Determinants of physical performance and physiological responses during an Official cross-country marathon of mountain-biking (Xcm-Mtb) / Determinantes del rendimiento físico y las respuestas fisiológicas durante una maratón oficial de bicicleta de montaña a través del campo (XCM-MTB) / Determinantes do desempenho físico e as respostas fisiológicas durante uma maratona oficial de mountain bike cross-country (Xcm-Mtb)

Abstract: Introduction: The variables determinants of physical performance in cross-country marathon of mountain biking (XCMMTB) are still unknown. Objective: We aimed to verify the training control variables and the physiological responses in an official XCM-MTB race. Material and methods: 13 athletes (11 men and 2 women; 33.3 ± 12.7 years of age) participated in this study. It was conducted during an official XCM-MTB in Brazil (route of 70 km). The heart rate (HR), altimetry, velocity, temperature, pacing, and power were obtained every 10 km travelled by the STRAVA application. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to verify whether the variables could predict physical performance. Results: The athletes maintained constant HR elevation in the corresponding zone 80% HRmax. They also presented a variation in the pacing (F = 35.82; p < 0.001; d = 0.66) and power (F = 7.20; p < 0.001; d = 0.18) showing higher values in the last 10 km. Only pacing can be considered a predictor of the physical performance (β = 0.958; t = 7.30; p < 0.001), specifically the one at 20 km (F = 10.23; p = 0.004; R2 = 0.82). Conclusion: The study concluded that the analyzed variables are reliable for the performance control in an official XCMMTB race. HR and power are variables that can be used to prescribe and control training, as they change according to the requirements of the race. Power can also be used as a performance predictor as it is directly influenced by terrain.

Resumen: Introducción: Las variables determinantes del rendimiento físico en una maratón de ciclismo de montaña (XCM-MTB) aún son desconocidas. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo fue verificar las variables fisiológicas y de control del entrenamiento en una carrera oficial de XCM-MTB. Materiales y métodos: 13 atletas (11 hombres y 2 mujeres; 33,3 ± 12,7 años) participaron en este estudio. La investigación se realizó durante un XCM-MTB oficial en Brasil (recorrido de 70 km). La frecuencia cardíaca (FC), la altimetría, la velocidad, la temperatura, el ritmo y la potencia se obtuvieron cada 10 km recorridos por la aplicación STRAVA. Se realizó un análisis múltiple de regresión linear para verificar si las variables podían predecir el rendimiento físico. Resultados: Hubo una elevación constante de la FC correspondiente al 80 % de la FCmax. El ritmo presentó una variación (F = 35,82; p < 0,001; d = 0,66) y potencia (F = 7,20; p < 0,001; d = 0,18) con valores superiores en los últimos 10 km. Solo el ritmo a los 20 km (F = 10,23; p = 0,004; R2 = 0,82) puede considerarse predictor del rendimiento físico (β = 0,958; t = 7,30; p < 0,001). Conclusión: El estudio concluyó que las variables analizadas son fiables para la prescripción y control del entrenamiento en una carrera oficial de XCM-MTB. La FC y la potencia son variables que se pueden utilizar para prescribir el entrenamiento. La potencia también se puede utilizar para predecir el rendimiento, ya que está directamente influenciada por el terreno.

Resumo: Introdução: As variáveis determinantes do desempenho físico na maratona de mountain bike cross-country (XCMMTB) ainda são desconhecidas. Objetivo: Nosso objetivo foi verificar as variáveis de controle de treinamento e as respostas fisiológicas em uma corrida oficial de XCMMTB. Material e métodos: Participaram deste estudo 13 atletas (11 homens e 2 mulheres; 33,3 ± 12,7 anos de idade). O estudo foi realizado durante uma corrida oficial de XCM-MTB no Brasil (percurso de 70 km). A frequência cardíaca (FC), altimetria, velocidade, temperatura, ritmo e potência foram obtidos a cada 10 km percorridos através do aplicativo STRAVA. Foi realizada uma análise de regressão linear múltipla para verificar se as variáveis poderiam prever o desempenho físico. Resultados: Os atletas mantiveram uma elevação constante na FC na zona correspondente a 80% da FC máxima. Apresentaram também variação no ritmo (F = 35,82; p < 0,001; d = 0,66) e na potência (F = 7,20; p < 0,001; d = 0,18), mostrando valores mais altos nos últimos 10 km. Apenas o ritmo pode ser considerado um preditor do desempenho físico (β = 0,958; t = 7,30; p < 0,001), especificamente no ponto dos 20 km (F = 10,23; p = 0,004; R2 = 0,82). Conclusão: O estudo concluiu que as variáveis analisadas são confiáveis para o controle de desempenho em uma corrida oficial de XCMMTB. A FC e a potência são variáveis que podem ser usadas para prescrever e controlar o treinamento, pois mudam de acordo com as exigências da corrida. A potência também pode ser usada como um preditor de desempenho, pois é diretamente influenciada pelo terreno.

