor actividad analgésica y gastroprotectora en comparación con los extractos.

Muña and llantén are plants from the Andean region of Bolivia, traditionally their leaves are used as an infusion due to their analgesic and gastroprotective properties. Objective: to evaluate the analgesic and gastroprotective activity of extracts and infusion of muña (Minthostachys mollis) and llantén (Plantago major) leaves, using biological tests in Rattus norvegicus. Methods: an experimental, prospective, longitudinal study was conducted in which the analgesic and gastroprotective activity was evaluated in 30 Rattus norvegicus divided into six lots: control, standard, problem I, II, III, IV, to which abdominal convulsions were induced with glacial acetic acid and gastric ulcers with absolute ethanol. Results: the infusion of muña and llantén presented 81.4% analgesic activity and an effectiveness percentage above 100%, 60% gastroprotective activity and 100% effectiveness in relation to the number of lesions. Similarly, 69.6% gastroprotective activity and 95.9% effectiveness with respect to the degree of injury. These percentages described were higher in comparison to the percentages of muña extract, llantén extract, combined extracts. The ANOVA one-factor Kruskal-Wallis test revealed a statistically significant difference (p0.05 (p=0.167 number of lesions and p=0.384 degree of injury); 95% CI). Conclusions: the infusion of muña and llantén has better analgesic and gastroprotective activity compared to the extracts.

Actividad antibacteriana del extracto etanólico de Plantago major frente a Streptococcus mutans / Antibacterial activity of Plantago major ethanolic extract against Streptococcus mutans

Introducción: Las propiedades antibacterianas de Plantago major frente a microorganismos orales no se ha estudiado ampliamente. Objetivo: Identificar los metabolitos secundarios presentes en el extracto etanólico de Plantago major y determinar su actividad antibacteriana frente a Streptococcus mutans. Métodos: Se prepararon concentraciones del 25 por ciento, 50 por ciento, 75 por ciento y 100 por ciento de extracto etanólico (EE) de Plantago major. Se cargaron seis discos de papel con 10 µL, 15 µL, 20 µL y 25 µL de cada concentración, haciendo un total de 96 discos. Los discos fueron colocados en placas Petri con agar cerebro-corazón inoculadas con Streptococcus mutans, se empleó clorhexidina al 0,12 por ciento como control positivo. Se calcularon seis repeticiones para cada concentración. Las placas fueron incubadas a 37 °C por 48 horas. La medición de los halos de inhibición se realizó con un compás digital. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante la prueba ANOVA de un factor seguido por la prueba post hoc de Tukey. Resultados: El análisis químico del extracto etanólico de Plantago major identificó la presencia de terpenos, diterpenos, saponinas, terpenoidales y aceites esenciales. Las concentraciones del 25 por ciento y 50 por ciento no mostraron efecto antibacteriano, los volúmenes mayores de 20 µL de la concentración del 75 por ciento y todas los del 100 por ciento fueron efectivos para inhibir el crecimiento de Streptococcus mutans con halos de inhibición de 8,36 mm a 14,64 mm. La clorhexidina al 0,12 por ciento inhibió el crecimiento de Streptococcus mutans con halos de inhibición de 17,77 mm en promedio, presentando diferencias significativas con todas las concentraciones del extracto etanólico de Plantago major (P < 0,05). Conclusiones: El extracto etanólico de Plantago major presentó derivados de los terpenos y saponinas, y mostró actividad antibacteriana frente a Streptococcus mutans en volúmenes y concentraciones mayores a 20 µL/75 por ciento(AU)

