Relationship Of Perioperative Hyperglycemia And Postoperative Infection In Elective Abdominal Surgery In Non Diabetic Patient

BACKGROUND: Postoperative infections are common in surgical patients leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Patients are susceptible to stress-induced hyperglycemia following operation, independent of the diabetic status. Perioperative hyperglycemia in critically ill surgical patients increases the risk of postoperative infections and its consequences. Despite 30 million operations performed in United States and much more in India each year, the clear association between perioperative blood glucose (BG) level and postoperative infection (POI) remain ill-defined for the majority of surgery patients. AIM: To identify the relationship of perioperative hyperglycemia and post-operative infection in elective abdominal surgery in non diabetic patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a prospective, observational study of 150 patients who were non diabetic and underwent an elective abdominal surgery. The primary outcome of interest was POI, defined as the occurrence of 1 or more reports of pneumonia, wound infections, urinary tract infections, and sepsis in the first 30 days after surgery and one year after surgery in case of use of prosthesis. The primary predictor of interest was peri-operative hyperglycemia, defined as the RBS of >150mg/dl in the perioperative period (just prior to surgery and within 12 hr and within 24 hr after the skin closure). In the study 500 patient were screened for perioperative hyperglycemia out of which only 150(30%) patient had RBS>150mg/dl in perioperative period. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:There was significant change in RBS in the perioperative period. The overall incidence of POI in 150 cases of Elective Abdominal Surgeries was 7.33%. Wound infection was observed in 7 cases (4.66%) and 4 cases (2.66%) had respiratory complication. Risk factors like old age, contaminated wound, higher ASA grade and increased duration of surgery are associated with increased POI.The most common complication was wound infection

Factores asociados a la mortalidad por infecciones posoperatorias / Factors associated with mortality from postoperative infections

Introducción: las infecciones posoperatorias favorecen la ocurrencia de otras complicaciones, en ocasiones letales, razón por la que elevan los índices de morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivo: identificar diferentes factores relacionados con la aparición de las infecciones posoperatorias que están asociados con la mortalidad por sus efectos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de serie de casos, basado en 258 pacientes operados de forma urgente o electiva durante el trienio 2012-2014 en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Provincial Saturnino Lora de Santiago de Cuba. Estos pacientes presentaron infecciones posquirúrgicas, de los cuales 27 (10,5 por ciento) fallecieron. Resultados: la aparición de la infección posquirúrgica estuvo asociada a las intervenciones contaminadas en la cirugía urgente seguida por las limpias y limpias contaminadas para la electiva, así como la infección del sitio operatorio superficial y en otras localizaciones en ambos grupos. La mortalidad estuvo relacionada con la edad mayor de 60 años, el estado físico preoperatorio ASA ≥ III, la cirugía abdominal urgente, contaminada, el tiempo quirúrgico mayor de una hora y las reintervenciones. Conclusiones: en todos los fallecidos repercutieron los factores de predicción para la ocurrencia de infecciones posoperatorias y como consecuencia de la correlación de cada uno de ellos, se acrecentó el riesgo de morir(AU)

Introduction: postoperative infections cause other complications, sometimes lethal ones, a reason why they raise morbidity and mortality rates. Objective: to identify different factors related to the occurrence of postoperative infection and which, because of their effects, they are associated with mortality. Methods: a descriptive study of case series was carried out, based on 258 patients who had emergency or elective surgery in the Department of Surgery of Saturnino Lora Provincial Hospital of Santiago de Cuba (2012-2014). These patients had postoperative infections, and 27 of them (10.5 percent) died. Results: the occurrence of postoperative infection was associated with contaminated interventions in emergency surgery, followed by clean and clean-contaminated for the elective one, as well as surface surgical site infection and in other locations in both groups. Mortality was associated with age (over 60 years), preoperative fitness ASA≥III, contaminated emergency abdominal surgery, operating time longer than an hour and second interventions. Conclusions: In all the deceased patients there was a repercussion of predicting factors for the occurrence of postoperative infections and, as a result of the correlation of each of them, the risk of dying increased(AU)

Postoperative Spine Infections

Postoperative spinal wound infection increases the morbidity of the patient and the cost of healthcare. Despite the development of prophylactic antibiotics and advances in surgical technique and postoperative care, wound infection continues to compromise patient outcome after spinal surgery. Spinal instrumentation also has an important role in the development of postoperative infections. This review analyses the risk factors that influence the development of postoperative infection. Classification and diagnosis of postoperative spinal infection is also discussed to facilitate the choice of treatment on the basis of infection severity. Preventive measures to avoid surgical site (SS) infection in spine surgery and methods for reduction of all the changeable risk factors are discussed in brief. Management protocols to manage SS infections in spine surgery are also reviewed.