Democracia representativa: uma leitura interseccional sobre a atuação legislativa da Frente Parlamentar de Combate ao Aborto ­ "Pró-vida", no Estado de Goiás / Representative democracy: An intersectional review of the legislative action of the Parliamentary Front to Combat Abortion ­ "Pro-life", in the State of Goiás / Democracia representativa: Una revisión interseccional de la acción legislativa del Frente Parlamentario de Lucha contra el Aborto ­ "Provida", en el Estado de Goiás

Objetivo: Analisar, a partir da perspectiva crítica e interseccional, a organização, composição e atuação legislativa de comissão voltada aos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos de mulheres, denominada Frente Parlamentar de Combate ao Aborto ­ Pró-Vida. Metodologia: Foi realizada leitura interseccional acerca da constituição de Frente Parlamentar de Combate ao Aborto - "Pró-Vida", da Assembleia Legislativa do Estado de Goiás (ALEGO), e o perfil sociodemográfico de seus integrantes foi traçado, discutido a luz dos marcadores sociais gênero, raça/etnia, classe social e religião, e problematizado acerca de um tema que implica diretamente na saúde e na vida das mulheres, o aborto. Resultados e Discussão: a análise dos resultados aponta a sub-representividade feminina, a prevalência de pessoas brancas e o predomínio de ideologia conservadora nos costumes e religião no perfil sociodemográfico dos membros integrantes da frente parlamentar estudada. Em contraponto, a literatura, ao discutir os marcadores sociais em investigação, traz o retrato daquelas que optam por realizar o aborto como sendo o de mulheres negras, de baixa renda e escolaridade, e que procuram em partidos de viés progressista advocacia para suas causas. Conclusão: A estrutura tradicional, presente na frente parlamentar investigada, enfrenta desafios na construção de um debate representativo e capaz de reproduzir nas políticas públicas as complexas identidades, necessidades e experiências das mulheres em risco de abortamento. Nessa argumentação, a construção de práticas políticas e tratos legislativos devem, prioritariamente, considerar as complexidades identitárias e as intersecções e opressões que levam as mulheres ao aborto para, enfim, construir-se uma democracia inclusiva, equitativa e representativa.

Objective: Analyze, from a critical and intersectional perspective, the organization, composition and legislative performance of a commission focused on women's sexual and reproductive rights, called the Parliamentary Front to Combat Abortion ­ Pró-Vida. Methodology: An intersectional reading was carried out regarding the constitution of the Parliamentary Front to Combat Abortion - "Pró-Vida", of the Legislative Assembly of the State of Goiás (ALEGO), and the sociodemographic profile of its members was outlined, discussed in light of social markers, gender, race/ethnicity, social class and religion and problematized about a topic that directly affects women's health and lives, abortion. Results and discussion: analysis of the results points to female underrepresentation, the prevalence of white people and the predominance of conservative ideology in customs and religion in the sociodemographic profile considered. In contrast, the literature, when discussing the social markers under investigation, portrays those who choose to have an abortion as black women, with low income and education, and who look to parties with a progressive bias to advocate for their causes. Conclusion: The traditional structure present in the Parliamentary Front investigated faces challenges in building a representative debate capable of reproducing in public policies the complex identities, needs and experiences of women at risk of miscarriage. In this argument, the construction of political practices and legislative approaches must primarily consider the complexities of identity and the intersections and oppressions that lead women to abortion in order to, ultimately, build an inclusive, equitable and representative democracy.

Objetivo: Analizar, desde una perspectiva crítica e interseccional, la organización, composición y desempeño legislativo de una comisión enfocada en los derechos sexuales y reproductivos de las mujeres, denominada Frente Parlamentario de Lucha contra el Aborto ­ Pró-Vida. Metodología: Se realizó una lectura interseccional sobre la constitución del Frente Parlamentario de Lucha contra el Aborto - "Pró-Vida", de la Asamblea Legislativa del Estado de Goiás (ALEGO), y se delineó el perfil sociodemográfico de sus integrantes, discutido a la luz de marcadores sociales, género, raza/etnia, clase social y religión y problematizados sobre un tema que afecta directamente la salud y la vida de las mujeres, el aborto. Resultados y discusión: el análisis de los resultados apunta a la subrepresentación femenina, el predominio de personas blancas y el predominio de la ideología conservadora en las costumbres y la religión en el perfil sociodemográfico considerado. En contraste, la literatura, al discutir los marcadores sociales bajo investigación, retrata a quienes eligen abortar como mujeres negras, con bajos ingresos y educación, y que buscan partidos con un sesgo progresista para defender sus causas. Conclusión: La estructura tradicional presente en el Frente Parlamentario investigado enfrenta desafíos en la construcción de un debate representativo capaz de reproducir en políticas públicas las complejas identidades, necesidades y experiencias de las mujeres en riesgo de aborto espontáneo. En este argumento, la construcción de prácticas políticas y enfoques legislativos debe considerar principalmente las complejidades de la identidad y las intersecciones y opresiones que llevan a las mujeres al aborto para, en última instancia, construir una democracia inclusiva, equitativa y representativa.