Introduction: The antibacterial properties of Plantago major against oral microorganisms have not been widely studied. Objective: Identify the secondary metabolites present in an ethanolic extract of Plantago major and determine their antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans. Methods: The Plantago major ethanolic extract (EE) was prepared at concentrations of 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent and 100 percent. Six paper discs were loaded with 10 µl, 15 µl, 20 µl and 25 µl of each concentration, for a total 96 discs, which were then placed on Petri plates with brain heart agar inoculated with Streptococcus mutans. The positive control was 0.12 percent chlorhexidine. Six replicates were estimated for each concentration. The plates were incubated at 37ºC for 48 hours. Inhibition haloes were measured with a digital caliper. Statistical analysis was based on one-factor ANOVA testing followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Results: Chemical analysis of the Plantago major ethanolic extract identified the presence of terpenes, diterpenes, saponins, terpenoids and essential oils. The 25 percent and 50 percent concentrations did not display an antibacterial effect, whereas volumes above 20 µl of the 75 percent concentration and all 100 percent volumes were effective to inhibit Streptococcus mutans growth with inhibition haloes of 8.36 mm to 14.64 mm. 0.12 percent chlorhexidine inhibited Streptococcus mutans with inhibition haloes of 17.77 mm on average, presenting significant differences with all the concentrations of the Plantago major ethanolic extract (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The Plantago major ethanolic extract was found to contain terpene and saponin derivatives, and displayed antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans at volumes and concentrations above 20 µl / 75 percent(AU)

Effectiveness of different methods for the extraction of principle actives and phytochemicals content in medicinal herbals / Efectividad de diferentes métodos para la extracción de principios activos y contenido de fitoquímicos en hierbas medicinales

In this present study, we investigated the influence of various extraction methods including maceration, sonication, infusion, decoction, and microwave extraction, on the chemical and biological potential of phytochemicals extracted from three medicinal plants (Ageratum conyzoides, Plantago majorand Arctium lappa L). The results were subsequently analyzed by variance analysis. Our results suggested that sonication is the most effective extraction method among the five methods tested herein, for the extraction of phytochemicals that have a high antioxidant potential and high phenolic content. The three plants employed for this study had a high concentration of flavonoids and phenolics which was compatible with the chemosystematics of the species. All the samples possessed a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of less than 6. Interestingly, a maximum reaction time of approximately 20 min was noted for the complexation of AlCl3 with the flavonoids present in the phytochemical extract during analyses of the kinetic parameters. We finally identified that the Ageratum conyzoides extract, prepared by sonication, possessed a significant pharmacological potential against hepatocarcinoma tumour cells, whose result can guide further studies for its therapeutic efficacy.

En el presente estudio, investigamos la influencia de varios métodos de extracción, incluyendo maceración, sonicación, infusión, decocción y extracción por microondas, sobre el potencial químico y biológico de los fitoquímicos extraídos de tres plantas medicinales (Ageratum conyzoides, Plantago majory Arctium lappa L). Los resultados se analizaron posteriormente mediante análisis de varianza. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la sonicación es el método de extracción más eficaz entre los cinco métodos aquí probados, para la extracción de fitoquímicos que tienen un alto potencial antioxidante y un alto contenido fenólico. Las tres plantas empleadas para este estudio tenían una alta concentración de flavonoides y fenólicos que era compatible con la quimiosistemática de las especies. Todas las muestras poseían un factor de protección solar (SPF) menor a 6. Curiosamente, se observó un tiempo máximo de reacción de aproximadamente 20 min para la complejación de AlCl3con los flavonoides presentes en el extracto fitoquímico durante los análisis de los parámetros cinéticos. Finalmente, identificamos que el extracto de Ageratum conyzoides, elaborado por sonicación, posee un importante potencial farmacológico frente a las células tumorales del hepatocarcinoma, cuyo resultado puede orientar nuevos estudios sobre su eficacia terapéutica.

Effect and Its Mechanism of Plantago asiatica Polysaccharide on the Proliferation ，Migration and Invasion of Breast Cancer Cells / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To study the effects of Plantago asiatica polysaccharide on the proliferation ，migration and invasion of breast cancer cells ，and to investigate its mechanism preliminarily. METHODS ：Using human breast cancer cell MDA-MB- 231 as subjects ，MTT method was adopted to detect the effects of different concentrations of P. asiatica polysaccharide（8，16，32，64 mg/L）on the cell proliferation ability ，and survival rate of the cells was calculated. Scratch test and Transwell invasion test were used to detect the effects of different concentrations of P. asiatica polysaccharide（8，16 mg/L）on cell migration ability and invasion ability. Western blot assay was used to detect the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT）-related proteins [matrix metalloproteinase- 2（MMP-2），MMP-9，E-cadherin，N-cadherin，vimentin]. RESULTS ：Results of MTT assay showed that survival rate of the cells in 32，64 mg/L P. asiatica polysaccharide groups were significantly lower than control group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01），so that 8，16 mg/L，which did not affect the cell survival rate ，were used as the follow-up drug concentrations. Compared with control group ，relative mobility （12，24 h），relative invasion rate and relative expression of MMP- 2，MMP-9， N-cadherin and vimentin protein were decreased significantly in 8，16 mg/L P. asiatica polysaccharide groups （P＜0.05 or P＜ 0.01），while relative expression of E-cadherin protein was increased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS ：P. asiatica polysaccharide can inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells MDA-MB- 231，and inhibit the migration and invasion of the cells by regulating the expression of metastasis and EMT-related proteins.

