Résumé
Background: Menopause is defined according to WHO as the permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from the loss of ovarian follicular activity. It is defined as uterine bleeding occurring after at least 1 year of amenorrhoea. Considering the high accuracy of hysteroscopy in evaluation of postmenopausal bleeding, the present study was carried out with an aim to evaluate hysteroscopic findings in women with postmenopausal bleeding in order to assess the causes of PMB and to determine their prevalence in our population.Methods: This was a prospective observation study, comprising of total number of 50 postmenopausal women attending gynae OPD at department of obstetrics and gynecology, Command Hospital (CH), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. The data obtained for the purpose of study was fed into computer using Microsoft excel 2013 software.Results: A total of 50 women with complaints of postmenopausal bleeding were enrolled in the study. Maximum number of women had achieved menopause between age 46 and 50 years. Hysteroscopy had an accuracy of 94% for detection of polyps. Hysteroscopy had an accuracy of 90% for detection of atrophy. For fibroid, hysteroscopy had an absolute sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive, negative predictive and accuracy value (100%).Conclusions: The findings of present study suggested that hysteroscopy has a useful role in evaluation of postmenopausal bleeding especially in the diagnosis of polyps and fibroids. Given fewer number of cases, the usefulness of hysteroscopy in evaluation of endometrial cancer and hyperplasia could not be established adequately. Further studies on larger number of sample size will help in providing more useful and confirmatory information.
Résumé
Background: Evaluation was done in 100 women presenting with postmenopausal bleeding, (PMB), to discuss the utility of hysteroscopy combined guided endometrial curettage in the diagnosis of uterine cancer and endometrial hyperplasia, and, treat benign lesions, like polyps, synechiae at the same sitting. At MGMH during the years, 2002 to 2006, there were 57 women, and at care, 40 women with PMB during 2011 to 2013, and three in a nursing home, Hyderabad, were investigated.Methods: Evaluation was done in 100 women presenting with PMB by hysteroscopy and curettage to diagnose the cause of PMB and benign lesions like polyps, synechiae were managed by operative hysteroscopy. Bettocchi 5 mm hysteroscope, monopolar instruments and glycine was used for excision of polyps.Results: In one hundred women with PMB, 19% had cancer. Endometrial adenocarcinoma in 14, endocervical carcinoma in 2, uterine carcinosarcoma in 3 cases. All 3 cases of uterine carcinosarcoma on hysteroscopy were large polyps measuring 5×5-6 cm size. Atypical hyperplasia endometrium in 7% and simple hyperplasia in 17%, was reported on histopathology, in cases with hyperplastic endometrium on hysteroscopy. Benign polyps in 41% were managed at the same sitting by operative hysteroscopy.Conclusions: Women with postmenopausal bleeding must have USG, trans vaginal sonography (TVS), endometrial thickness (ET) measurement, preferably endometrial echo complex (EEC). In women with PMB, the risk of uterine cancer would be 19%, i.e., 1 out of 5 women. Atypical hyperplasia in 7%. Hysteroscopy guided curettage, with histopathology, is the gold standard protocol in cases of PMB.
Résumé
Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding is defined as any type of bleeding in which the duration, frequency or amount is excessive for an individual patient. Hysteroscopy has ushered a new era in the evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding. With this background, we conducted a study to find the role of hysteroscopy with dilation and curettage in post-menopausal bleeding.Methods: It was an observational study conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of a tertiary care hospital in Maharashtra. Post-menopausal patients with abnormal uterine bleeding, admitted in the period of March 2018 to September 2019 were included in the study. A pretested and predesigned questionnaire was used to collect the data. Hysteroscopy with dilation and curettage was done and samples were sent for histopathology.Results: Bleeding was present in all the 30 cases. About 33.33% had pain abdomen, 56.67% had hot flushes, 10.00% had mass and 10% had other symptoms in the present study. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of hysteroscopy in diagnosing malignancy was 75%, 96.15%, 75%, 96.15% and 93.33% respectively.Conclusions: To conclude the most common cause of abnormal uterine bleeding in post-menopausal women in our study was polyp. The sensitivity and specificity of the hysteroscopy in diagnosing the malignant lesions is 75% and 96.15% respectively which corroborated with other study findings. Hysteroscopy with dilation and curettage is better alternative to hysterectomy and biopsy in most of the cases.