Sprint and Anaerobic Power with the Soccer-Specific ACTN3 Gene: A Distintive Example

SUMMARY: The aim of this study is twofold: (1) to identify differences in certain anaerobic parameters (10m sprint, 30m sprint, anaerobic power, and Illinois agility tests) between professional and amateur soccer players, and (2) to determine whether there is a difference in the ACTN3 gene polymorphism between professional and amateur soccer players. Ultimately, the goal is to reveal which parameters contribute to the differentiation in these two aspects. A total of 133 volunteer soccer players, including 71 professionals and 62 amateurs, participated in the research. DNA extraction from buccal epithelial cells was performed using a commercial kit to determine the genetic background of the athletes, and Real-Time PCR was conducted for genotyping. Statistical analysis of the findings obtained from the test results was performed using the SPSS 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) package program. The homogeneity of variance of the data was assessed using the Levene Test, and normal distribution analyses were conducted using the Shapiro-Wilk Test. Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests were employed for parameter analysis. The significance level was set at p0.05). However, there is a statistically significant difference in anaerobic parameters (10m sprint, 30m sprint, and anaerobic power) except for the Illinois test (p<0.05). In conclusion, our study found that gene polymorphism is not a differentiating factor between professional and amateur soccer players, but speed (10m and 30m) and anaerobic power parameters are differentiating factors.

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: 1º identificar diferencias en ciertos parámetros anaeróbicos (sprint de 10 m, sprint de 30 m, potencia anaeróbica y pruebas de agilidad de Illinois) entre jugadores de fútbol profesionales y amateurs, y 2º determinar si existe una diferencia en el polimorfismo del gen ACTN3 entre jugadores de fútbol profesionales y aficionados. En definitiva, el objetivo fue revelar qué parámetros contribuyen a la diferenciación en estos dos aspectos. En la investigación participaron un total de 133 jugadores de fútbol voluntarios, incluidos 71 profesionales y 62 aficionados. La extracción de ADN de las células epiteliales orales se realizó utilizando un kit comercial para determinar los antecedentes genéticos de los atletas y se realizó una PCR en tiempo real para el genotipado. El análisis estadístico de los hallazgos obtenidos a partir de los resultados de las pruebas se realizó utilizando el programa de paquete SPSS 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EE. UU.). La homogeneidad de la varianza de los datos se evaluó mediante la prueba de Levene y los análisis de distribución normal se realizaron mediante la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk. Para el análisis de parámetros se emplearon las pruebas de Chi-cuadrado y U de Mann-Whitney. El nivel de significancia se fijó en p0,05). Sin embargo, existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en los parámetros anaeróbicos (sprint de 10 m, sprint de 30 m y potencia anaeróbica) excepto para la prueba de Illinois (p<0,05). En conclusión, nuestro estudio encontró que el polimorfismo genético no es un fac- tor diferenciador entre jugadores de fútbol profesionales y amateurs, pero sí los parámetros de velocidad (10 m y 30 m) y potencia anaeróbica.

As teorias pós-modernas: os princípios e o método da desconstrução generalizada / Théories postmodernes: principes et méthode de déconstruction généralisée / Postmodern theories: the principles and method of generalized deconstruction

Este artigo faz parte de um projeto de trabalho sobre as relações entre feminismo e patriarcado na pós-modernidade. Parto da seguinte questão: qual é o mal-estar que se apresenta nas teorias feministas do século XXI e de inspiração pós-moderna? O mal-estar no feminismo ainda é sexual, como evidenciam as teorias que discutem as relações entre os sexos como a matriz da dominação masculina sobre a mulher? Como passo preliminar a esta análise, faz-se necessário apresentar as ferramentas teóricas que me permitem examinar o enlace entre as teorias feministas e as teorias pós-modernas. Desse modo, neste artigo, pretendo elencar os principais elementos teóricos das chamadas teorias críticas. Estas são a base da ideologia multiculturalista pós-moderna e constituem uma referência dominante da literatura feminista no século XXI. As teorias críticas se desenvolveram a partir do eco da descrença, da decepção, da destituição do projeto da modernidade científica da sociedade ocidental. Estas teorias estruturam-se em dois eixos fundamentais: um ceticismo radical em relação ao conhecimento objetivo, científico e a primazia das relações de poder como a força constituinte da sociedade. Dessa perspectiva, constitui-se um método da desconstrução generalizada de todas as referências simbólicas, culturais da sociedade ocidental, consideradas artifícios de dominação da elite sobre as minorias subalternas, dominadas. Como eixos desse método, destaco os seguintes pontos: o locus privilegiado do campo de ação do método de desconstrução é o campo da linguagem e os seus principais instrumentos são o chamado lugar de fala e o movimento politicamente correto.

Cet article s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un projet de travail sur les relations entre féminisme et patriarcat dans la postmodernité. Je commence par la question suivante : quel est le malaise qui apparaît dans les théories féministes du XXIe siècle et d'inspiration postmoderne ? Le malaise du féminisme est-il toujours sexuel, comme en témoignent les théories qui discutent des relations entre les sexes comme matrice de la domination masculine sur les femmes ? En guise d'étape préliminaire à cette analyse, il est nécessaire de présenter les outils théoriques qui me permettent d'examiner le lien entre les théories féministes et les théories postmodernes. C'est pourquoi, dans cet article, j'ai l'intention de lister les principaux éléments théoriques des théories dites critiques. Celles-ci constituent la base de l'idéologie multiculturaliste postmoderne et constituent une référence dominante dans la littérature féministe du XXIe siècle. Les théories critiques se sont développées à partir de l'écho de l'incrédulité, de la déception et du rejet du projet de modernité scientifique dans la société occidentale. Ces théories se structurent autour de deux axes fondamentaux : un scepticisme radical à l'égard des connaissances objectives et scientifiques et la primauté des relations de pouvoir comme force constitutive de la société. De ce point de vue, il constitue une méthode de déconstruction généralisée de toutes les références symboliques et culturelles de la société occidentale, considérées comme des dispositifs de domination des élites sur des minorités subordonnées et dominées. Comme axes de cette méthode, je souligne les points suivants : le lieu privilégié du champ d'action de la méthode de déconstruction est le champ du langage et ses principaux instruments sont ce qu'on appelle le lieu de parole et le mouvement politiquement correct.