Hipocalemia sintomática asociada al uso de Llantén ("Plantago major") / Symptomatic hypokalemia associated with use of Llantén ("Plantago major")

RESUMEN Introducción: El uso de plantas medicinales se asocia a la creencia de ausencia de efectos adversos. Objetivo: Reportar una posible asociación entre el uso de Plantago major e hipocalemia Presentación de caso: Paciente mujer de 38 años que acudió con entumecimiento y debilidad en extremidades debido a hipocalemia (2.94 meq/l) asociada al uso de Plantago major (Llantén), una planta medicinal de uso generalizado en Perú y de distribución global. El potasio se normalizó y los síntomas disminuyeron después de descontinuar el Llantén. Conclusión: El empleo de plantas medicinales de uso común debe tener en cuenta siempre posibles efectos adversos (AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: The use of medicinal plants is associated with the belief of the absence of adverse effects. Objective: To report a possible association between the use of Plantago major and hypokalemia Case presentation: Thirty-eight-year-old female patient with numbness and weakness in her limbs due to hypokalemia (2.94 meq/l) associated with the use of Llantén (Plantago major), a medicinal plant of widespread use and global distribution. Potassium was normalized and symptoms subsided after discontinuation of Llantén. Conclusion: Possible adverse effects of the use of commonly used medicinal plants must always be considered(AU)

Carboxymethylcellulose and psyllium effects in sand output of horses with asymptomatic sand accumulation / [Efeitos da carboximetilcelulose e do psyllium sobre a eliminação de areia de cavalos com sablose assintomática]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Psyllium (PSY) and Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) administration on fecal elimination of sand in horses with asymptomatic sand accumulations. Eight horses were selected from sandy areas and randomly divided into 2 groups of four animals. The subjects were treated either with CMC or PSY. The presence of intestinal sand was confirmed through radiography and glove sedimentation test. The study was performed in two phases, with a 7-day interval. In phase I, all the animals received 8 liters of warm water; in phase II, the CMC group received 8 liters of water + 1g/kg of CMC, whereas the PSY group received 8 liters of water + 1g/kg of PSY. All administrations were performed through nasogastric intubation and fractionated in 2 equal volume administrations with an interval of two hours. General and specific physical examination of the digestive system were performed in conjunction with abdominal ultrasonography before the administrations and after 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours, aiming to evaluate intestinal motility and presence of sand. All the feces eliminated by the animals within the 72 hours following the administrations were quantified, diluted and sedimented in order to calculate the sand output (g/kg of feces). All the animals were also subjected to radiographic examination to quantify sand accumulation prior to phase I and after 72 hours of phases I and II. No adverse effects were observed after the treatments. It was possible to notice higher sand elimination in both groups during the phase I, whereas no difference was observed in sand elimination rates between the groups in phase II. The radiographic scores presented differences between the initial timepoint and 72h in phases I and II for both groups. Based on the sand elimination rates and radiographic score, this study demonstrated that sand output was greater after administration of water alone, compared to CMC and Psyllium, leading to the inference that removal of the sandy environment and prevention of sand re-ingestion are effective measures for the elimination of sand from the colon of horses with asymptomatic sand accumulations.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da administração do psyllium (PSY) e da carboximetilcelulose (CMC) sobre a eliminação fecal de areia em equinos com sablose assintomática. Oito equinos com confirmação radiográfica de sablose assintomática foram divididos em dois grupos (grupo CMC e grupo PSY). O estudo foi realizado em duas fases, com intervalo de sete dias. Na fase 1, todos os animais receberam 8L de água; na fase 2, o grupo CMC recebeu 8L de água + 1g/kg de CMC e o grupo PSY recebeu 8L de água + 1g/kg de PSY. Antes da administração de cada solução e após seis, 12, 24, 36 e 48 horas, foram realizados exame físico e ultrassonografia abdominal. Todas as fezes eliminadas em 72 horas foram avaliadas para quantificar a eliminação de areia (g/kg de fezes). Antes da fase 1 e após 72 horas das fases 1 e 2, o exame radiográfico foi realizado para quantificar o escore de acúmulo de areia. Houve maior eliminação de areia após a administração de água em comparação com a administração de CMC, e não se observou diferença entre a CMC e o PSY. Uma redução significativa nos escores radiográficos de acúmulo de areia foi observada após a administração de água, bem como a manutenção dos escores após a administração da CMC e do PSY. Com base na produção de areia e no escore radiográfico, este estudo sugere que a remoção do ambiente arenoso, impedindo a reingestão de areia, é uma medida eficaz para a eliminação da areia do cólon de cavalos com acúmulos de areia assintomáticos.(AU)

