Not just a taxonomist, but a naturalist! The foundations of "Froehlich's Autonomous Stonefly Republic"

ABSTRACT Prof. Dr. Claudio Gilberto Froehlich's career is presented here using numbers and actions guided by a genuine way to study biodiversity, especially aquatic ecosystems. An extensive number of publications is accompanied by an investment in human resources training and establishing a vast network of collaborators and friendships. Dr. Peter Zwick mentioned the Southeast Region of Brazil as "Froehlich's Autonomous Stonefly Republic", to express the magnitude of Prof. Froehlich's scientific production on Neotropical Plecoptera. In this special volume in honor of Prof. Froehlich, the numbers of his career support Zwick's affirmation. Thirty-nine students graduated in MSc and/or PhD courses, two books, and 20 book chapters were published, as well as 95 articles on geoplanids, onychophorans, cnidarians, mayflies, coleopterans, caddisflies, and especially stoneflies. Froehlich's legacy includes different ways to observe nature, from taxonomy to ecology, from flatworms to stoneflies.

Distribución espacial de Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera y Coleoptera (Insecta) en una quebrada de primer orden, bosque montano, Junín, Perú / Spatial distribution of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Coleoptera (Insect) in a first order stream, montane forest, Junín, Peru

El objetivo de éste estudio fue estudiar la composición y distribución espacial de cuatro órdenes de insectos acuáticos Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera y Coleoptera (EPTC), en una quebrada de primer orden, Chanchamayo, Perú. Se realizaron colectas bimensuales desde marzo del 2013 a enero del 2014 en cuatro microhábitats lóticos: piedra, grava, musgo y hojas retenidas en la corriente. Fueron colectados un total de 7825 individuos agrupados en 51 géneros distribuidos en 27 familias de EPTC. El microhábitat de hoja retenida en los rápidos presentó la mayor abundancia, riqueza y diversidad de EPTC. Los géneros más representativos en términos de abundancia fueron Farrodes (10.35%), Phylloicus (10.01%) y Heterelmis (6.07%). La familia Elmidae fue la más diversa con 11 géneros. Las pruebas no parametricas de Kruskall-Wallis para riqueza, abundancia, diversidad y equidad determinaron diferencias significativas (p< 0.05) entre los micro hábitat estudiados. El análisis de ordenamiento no paramétrico de escalamiento multidimensional nMDS y el análisis de similaridad ANOSIM, evidenciaron diferencias claras entre las muestras de micro hábitats.

The aim of this paper was to study the composition and spatial distribution of four orders of aquatic insects Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Coleoptera (EPTC) in a first order stream, Chanchamayo, Peru. Sampling was done bimonthly from March 2013 to January 2014 in four lotic microhabitats: stones, gravel, moss and leaf litter from rifles. There were collected 7825 individuals grouped in 51 genera distributed in 27 families of EPTC, being the first records of aquatic insects in a first order stream of a Montane Forest in the Peruvian Central Andes. The microhabitat litter from rifles presented the highest abundance, richness and diversity. The most representative genera in terms of abundance throughout the basin were Farrodes (10.35%), Phylloicus (10.01%) and Heterelmis (6.07%). The family Elmidae was the most diverse with 11 genera. The non-parametric statistical test of Kruskall-Wallis for the richness, abundance and Shannon-Wiener´s diversity and Pielou´s equi tability determined significant differences (p<0.05) between of microhabitats. The similarity analysis (ANOSIM) and clustering using the non-parametric method multidimensional scaling (nMDS) found differences between of microhabitats.

Effects of forest conversion on the assemblages' structure of aquatic insects in subtropical regions

The effects of forest conversion to agricultural land uses on assemblages of aquatic insects were analyzed in subtropical streams. Organisms and environmental variables were collected in six low-order streams: three streams located in a forested area, and three in areas converted to agricultural land uses. We expected that the aquatic insects' assemblage attributes would be significantly affected by forest conversion, as well as by environmental variables. Streams in converted areas presented lower species richness, abundance and proportion of sensitive insect taxa. The ANOSIM test evidenced strong difference in EPT assemblage structure between streams of forested and converted areas. The ISA test evidenced several EPT genera with high specificity to streams in forested areas and only one genus related to streams in converted areas. Thus, the impacts of the conversion of forested area to agricultural land uses have significantly affected the EPT assemblages, while environmental variables were not affected. We suggest that the effects detected can be influenced by two processes related to vegetation cover: i) lower input of allochthonous material, and ii) increased input of fine sediments in streams draining converted areas.