This article is part of a work project on the relationship between feminism and patriarchy in postmodernity. I start with the following question: what is the malaise that appears in 21st century and postmodern-inspired feminist theories? Is the malaise in feminism still sexual, as evidenced by theories that discuss relations between the sexes as the matrix of male domination over women? As a preliminary step to this analysis, it is necessary to present the theoretical tools that allow me to examine the link between feminist theories and postmodern theories. Therefore, in this article, I intend to list the main theoretical elements of the so-called critical theories. These are the basis of postmodern multiculturalist ideology and constitute a dominant reference in feminist literature in the 21st century. Critical theories developed from the echo of disbelief, disappointment, and dismissal of the project of scientific modernity in Western society. These theories are structured around two fundamental axes: a radical skepticism in relation to objective, scientific knowledge and the primacy of power relations as the constituent force of society. From this perspective, it constitutes a method of generalized deconstruction of all symbolic and cultural references of Western society, considered devices of elite domination over subordinate, dominated minorities. As axes of this method, I highlight the following points: the privileged locus of the field of action of the deconstruction method is the field of language and its main instruments are the so-called place of speech and the politically correct movement.

Dilemma and Reflection on Children Exercising the Right of Medical Decision-making / 中国医学伦理学

Whether children can exercise their medical decision-making power has always been a controversial topic in law and ethics, and it is also the focus of attention of people from all walks of life. In this regard, combined with the problems existing in the exercise of children’s medical decision-making power, such as conflict with the right to life and health, insufficient guarantee of the right to informed consent system, and the legal guardian’s exercise of children’s medical decision-making power may not be in the best interests of children. This paper discussed the dilemma and feasibility of children’s exercise of medical decision-making power from three aspects: children’s right to life and health, the evaluation of informed consent and medical decision-making ability, and the thinking of children’s informed consent and medical decision-making ability, and pointed out that children who are able to make self-determination should be fully endowed with legal medical decision-making power, so as to ensure their best interests in medical clinic.

Application of Pentacam TNP in calculating the intraocular lens power after corneal refractive surgery / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To assess the accuracy of predicting intraocular lens(IOL)power after myopic refractive surgery using the Pentacam system's true net power(TNP)in the 3 mm zone combined with the SRK/T formula [i.e. TNP 3 mm(SRK/T)].METHODS: Retrospective study. This study enrolled 35 cases(50 eyes)of patients undergoing cataract surgery after laser assisted in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)or photorefractive keratectomy(PRK)from July 2019 to December 2021. Preoperatively, IOL power of 50 eyes, 34 eyes and 41 eyes was calculated by TNP 3 mm(SRK/T), Barrett True-K and Olsen 2 formulas, respectively, with at least 2 formulas used to calculate IOL power for each patient. The actual diopter was recorded 3 mo postoperatively. Prediction errors(PE)of IOL power were compared among the three calculation methods, and the proportion of eyes with PE within ±0.5 D and ±1.0 D was analyzed.RESULTS: The PE at 3 mo postoperatively for TNP 3 mm(SRK/T), Barrett True-K, and Olsen 2 was -0.02±0.63, -0.54±0.80, and 0.25±0.80 D, respectively(P&#x003C;0.001). The proportions of PE within ±0.5 D were 66%(33/50), 44%(15/34)and 37%(15/41), respectively(P&#x003C;0.05); the proportions of PE within ±1.0 D were 88%(44/50), 71%(24/34)and 80%(33/41), respectively(P&#x003E;0.05).CONCLUSION: The Pentacam TNP 3 mm(SRK/T)method is simple to operate and provides accurate calculation of IOL power after corneal refractive surgery.

