Frecuencia, tipo y predictores de complicaciones pleuropulmonares en los primeros treinta días del postoperatorio de pacientes pediátricos intervenidos de cirugía cardiovascular sin apoyo de circulación extracorpórea / Frequency and type of pleuropulmonary complications and their predictors during the first thirty days after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in children

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia, tipo y predictores de complicaciones pleuropulmonares en los primeros 30 días de postoperatorio de pacientes intervenidos de cirugía cardiovascular sin apoyo de circulación extracorpórea. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo durante el periodo comprendido del 1 de enero de 2013 al 31 de diciembre 2014. Incluyó a todos los pacientes portadores de cardiopatías congénitas intervenidos de cirugía cardiaca con abordaje esternal o torácico, sin soporte de circulación extracorpórea con ingreso registrado a Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital de Pediatría del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS. Se cuantificó la frecuencia de eventos de las complicaciones pleuropulmonares y se realizó un análisis multivariado de regresión logística para identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a complicaciones pleuropulmonares, calculándose odds ratio (OR) e intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC 95%). Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 139 pacientes, en los cuales la frecuencia de complicaciones pleuropulmonares fue del 42.4% (n = 59), y los tipos más frecuentes fueron atelectasia (28 eventos), neumonía asociada a ventilador (24 eventos), neumotórax (20 eventos), pudiéndose encontrar más de una complicación por paciente. Los predictores más significativos de complicaciones pleuropulmonares fueron las cardiopatías congénitas cianógenas (OR = 3.58; IC 95%: 1.10-7.50; p = 0.001), el abordaje por toracotomía (OR = 1.46; IC 95%: 1.18-1.12; p = 0.008) y el evento quirúrgico realizado de urgencia (OR = 3.46; IC 95%: 1.51-7.95; p = 0.002). Conclusiones: La principal complicación pleuropulmonar fue la atelectasia lo cual concuerda con lo reportado en la literatura internacional. Los pacientes que presenten alguno de los predictores identificados en el presente estudio deben ser monitorizados de manera especial para prevenir, detectar y/o tratar oportunamente las complicaciones pleuropulmonares tras cirugía cardiaca.

Abstract Objective: To determine the frequency and type of pleuropulmonary complications and their predictors in the first thirty postoperative days of patients undergoing surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out between January 2013 and December 2014. It included all patients with congenital heart disease who underwent cardiac surgery using a sternal or thoracic approach, without cardiopulmonary bypass with a registered admission to a Neonatal or Paediatric Intensive Care. The frequency of events of pleuropulmonary complications and logistic regression analysis was performed, and the adjusted odds ratio (OR) and confidence intervals at 95% (95% CI) were calculated. Results: A total of 139 patients were included. The frequency of pleuropulmonary complications was 42.4% (N = 59), and the most frequent types were atelectasis (28 events), ventilator-associated pneumonia (24 events), pneumothorax (20 events), with more than one complication per patient occasionally being found. Significant risk factors were cyanogenic congenital heart disease (OR = 3.58, 95% CI: 1.10-7.50, P =.001), thoracotomy approach (OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.18-1.12, P = .008), and an emergency surgical event (OR = 3.46, 95% CI: 1.51-7.95, P = .002). Conclusions: The main pleuropulmonary complication was atelectasis, which is consistent with that reported in the international literature. Patients with any of the predictors identified in the present study should be closely monitored in order to prevent, detect and/or treat pleuropulmonary complications in a timely manner after cardiac surgery.

Historia de laluucha antituberculosa / History ofanti ttuberculosis fihtt

La tuberculosis es una de las enfermedades más terribles que afectan al hombre; su antigüedad se estima entre 15 000 a 20 000 años. La historia de la lucha antituberculosa se inicia con el surgimiento y desarrollo de la civilización, vinculada a los conocimientos que sobre la enfermedad existían en cada época especifica de la evolución humana. Un sinnúmero de rituales, remedios y fármacos se han empleado a lo largo de la historia en aras de erradicar este peligroso flagelo; en la actualidad numerosas investigaciones y cuantiosos recursos se dedican a la búsqueda de nuevos medicamentos y vacunas con posibilidades terapéuticas futuras, pues aún, en los inicios del siglo XXI, el Mycobaterium tuberculosis sigue causando la muerte de millones de personas y enfrentando nuevos retos como TB/VIH & MDR-TB.