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Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is any heavy or unusual bleeding from the uterus (through your vagina). It can occur at any time during your monthly cycle, including during your normal menstrual period. Aim: This study aimed to compare the accuracy of TVUS and SIS in relation to hysteroscopy in assessing the uterine cavity and in detecting ER and PR in endometrium and their relation with endometrial polyps in women with peri and postmenopausal bleeding. Materials and methods: The present study was a prospective study which included 120 patients with AUB who were attending the department of gynaecology at Gandhi Medical College, Hyderabad from July 2012 to November 2015. Results: 120 patients were selected in this study. Patients suffering from endometrial polyp were 40 (33.34%), endometrial hyperplasia were 25 (20.83%), endometrial atrophy were 19 (15.83%), normal endometrium were 19 (15.83%) and submucous fibroid were 17 (14.17%). Age was shown in mean±SD and p-value was 0.39 and it was statistically non- significant. Parity was shown in mean±SD and p-value was 0.283 and it was statistically non-significant. SIS had 4 false negative results by missing 2 cases with endometrial polyps, 4 false positive result by diagnosing a case of 4 endometrial hyperplasia as polypi. SIS had 8 false negative results (by missing 6 cases), 8 false Katadi Venkata Sudha Madhuri, Kolati Srinivas Rao. Uterine Cavity Assessment and Endometrial Hormonal Receptors in Women with Peri and Post- Menopausal Bleeding. IAIM, 2018; 5(7): 38-44. Page 39 positive results (3 cases was found to have polypi and 5 cases were normal). Mean endometrial thickness in mm in various diagnosis by TVUS as follows; endometrial polyp had 15.49±10.98, endometrial hyperplasia had 8.19±5.55, endometrial atrophy had 4.55±2.97 and normal endometrium had 12.68±6.80. Conclusion: Especially with intra-cavitary lesions, sonohysterography is superior to ultrasound and very close to hysteroscopy. Hysteroscopy remains the reliable standard for uterine cavity assessment, but cannot replace the histopathology. In the pathogenesis of endometrial polyps and endometrial hyperplasia, the expression of endometrial steroid receptors is crucial.
Résumé
One of the most common symptoms in gynecologic disorders is an abnormal utirine bleeding, of which dysfuncyional uterine bleeding (DUB) is frequently encountered. DUB is defined as an endocrinologic imbalance of the axis of hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary-endometrium without organic diseases such as a neoplasm, and inflammation, a pregnancy, a trauma, Although the correct diagnosis of DUB depends on various assessements such as a menstrual cycle, basal body temperature, endocrine assay, vaginal cytology and endometrial histology, in many circumstances pathologist have only the endometrial histology with trivial clinical information to make a diagnosis. Therefore, the present study was aimed at assessing the pattern of the endometrium as precisely as possible. The histologic pattern was classified according to the Handrickson and kempson classification (1980). The authors also attempted to correlate the non-neoplastic metaplasia with the endometrial histology. The material consisted of 447 cases of endometrial curettage specimens diagnosed clinically as DUB during recent 4 years. The histologic examination was carried out through the routine formalin fixed-paraffin embedding method, followed by hematoxylin-eosin staining in routine and other special staining as required. The following results were obtained; 1) The pattern of the endometrium in DUB was predominently the proliferative type (239 cases, 65.55%). Of these 293 cases, 144 were of the abnormal proliferatrive phase, and particulary most were the disordered proliferative phase. The remaining 154 cases (34.45%) were found to have secretory endometrium, of which 50 cases belonged to the abnormal secretory type. Most of the cases shewing abnormal secretory patterns appeared dyssynchronous or underdeveloped. 2) Of the 361 patients with DUB for whom the clinical records were available, 197 (54.57%) were non-ovulatory and 118 (32.69%) were ovulatory. 3) Non-neoplasic metaplasia was found in 87 cases, of which ciliiated and papillary types were most common. The endometrium was of the proliferative phase in 73.56% of the cases with metaplasia, and the disordered proliferative pattern showed a particular correlation with the metaplasia (44 cases). 4) Among 63 postmenopausal DUB patients, 52 (82.53%) appeared to have the proliferative endometrium, and in particular 23 (36.51%) had the disordered proliferative endometrium.