Accuracy of four formulas in predicting diopter of intraocular lens implanted in high myopia cataract eyes / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To evaluate the accuracy of the formulas, including Haigis, SRK/T, Holladay 1, and Holladay 2, in predicting the diopter of the intraocular lens implanted in high myopia cataract patients.METHODS: Prospective study. A total of 168 cases(168 eyes)of age-related cataract with an axial length(AL)≥26 mm who were treated in our hospital from August 2017 to November 2021 were selected. According to the preoperative AL measured by IOL Master 700, the patients were divided into five groups, including 37 cases(37 eyes)in group A with 26 mm≤AL&#x003C;27 mm, 34 cases(34 eyes)in group B with 27 mm≤AL&#x003C;28 mm, 42 cases(42 eyes)in group C with 28 mm≤AL&#x003C;29 mm, 28 cases(28 eyes)in group D with 29 mm≤AL&#x003C;30 mm, and 27 patients(27 eyes)in group E with AL ≥ 30 mm. Subjective refraction was performed at 3 mo postoperatively, and the mean numerical error(MNE)and mean absolute error(MAE)of each formula for predicting diopters were calculated.RESULTS: The MNE and MAE of the Haigis and Holladay 2 formulas were relatively less in each group, and MNE and MAE did not significantly increase with the growth of the axial length. However, the MAE and MNE of the SRK/T and Holladay 1 formulas significantly increased with the growth of the axial length, with the MNE and MAE of the Holladay 1 formula increasing more significantly in groups C, D, and E.CONCLUSION: For patients with age-related cataract, with an axial length of ≥26 mm, the accuracy of predicting the diopter of the intraocular lens using the Haigis and Holladay 2 formulas were higher.

A practice case of monitoring waste resin clearance in a nuclear power plant / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To establishment a process of monitoring waste resin clearance in nuclear power plants, and to meet clearance requirements and simplify the monitoring work. Methods In accordance with the requirements specified in current laws, regulations, and standards in China, as well as the practice of slightly polluted waste resins generated during the operation of nuclear power plants, in-depth discussion was conducted on sampling methods, sample uniformity and representativeness tests, radiation monitoring contents and methods, and simplified monitoring processes, in order to accurately monitor the radionuclide activity of waste resins to be cleared. Results A process was established to monitor waste resin clearance in nuclear power plants. A total of 55 barrels of waste resins were cleared and the radiation levels met the requirements. Conclusion An effective clearance process can facilitate the sampling of representative resins, improve the accuracy of monitoring data, differentiate radioactive waste from cleared waste, and simplify the monitoring process. Our results provide a basis and reference for future waste resin clearance.

Perspectivas metodológicas del análisis del discurso aplicadas al estudio de los sistemas de salud / Methodological perspectives of discourse analysis applied to the study of health systems

Introducción: El análisis del discurso es un abordaje alternativo de investigación de sistemas de salud. Objetivo: Describir la producción científica que investiga los sistemas de salud utilizando el análisis del discurso como perspectiva teórico-metodológica. Métodos: Revisión sistemática exploratoria de literatura, que incluyó la búsqueda de textos en inglés y español en cinco bases de datos (SciELO, MEDLINE, PubMed, EBSCO y ScienceDirect). Se utilizaron los descriptores "sistema OR salud" AND "análisis OR discurso" y sus traducciones al inglés. Se incluyeron artículos originales con metodología cualitativa, revisiones sistemáticas exploratorias de la literatura, ensayos y tesis doctorales, cuya metodología o tema de revisión fuese expresamente descrita como análisis de discurso de sistemas de salud, de sus funciones o estructura organizativa, publicados en el periodo entre enero de 1994 a diciembre de 2019; se excluyeron textos con metodología cuantitativa, estudios mixtos y metaanálisis. Resultados: Se incluyó un total de 27 textos en la revisión, se describió en cuatro categorías la forma como el análisis del discurso puede ser utilizado en el estudio de los sistemas de salud: el concepto del proceso salud enfermedad, la autonomía del sujeto, los discursos de gestión y los sistemas de salud como política pública. Discusión: Los sistemas de salud son campos para el ejercicio de las relaciones de poder que construyen sujetos, configuran la autonomía del sujeto y determinan las intervenciones del proceso salud-enfermedad. Conclusiones: Esta revisión identificó que el discurso es utilizado como dispositivo de poder que configura sujetos y la forma como se interviene el proceso salud-enfermedad.

Introduction: An alternative approach to health systems research is discourse analysis. Objective: To describe the scientific production that investigates health systems using discourse analysis as a theoretical-methodological perspective. Methodology: Systematic review. The search was conducted in five databases (SciELO, MEDLINE, PubMed, EBSCO and Science Direct), in both Spanish and English. The descriptors used were "sistema OR salud" AND "análisis OR discurso", and their English equivalents. Qualitative studies, scoping reviews, essays and PhD theses, published between January 1994 and December 2019, were included; in all cases their subject was described clearly as discourse analysis of health systems, their functions or organizative structure. Results: A total of 27 texts were included in the revision; four categories describe how discourse analysis can be used in the study of health systems as well, the concept of the health-disease process, subject autonomy, management discourses, and health systems as public policy. Discussion: Health systems are fields for the exercise of power relations that construct subjects, configure the autonomy of the subject, and determine the interventions of the health-disease process. Conclusions: This review identifies that discourse is used as a device of power that configures subjects and the way in which the health-disease process is intervened.