Tuberculosis is one of the most terrible diseases that affect man, it is known since 20 000 years. The history of the fight against tuberculosis initiates since the beginning and development of civilization, linked to the knowledge of the disease in every age period of human evolution. An uncountable amount of rites, remedies, and medicines have been employed along the history to eradicate this disease. Currently, numerous resources and investigations are dedicated to the search for new medications and vaccines with therapeutic possibilities, because even now, at the beginning of the 21st Century, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis is still causing death to millions of people and facing new challenges such as TB/HIV & MDR-TB.

Trauma torácico: fatores de risco de complicações pleuropulmonares pós-drenagem pleural fechada / Thoracic trauma: a risk analysis of pulmonary complications following closed tube thoracostomy

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a importância dos fatores de risco na gênese das complicações pleuropulmonares, pós-drenagem pleural fechada. Analisou-se, prospectivamente, no período de janeiro de 1998 a junho de 1999, um total de 167 pacientes submetidos à drenagem pleural fechada, sendo estratificados emdois grupos selecionados para um estudo de acompanhamento de coortes. Ao grupo controle, de 104 pacientes,não foi administrada antibioticoterapia e, no grupo experimental, de 63 pacientes, a cefalotina foi a droga utilizada. A idade no grupo-controle variou entre 13 e 53 anos (26,8±8,9) e no grupo experimental entre 15 e 57(24,9±7,9), predominando o sexo masculino (95,2%), nos dois grupos estudados. O trauma aberto incidiu em92,8% dos pacientes, com predominância para as feridas por arma branca em 58,7%, contra 24,6% de feridas por projétil de arma de fogo. As complicações pleuropulmonares estiveram presentes em 35 pacientes (33,78%) do grupo controle, ao passo que, no grupo experimental, apenas 18 (28,6%) evoluíram com este tipo de complicação. Não ocorreram óbitos em ambas as séries estudadas. Nas análises estatísticas, o modelo bivariado mostrou que o tipo de trauma e o tempo de drenagem pleural foram as variáveis que mais importância tiveram como fatores preditivos de complicações. Na análise de regressão logística multivariada, as variáveis tempo de internação, trauma fechado e volume de sangue drenado maior do que 500ml, quando associadas, influenciaram de maneira positiva a ocorrência de complicações.

The objective of this study was to analyse the risk factors for the development of thoracic infections after tube thoracostomy. Although technically simple, this procedure, 1 to 25 percent of the patients develop some type ofintra or post-operative complications. A total of 167 patients, submitted to emergency tube thoracostomy, wereadmitted and stratified into two groups selected by randomic sampling to a cohorts accompanying study. Onehundred and four patients, without antibiotic therapy, were considered as been the control group; and, 63 patientsusing cefalotin in post-operative as the experimental group. The mean age of the patients in the control group was26.8±8.9 years (range, 13 - 53), and 24.9±7.9 years (range, 15 - 57) for experimental group, predominating themale sex (95.2%) in both studied groups. The penetrating chest trauma was present in 92.8% of the patients, with a higher incidence of stab wounds (58.7%) in contrast to gunshot wounds (24.6%). Thoracic complications werepresent in 35 patients (33.7%) of the control group, whereas, in the experimental group, only 18 patients (28.6%) developed this kind of complication. In the statistic significance analysis, the bivariate model indicated that the variable trauma type and the duration of pleural space drainage were the most relevant ones as predictive factors for infections complications. In the multivariate logistic regression, the variables blunt chest trauma, length ofhospital stay and drainage blood volume higher than 500 ml, when associated, influenciated positively on the occurrence of these complications.