Effects of a Plantago ovata-based herbal compound in prevention and treatment of oral mucositis in patients with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy: A double-blind, randomized, controlled crossover trial / 中西医结合学报

BACKGROUND@#Oral mucositis (OM) is one of the most common complications of mucotoxic cancer therapy. Mucositis induces clinically significant pain, increases the risk of infections and affects the patients' quality of life.@*OBJECTIVE@#This study investigated the effects of an herbal preparation from Plantago ovata hydrocolloid in the prevention and treatment of OM, in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy with a regimen including adriamycin.@*DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND INTERVENTIONS@#This research was a double-blind, randomized, controlled crossover trial. The herbal compound consisted of a mixture of 500 mg of P. ovate husk in 30 mL water plus three drops of vinegar per dose, which was used as a mouthwash. Phytochemical and physicochemical tests of the compound were also performed. Twenty-eight patients who developed mucositis during the chemotherapy screening cycle were randomized to the herbal compound (n = 14) and placebo (n = 14) groups. They received herbal compound or placebo three times per day during their next chemotherapy cycle (cycle 1 of treatment). Patients were crossed over during cycle 2 of treatment and received the alternative therapy. An oral care protocol was prescribed to all patients in cycles 1 and 2 of the treatment.@*MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES@#The patients were visited at baseline, the end of the first and second weeks of the screening cycle, and the end of the first and second weeks of each of two treatment cycles. The degree of mucositis was used as the main treatment outcome. Other indexes, such as the severity of pain, xerostomia grade and the quality of life were also measured.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the placebo, the herbal compound significantly reduced the degree of mucositis, the severity of pain and the xerostomia grade; it also improved the patients' quality of life (P < 0.05). Comparison between the screening cycle and placebo treatment group showed that the oral care protocol had a significant effect in the reduction of OM (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The oral care protocol and the herbal compound based on P. ovata are effective ways for preventing and treating OM in patients undergoing mucotoxic cancer therapy.@*TRIAL REGISTRATION@#Iranian registry of clinical trials IRCT20180923041093N1.

Determination, Isolation, And Identification Of Aucubin And Verbascoside In The Leaves Of Iraqi Plantago Lancoleta L. Using Different Detecting Methods

Objective: Plantago lanceoleta L. (ribwort plantain) is one of the important medicinal herbs which is widespread fortune available in Iraq, that have a wide range of medicinal properties. The aim of this work was to determine, isolate and identify verbascoside and aucubin in Iraqi P. lanceoleta L. by using different chromatographic and spectrometric methods. Methods: Verbascoside and aucubin were isolated and quantified by preparative TLC, and then they were determined by the high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting. Aucubin and catalpol in the plant extract were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS); aucubin and verbascoside that isolated from the plant sample were examined by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and LC-MS, respectively. Results: The result showed that the Iraqi P. lanceoleta L. contains 1.74 percent (verbascoside) and 0.24 percent (aucubin) of dry powdered leaves. Each TLC-isolated compound showed a single spot on the HPTLC plate, which give an idea about the purity of the isolated compound. Aucubin (with catalpol) and verbascoside both are detected by LC-MS in different ionization mode. Many functional groups were identified in the TLC-isolated aucubin by FT-IR. Conclusion: The Iraqi P. lanceoleta L. showed a high content of verbasoside, and it is a very rich source for this compound, which can be easily isolated by TLC and subjected to many pharmacological studies. The extract of the young leaves of this plant gave a little amount of aucubin, and it is easy to obtain a higher content from the older leaves.