Gênero e violência sexual contra crianças: um debate sobre relações de poder / Gender and sexual violence against children: a debate about power relations

Este artigo traz um debate teórico a partir da interlocução entre produção de gênero e violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes. Amparado por uma perspectiva histórica e teórica acerca dos estudos de gênero, assume-se que o processo de socialização e construção das identidades dos sujeitos é marcada por práticas e discursos que incidem continuamente sobre os corpos desde sua gestação. Modelos hegemônicos de masculinidades e feminilidades atravessam as vivências dos sujeitos produzindo marcas, relações de poder, possibilidades e proibições. Assim, compreende-se o gênero enquanto categoria de análise produtora de relações de poder assimétricas que, entre outros fatores, contribuem para a reprodução da violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes. Esta trata-se de um fenômeno complexo, considerado problema de saúde pública, que se articula com questões micro e macrossociais. Nesta perspectiva, elementos como machismo, patriarcado e adultocentrismo, aliado às desigualdades étnico-raciais, socioeconômicas e de gênero mostram-se enquanto alguns dos fatores que atravessam a violência sexual infantojuvenil, tais elementos são debatidos ao longo do artigo. A prevenção e enfrentamento à violência sexual traduz-se tanto pela ruptura de práticas silenciadoras, maginalizantes e de desigualdades de poder entre os sujeitos, quanto pela efetivação de políticas públicas e criação de estratégias questionadoras das normativas de gênero.

This article seeks to outline a theoretical debate based on the dialogue between gender production and sexual violence against children and adolescents. Drawing on a historical and theoretical perspective about gender studies, it is assumed that the process of socialization and construction of the subjects' identities is marked by practices and discourses that continuously affect bodies since their gestational period. Hegemonic models of masculinity and femininity cross the subjects' experiences producing marks, relations of power, possibilities and prohibitions. Thereby gender is understood as a category of analysis that produces asymmetric power relations that - among other factors - contribute to the reproduction of sexual violence against children and adolescents. This is a complex phenomenon considered a public health problem that articulates itself with micro and macro-social issues. In this perspective elements such as machismo, patriarchy, adult-centeredness combined with ethnic-racial, socioeconomic and gender inequalities are shown as some of the factors that promote sexual violence against children and adolescents and are discussed throughout this article. The prevention and confrontation of sexual violence is also reflected in the rupture of silencing and marginalizing practices and inequalities of power among the subjects, as well as the implementation of public policies and the creation of strategies that question gender norms.

La Comunicación como Herramienta de Coordinación en las Organizaciones de Formación Clínica Odontológica / Communication as a Coordination Tool in Dental Clinical Training Organizations

El caso de los espacios clínicos odontológicos en Chile, en una primera instancia, deben ser observados como organizaciones altamente complejas y multidimensionales -debido a que dentro de ellas operan y funcionan tres lógicas de funcionamiento, por un lado, la educación formativa de pregrado y posgrado en odontología, la perspectiva de salud producto de las prestaciones que realiza y oferta para el desarrollo de prácticas, aprendizajes y procedimientos odontológicos, por tanto, no tan solo serán espacios organizacionales tradicionales universitarios, sino que más bien serán campos sociales complejo de analizar.

The case of dental clinical spaces in Chile, in the first instance, should be observed as highly complex and multidimensional organizations - because within them operate and function three logics of operation, on the one hand, undergraduate and postgraduate training education in dentistry, the health perspective resulting from the services provided and the offer for the development of dental practices, learning and procedures, therefore, they will not only be traditional university organizational spaces, but rather complex social fields to analyze.

Elección de pareja: Implicaciones y complicaciones / Mate Choice: Implications and Complications

Resumen La soledad individualista humana impele a vivir en pareja y a alcanzar complementariedad hombre/mujer, afecto y reci procidad. El periodismo científico de este artículo parafrasea el contenido de su bibliografía al revisar la elección de pareja, su satisfacción y complicaciones e instrucción preventiva de circunstancias que ocasionan ruptura. La falla -desde la elección-, desconoce los mecanismos entre razón e instinto sexual. El problema del amor no es ser amado sino desarrollar tal capacidad, pues lo extingue la inadaptación y monotonía. Se describe el acto elector/elegido y sus razones simultáneas: conscientes (homogeneidad/heterogeneidad del encuentro; emulación del modelo animal; tipo, dinámica vincular y redes sociales; aspectos sociodemográficos; ubicación geográfica y accesibilidad; compartición sexual y expectativas inmediatas/ futuras), e inconscientes (problemática electora, interacción diádica y antecedentes parentales; mecanismos de defensa, intercambio de disociaciones; idealización; reciprocidad negativa, lucha de poder, identificación proyectiva, búsqueda de aprecio por el otro; narcisismo, falso sí mismo, mecanis mos de dilación/evasión de responsabilidad, inseguridad, intrusión y colusión). Una pareja saludable, entiende/atiende la creación y mantenimiento del "nosotros", elimina la lucha de poder y produce conciliación permanente. El acuerdo y comprensión tolerante son indispensables para una relación emocional satisfactoria, estable y duradera.

Abstract Human individualistic loneliness impels us to live as a couple and achieve complementarity between man and woman, af fection, and reciprocity. The science journalism of this article reviews the choice of partner, their satisfaction and complications, and preventive instruction of circumstances that cause rupture. The failure from the election ignores the mechanisms between reason and sexual instinct. The problem of love is not to be loved but to develop such a capacity, for it is extinguished by maladjustment and monotony. The voting/elected act and its simultaneous reasons are described: Conscious (homogeneity/heterogeneity of the encounter; emulation of the animal model; type, dynamic link and social networks; Sociodemographic aspects; sexual sharing and immediate/future expectations). Unconscious (electoral problems, dyadic interaction, and parental background; defense mechanisms, exchange of dissociations; idealization; negative reciprocity, power struggle, projective identification, search for appreciation for the other; narcissism, false self, mecha nisms of procrastination/evasion of responsibility, insecurity, intrusion, and collusion). A healthy couple, understands/at tends to the creation and maintenance of the "we", eliminates the power struggle and produces permanent conciliation. Tolerant agreement and understanding are indispensable for a satisfying, stable, and lasting emotional relationship.