Entomofauna acuática del Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona,Pacífico colombiano, con énfasis en Ephemeroptera y Plecoptera / Aquatic entomofauna from Gorgona National Natural Park, Colombian Pacific, with emphasis in Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera

Gorgona is a Colombian continental island that biogeographically belongs in the Choco region. This work constitutes a first approximation to the aquatic insects, with emphasis in Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera: distribution, ecology, and associations to the continental mainland. Between October 2010 and June 2011, immature and adult specimens were collected in five streams of the island´s Western sector using entomological nets, Malaise traps, and light traps. A total of nine orders, 28 families, 39 genera and 16 species of aquatic insects were found. New geographical records for Gorgona include: Dytiscidae (Coleoptera), Zelusia, Farrodes and Terpides (Ephemeroptera), Leucotrichia and Wormaldia (Trichoptera), Laccodytes, Neoelmis and Pheneps (Coleoptera), Maruina and Limonia (Diptera). As part of this study, four new species for each, Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera, were found. Leptohyphes jodiannae, L. maculatus and Hagenulopsis esmeralda are recorded for the first time for Colombia. Farrodes caribbianus, F. roundsi, Hagenulopsis zunigae, Zelusia principalis and Anacroneuria choco are reported for the first time for the National Park. The high abundance of families, genera, and species is similar to that of low order streams in the tropic mainland, particularly those associated to the Choco bio-geographical province. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 1): 221-241. Epub 2014 February 01.

Este trabajo constituye la primera aproximación al conocimiento de las especies que caracterizan la entomofauna acuática del PNN Gorgona, con énfasis en Ephemeroptera y Plecoptera, su distribución, ecología y relación con la parte continental. Entre Octubre de 2010 y Junio de 2011 se realizaron recolectas de estados inmaduros y adultos en cinco quebradas del sector oriental de la isla, con ayuda de redes entomológicas, trampas Malaise y de luz blanca y negra. Se registran nueve órdenes, 28 familias, 39 géneros y 16 especies. Por primera vez se reportan la familia Dytiscidae (Coleoptera) y los géneros: Zelusia, Farrodes y Terpides (Ephemeroptera), Leucotrichia y Wormaldia (Trichoptera), Laccodytes, Neoelmis y Pheneps (Coleoptera), Maruina y Limonia (Diptera). Se encontraron cuatro especies nuevas de Ephemeroptera y cuatro de Plecoptera, en proceso de descripción. Además, Leptohyphes jodiannae, L. maculatus y Hagenulopsis esmeralda son primeras citas para Colombia. Farrodes caribbianus, F. roundsi, Hagenulopsis zunigae, Zelusia principalis y Anacroneuria choco, reportadas para el país, amplían su rango de distribución para el PNN Gorgona. La riqueza de familias, géneros y especies es alta y se considera una extensión de la fauna de corrientes hídricas de bajo y mediano orden del trópico continental, particularmente en la provincia del Chocó biogeográfico.

Checklist dos Plecoptera (Insecta) do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Checklist of Plecoptera from São Paulo State, Brazil

Em 1999, conheciam-se 40 espécies de plecópteros do Estado de São Paulo. Em 2009, após os 10 primeiros anos do Programa BIOTA/FAPESP, 16 espécies foram descritas, elevando o total para 56 espécies.

In 1999 the number of species of stoneflies known from the State of São Paulo was 40. In 2009, during the first ten years of the BIOTA/FAPESP program 16 new species were added, bringing the total to 56 species.

Tamaño corporal, tolerancia ecológica y potencial de bioindicación de la calidad del agua de Anacroneuria spp. (Plecoptera: Perlidae) en América del Sur / Body size, ecological tolerance and potential for water quality bioindication in the genus Anacroneuria (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from South America

Knowledge about the biology and ecology of neotropical aquatic taxa is crucial to establish general ecological rules and water protection systems. Based mainly on published data, the present work shows the following biological and ecological characteristics of Anacroneuria species (Klapálek 1909): (a) the wide range of environmental conditions of rivers where Anacroneuria species occur, (b) species number decreases along an increasing elevation gradient, (c) body size increases in relation to the maximum altitude of occurrence, (d) altitudinal range increases with body size, (e) there is a constant relationship between male and female body size, and finally, (f) larger females lay larger eggs. In temperate countries, the family Perlidae in general, and the genus Anacroneuria in particular, are viewed as excellent water quality indicators. We suggest that, considering the complexity of the group's ecology in South America, it should not be automatically considered an excellent bioindicator in the Neotropical region.

Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera assemblages from riffles in mountain streams of Central Brazil: environmental factors influencing the distribution and abundance of immatures

The influence of environmental factors on the distribution of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) immatures was investigated in streams of the Brazilian Center-West (Serra do Pireneus, Pirenópolis, State of Goiás). The insects were sampled by lifting the stones in front of a sieve (0.5 mm mesh) and then removing the insects from both the stone and the sieve. Sampling was carried out for 1 h at 5 collection sites over a period of 14 months. Air and water temperature (°C), water velocity (m/s), discharge (m³/s), electric conductivity (µS/cm), pH, and rainfall (mm) were also recorded. In general, we may state that altitude, hydrologic classification (order) and vegetation cover were the most important factors explaining the distribution of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera immatures. The influence of the rainfall on the temporal variation of the abundance of insects was stronger in stream segments of medium order (3rd, 4th order) compared to smaller streams (first order).

A influência de fatores ambientais sobre a distribuição de imaturos de Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera e Trichoptera (EPT) foi investigada em riachos do Centro Oeste Brasileiro (Serra do Pireneus, Pirenópolis, Estado de Goiás). Os insetos foram amostrados lavando pedras em frente a um rede (0,5 mm de malhas) e removendo os insetos tanto das pedras quanto das redes. A amostragem foi feita durante 1 h em cinco pontos de coleta em um período de 14 meses. Temperaturas do ar e da água (°C), velocidade da água (m/s), vazão (m³/s), condutividade elétrica (µS/cm), pH, e precipitação pluviométrica (mm) também foram registradas. Em geral, podemos afirmar que a altitude, a classificação hidrológica (ordem) e a cobertura vegetal foram os fatores mais importantes na distribuição de imaturos de Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera e Trichoptera. A influência da precipitação pluviométrica sobre a variação temporal da abundância foi maior em trechos de ordem média (3ª, 4ª ordem) quando comparado aos menores riachos (primeira ordem).

Spatial distribution of Plecoptera nymphs in streams of a mountainous area of Central Brazil

In this paper the spatial distribution of Plecoptera nymphs in the Almas' River basin, Pirenópolis, GO, was studied. Two Surber samples, each comprising 20 sampling units and totalling 2 m², were taken in each of the 13 stations, one during the rainy season (January 1994) and the second during the dry season (July 1994). In 5 of these stations, monthly samplings were made from June 1993 to July 1994; in these, temperature, velocity, discharge, electrical conductivity and pH were measured. Regional rainfall was also obtained. To ascertain the distribution of nymphs in the habitat, a separate sample was taken. Of the factors considered, the most important affecting the spatial distribution of the stonefly nymphs were altitude, stream order, and anthropic influence. Locally, the genera Anacroneuria and Kempnyia showed clumped distributions, but the data for Gripopteryx and Tupiperla were inconclusive due to low numbers.

A distribuição espacial de ninfas de Plecoptera em córregos da microbacia do Rio das Almas, Pirenópolis, GO, foi estudada. Foram feitas duas amostragens (amostrador de Surber, 20 unidades de amostra aleatórias -- 2 m²) em 13 pontos de coleta, uma na estação chuvosa (janeiro/1994) e outra na estação de seca (julho/1994). Em cinco desses pontos, as coletas foram feitas mensalmente de junho/1993 a julho/1994. Nesses pontos foram registrados também a temperatura, a velocidade, a vazão, a condutividade elétrica e o pH, além da pluviosidade para a região. Para verificar se os plecópteros possuem distribuição agregada ou não, foi realizada coleta no ponto com maior riqueza de Plecoptera, onde as subamostragens foram individualizadas e posteriormente submetidas a análises estatísticas. Os fatores mais importantes na distribuição espacial dos plecópteros foram a altitude, a classificação hidrológica e a ação antrópica. Quanto à agregação, os gêneros Anacroneuria e Kempnyia tiveram distribuição agregada. Gripopteryx e Tupiperla tiveram distribuição aleatória, porém, em razão do baixo número, o resultado deve ser considerado inconclusivo.

NOVA ESPÉCIE DE Enderleina JEWETT DO NORTE DO BRASIL (PLECOPTERA - PERLIDAE)

A new species of Enderleina Jewett, 1960, from Manaus-AM, is described; it is the second Brazilian species and the first one for the State of Amazonas: Enderleina froehlichi sp. n.

Uma nova espécie de Enderleina Jewett, 1960, de Manaus-AM, é descrita, a segunda do Brasil e a primeira do Estado do Amazonas: Enderleina froehlichi sp.n.