Novel C-17 spirost protostane-type triterpenoids from with anti-inflammatory activity in Caco-2 cells

Twenty-one protostane-type triterpenoids with diverse structures, including nine new compounds (-), were isolated from the of Linn. Structurally, alisolides A‒F (-), composed of an oxole group coupled to a five-membered ring, represent unusual C-17 spirost protostane-type triterpenoids. Alisolide H () is a novel triterpenoid with an unreported endoperoxide bridge. Alisolide I () represents the first example of 23,24-acetal triterpenoid. Their structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic analysis, wherein the absolute configurations of ‒, were further confirmed by the Mo(OAc)-induced ECD method. Furthermore, all isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production in Caco-2 cells, and all the compounds showed remarkable inhibitory activities, with IC values in the range of 0.76-38.20 μmol/L.

Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Some Medicinal Plants on Obesity

Aims: Obesity is a significant cause of disability and death. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of some medicinal plants in the treatment of obesity and its complications. Study Design: Male Wistar rats were treated in different groups. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Physiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences (Iran), December 2015 to July 2017. Methodology: The groups were defined as the control, the high-fat diet and the high-fat diet with hydroalcoholic extracts of Camellia sinensis, Rosa canina, Althaea officinalis, Plantago major and Orlistat in their food, for 48 days. In the serum, the profiles of the liver enzymes and the thyroid hormones were measured as parameters of their appetite. Results: The lowest increase in appetite happened in the Camellia sinensis group and the lowest levels of blood glucose and creatinine were in the Plantago primary group. The lowest cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were seen in the Camellia sinensis group (P<0.05). The amount of alanine aminotransferase (ALP) and the level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the Plantago major group were significantly lower than the positive control group (P<0.05). In Althaea officinalis group were higher Orlistat and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) than the control group (P<0.05). The level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in control group was significantly lower than the positive control, Camellia sinensis and Rosa canina groups (P<0.05). The level of thyroxin in Althaea officinalis, Rosa canina and Camellia sinensis groups were significantly lower than the positive control group, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: Hydroalcoholic extracts of Camellia sinensis, Rosa canina, Althaea officinalis, and Plantago major are effective in reducing the damages caused by high-fat diet through decreasing lipid profiles, liver enzymes, without causing side effects on thyroid and renal functions.

Efeito cicatrizante do extrato de plantago tomentosa em cadelas submetidas a ovariohisterectomia / Cicatrization effect of Plantago tomentosa extract on dogs submitted to ovariohysterectomy

A utilização terapêutica de plantas medicinais ocorre desde a antiguidade de forma tradicional. O estudo da cicatrização e o tratamento de feridas cutâneas são de grande importância na medicina veterinária devido à alta frequência de lesões sofridas por animais. Existem diferentes espécies de plantas que possuem propriedades cicatrizantes, dentre elas cita-se a Plantago, cujo nome popular é Tanchagem, que apresenta indicações anti-inflamatória e cicatrizante. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do extrato etanólico das folhas secas de Plantago tomentosa Lam. no processo de cicatrização pós-operatória em cães. Foram utilizadas 12 cadelas submetidas a ovariohisterectomia, divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos de 6 animais: Grupo Controle (GC) e Grupo Tanchagem (GT). O GT apresentou melhor efetividade em relação ao GC durante um acompanhamento de quatorze dias.

The therapeutic use of medicinal plants has traditionally occurred in antiquity. The study of wound healing and the treatment of cutaneous wounds are of great importance in veterinary medicine due to the high frequency of injuries suffered by animals. There are different plant species that have cicatrizing properties, among them the Plantago, whose popular name is Tanchagem, has anti-inflammatory and healing indications. The present study had as objective to evaluate the effect of the ethanol extract of the dry leaves of Plantago tomentosa Lam. in the process of postoperative cicatrization in dogs. Twelve dogs submitted to ovariohysterectomy were randomly divided into two groups of six animals: Control Group (CG) and Group Treatment (GT). The GT showed better effectiveness in relation to the CG during a fourteen-day follow-up.