Asociación entre la Arquitectura Muscular y el Índice de Calidad Muscular en Adultos Sedentarios / Association Between Muscle Architecture and Muscle Quality Index in Sedentary Adults

La evaluación de la calidad y la arquitectura muscular son importantes para comprender y cuantificar los cambios musculares asociados con el envejecimiento y el estilo de vida sedentario, además nos facilita información de la capacidad del músculo para generar fuerza, potencia o funcionalidad. los objetivos del estudio fueron (I) determinar la asociación entre los parámetros de la arquitectura muscular y el índice de calidad muscular (MQI) y (II) determinar la asociación entre los parámetros de la arquitectura muscular y la potencia media relativa del sit to stand test (STS). Únicamente el grosor muscular (MT) mostró una asociación moderada con el MQI (r = 0,545). En contraste, tanto la longitud del fascículo (FL) como el ángulo de penación (PA) exhibieron asociaciones "muy bajas", las cuales no resultaron significativas con el MQI. Al examinar la relación de los parámetros de la arquitectura muscular con la potencia media relativa de STS, MT presentó una asociación "moderada" (r = 0,444). Sin embargo, tanto FL como PA mostraron asociaciones "muy bajas" y "bajas", respectivamente, con la potencia media relativa al STS. En conclusión, estos hallazgos refuerzan la idea de que MT puede ser un indicador relevante de la calidad muscular y la capacidad de generar potencia en la prueba de STS. Específicamente, se observó que un aumento en MT estaba asociado con una mejora en MQI y la potencia media relativa de STS.

SUMMARY: Assessment of muscle quality and architecture is important for understanding and quantifying muscle changes associated with aging and a sedentary lifestyle and provides information on the muscle's ability to generate strength, power, or function. The aims of the study were (I) to determine the association between muscle architecture parameters and muscle quality index (MQI) and (II) to determine the association between muscle architecture parameters and mean relative power in the sit-to-stand test (STS). Only muscle thickness (MT) showed a moderate association with MQI (r = 0.545). In contrast, both fascicle length (FL) and penile angle (PA) exhibited "very low" associations, which were not significant with the MQI. When examining the relationship between muscle architecture parameters and mean relative STS power, MT presented a "moderate" association (r = 0.444). However, both LF and PA showed "very low" and "low" associations, respectively, with a mean power relative to STS. In conclusion, these findings reinforce the idea that MT may be a relevant indicator of muscle quality and ability to generate power in the STS test. Specifically, an increase in MT was associated with an improvement in MQI and mean power relative to STS.

Paradigmas que Influyeron en los Procesos Educativos de la Humanidad

El presente artículo se plantea como objetivo el de viabilizar el análisis de la relación existente entre las emergencias, auges y decadencias paradigmáticas en la historia de la humanidad y los procesos de búsqueda del conocimiento. Con este fin se apeló al método de investigación bibliográfica que permite la exploración de la producción de la comunidad académica sobre el fenómeno en cuestión, para alcanzar como resultados la definición de los paradigmas, las flexibilidades y parálisis paradigmáticas, el efecto paradigma y las características de los paradigmas que marcaron la forma de percibir la realidad de grandes masas poblacionales y se sostuvieron en grandes lapsos de tiempo, como son los paradigmas inmanente, trascendente, mecánico y sinérgico. Comprender los paradigmas desde los que las comunidades de la edad antigua, media y moderna se estructuraron y distribuyeron el poder, permite que se configuren aproximaciones sobre lo que está sucediendo en plena edad contemporánea.

The objective of this article is to make viable the analysis of the relationship between paradigmatic emergencies, booms and declines in the history of humanity and the processes of searching for knowledge. To this end, the bibliographical research method was used, which allows the exploration of the production of the academic community on the phenomenon in question, to achieve as results the definition of paradigms, flexibilities and paradigmatic paralysis, the paradigm effect and the characteristics of the paradigms that marked the way of perceiving the reality of large population masses and were sustained over long periods of time, such as the immanent, transcendent, mechanical and synergistic paradigms. Understanding the paradigms from which the communities of the ancient, middle and modern ages were structured and distributed power, allows us to configure approaches about what is happening in the contemporary age.

O objetivo deste artigo é viabilizar a análise da relação entre emergências paradigmáticas, booms e declínios na história da humanidade e os processos de busca do conhecimento. Para tanto, utilizou-se o método de pesquisa bibliográfica, que permite explorar a produção da comunidade acadêmica sobre o fenômeno em questão, para alcançar como resultados a definição de paradigmas, flexibilidades e paralisia paradigmática, o efeito do paradigma e as características do paradigmas que marcaram a forma de perceber a realidade de grandes massas populacionais e se mantiveram por longos períodos de tempo, como os paradigmas imanente, transcendente, mecânico e sinérgico. Compreender os paradigmas a partir dos quais as comunidades da Idade Antiga, Média e Moderna se estruturaram e distribuíram o poder, permite-nos configurar abordagens sobre o que se passa na contemporaneidade.