Morbilidad y mortalidad por infecciones posoperatorias / Morbidity and mortality from postoperative infections

Introducción: a pesar de los avances de las técnicas quirúrgicas, anestésicas y de la biotecnología, las infecciones continúan aumentando la morbilidad y mortalidad del paciente operado. En este trabajo nos proponemos como objetivo determinar la morbilidad y mortalidad por infecciones posquirúrgicas según algunos factores que inciden en su aparición. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal de 207 pacientes ingresados y operados de cirugías mayores que presentaron infecciones posoperatorias en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Provincial Docente Saturnino Lora de Santiago de Cuba, durante el trienio 2008-2010. Resultados: la tasa global de infecciones posquirúrgicas fue de 4,6 por ciento, mientras que la de heridas limpias representó 1,6 por ciento. El número de intervenciones urgentes y su tasa de infección posoperatoria global superaron los de las electivas. Las infecciones incisionales superficiales, seguidas de las localizadas en órgano y espacio fueron las más frecuentes. El tiempo quirúrgico y la estadía hospitalaria promedio se elevaron en los pacientes infectados. Fallecieron 16 integrantes de la casuística, para una tasa de mortalidad de 7,7 por ciento, atribuible fundamentalmente a la infección generalizada y el choque séptico. Conclusiones: el grado de contaminación y el tipo de cirugía se relacionaron significativamente con la aparición de las infecciones posquirúrgicas, aunque también pueden incidir las características clínico-epidemiológicas de los pacientes y la prolongación del tiempo quirúrgico, en tanto que las tasas de las infecciones posoperatorias en general y de las de heridas limpias en particular, se consideraron aceptables, así como bajas las de mortalidad al compararlas con los informes nacionales y extranjeros sobre el tema(AU)

Introduction: Despite the advances in the surgical and anesthetic techniques and in biotechnology, infections are still increasing the morbidity and mortality of the surgical patients. This paper was intended to determine the mortality and the morbidity caused by post-surgical infections depending on some factors that influence their occurrence. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study of 207 hospitalized patients, who had undergone major surgeries and had presented with postoperative infections at the general surgery service of Saturnino Lora provincial teaching hospital of Santiago de Cuba from 2008 to 2010. Results: The global postsurgical infection rate was 4.6 percent whereas that of the clean wounds was 1.6 percent. The number of emergency surgeries and their global postoperative infection rate exceeded the figures of the elective surgeries. The most frequent were the superficial incisional infections followed by those found in organs and interstices. The surgical time and the length of stay at hospital, as average, increased in infected patients. Sixteen patients of the casuistry group died, for a mortality rate of 7.7 percent, mainly due to generalized infection and septic shock. Conclusions: The level of pollution and the type of surgery were significantly related to the occurrence of postsurgical infections, although both can also be affected by the chemical and epidemiological characteristics of the patients and the length of surgical time. The postsurgical infection rates in general and that of the clean wounds in particular were regarded as acceptable, as well as the mortality rates were considered low if compare to the domestic and foreign reports on the same topic(AU)

Caracterización de los pacientes con infecciones posoperatorias en un servicio de cirugía general / Characterization of the patients with postoperative infections in a service of general surgery

Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 103 pacientes con infecciones posoperatorias en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Provincial Docente Saturnino Lora de Santiago de Cuba durante el 2008, a fin de caracterizarles y determinar la mortalidad por esta causa. En la casuística predominaron el sexo masculino y las edades entre 31 y 60 años. La mayoría de las operaciones fueron clasificadas como urgentes sucias o contaminadas y los estados físicos preoperatorios más frecuente resultaron ser clases II y III, según la clasificación de la Sociedad Americana de Anestesiólogos. Fallecieron 6 pacientes (5,8 por ciento): 5 por sepsis y uno por tromboembolismo pulmonar; y existió relación significativa entre el grado de contaminación y el tipo de intervención, lo cual evidenció que la posibilidad de infección posoperatoria es mayor a medida que son desfavorables las condiciones en las que se realiza el acto quirúrgico

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 103 patients with postoperative infections was conducted in the Service of General Surgery of Saturnino Lora Teaching Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba during 2008, in order to characterize them and to determine the mortality due to this cause. The male sex and the ages between 31 and 60 years prevailed in the case material. Most of the surgeries were classified as dirty or polluted emergencies and the most frequent physical preoperative states turned out to be classes II and III, according to the classification of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. Six patients died (5,8 per cent): 5 due to sepsis and one due to lung thromboembolism; and there was a significant relationship between the grade of contamination and the type of intervention, which evidenced that the possibility of postoperative infection is higher as the conditions in which the surgical procedure carried out become unfavorable