Efeitos de um grupo educativo nas práticas parentais promotoras do desenvolvimento infantil / Effects of an educational group in parental practices promoting child development / Efectos de un grupo educativo sobre las prácticas parentales impulsoras del desarrollo infantil

Objetivo: avaliar os efeitos de um grupo educativo nas práticas parentais promotoras do desenvolvimento infantil adotadas por familiares de lactentes. Métodos: ensaio clínico randomizado de abordagem quantitativa conduzido em serviço de atenção básica com familiares de lactentes. O grupo controle recebeu acompanhamento de saúde usual, e o grupo experimental foi convidado para interagir com o grupo educativo. As práticas parentais foram avaliadas utilizando o instrumento da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e do Fundo das Nações Unidas para a Infância (Unicef) para avaliação do cuidado promotor do desenvolvimento infantil. Resultados: participaram do estudo 21 familiares de lactentes. Após a intervenção, houve um aumento de práticas parentais no grupo experimental, como brincar com objetos domésticos (46,1% versus 12,5% no grupo controle), brincar com brinquedos feitos em casa (38,5% versus 12,5% no grupo controle) e contar histórias com livros infantis (38,4% versus 12,5% no grupo controle). Conclusão: os grupos educativos apoiaram práticas parentais de promoção do desenvolvimento de lactentes

Objective: to evaluate an educative group in the parental practices promoting child development adopted by the family members of infants. Methods: quantitative randomized clinical essay carried out in a primary care service with families of infants. The control group received usual health follow up, and the experimental group was invited to interact with the educational group. The parental practices were evaluated by using the instrument from the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) to evaluate care promoting child development. Results: a group of 21 family members of infants participated in the study. After the intervention, parental practices in the experimental group, such as playing with domestic objects (46.1% versus 12.5% in the control group), playing with house-made toys (38.5% versus 12.5% in the control group), and telling stories with child books (38.4% versus 12.5% in the control group), increased. Conclusion: the educational groups supported parental practices of promoting child development of infants.

Objetivo: evaluar los efectos de un grupo educativo sobre las prácticas parentales impulsoras del desarrollo infantil que son adoptadas por la familia de los lactantes. Métodos: ensayo clínico aleatorizado con enfoque cuantitativo realizado en un servicio de atención primaria con la familia de los de lactantes. El grupo de control recibió el seguimiento de salud habitual, y el grupo experimental se invitó a interactuar con el grupo educativo. Las prácticas parentales se evaluaron mediante instrumentos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la infancia (UNICEF) para evaluar la atención impulsora del desarrollo infantil. Resultados: participaron en el estudio 21 familiares de los lactantes. Después de la intervención, hubo un aumento en las prácticas parentales en el grupo experimental, como jugar con objetos domésticos (46,1% versus 12,5% en el grupo control), jugar con juguetes caseros (38,5% versus 12,5% en el grupo control) y narrar historias con libros infantiles (38,4% versus 12,5% en el grupo de control). Conclusión: los grupos educativos permitieron apoyar prácticas parentales para promover el desarrollo de los lactantes

Comparative study of blackboard presentation and PowerPoint presentation in student’s seminar

Background: With the advancement of technology young generation i.e. students are friendlier with the electronic media for communication and understanding the concept. While some students still think that the older method such as use of blackboard is the better way for understanding or explains the concept. There are various studies were conducted to understand the perception of students regarding various teaching and learning media in overall curriculum but very few are conducted in students led seminar. Aim and Objectives: To compare the perception of students to the blackboard presentation and to the power point presentation in students led seminar. Material and Methods: A pre-designed, pretested self-administered questionnaire was prepared regarding perception of students on blackboard and PowerPoint presentation in learning process. Total 15 parameters were included in the questionnaire. Results: In this study 54% of students prefer the PowerPoint presentation (PPT) over the blackboard presentation (46%) as the best teaching method in the seminar. With the PPT presentation better demonstrations of clinical conditions and important points can be recalled during summarization of the topic. Blackboard teaching stimulates the interest and more stress on important point is given. Students and presenter’s interaction is better in Blackboard presentation. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that seminar delivered using PPT was more appreciated and preferred by the students.

Bhramari Pranayama - A Unique Voice Culturing Technique

A good voice is the basic need of humans. For professional voice users, voice governs their livelihood and social attraction. A good singing voice is attained by the regular vocal exercises and vocal training. Singing involves the skills like respiration, phonation, resonance and articulation. Bhramari Pranayama (BP) involves both humming and respiration. Humming is the resultant of the activity vocal structures which may have effect on the quality of the voice. Aim: To evaluate the effect of Bhramari Pranayama (BP) on voice quality Settings and Design: The study is an open clinical trial involving 30 healthy prospective singers fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria, consenting for the study, who were enrolled through a survey in music schools in the region of Belagavi, Karnataka. Methods and Material: The voice of the 30 healthy prospective singers was recorded using PRAAT software with standard vocal tasks on day 0 of the study. Participants practiced 21 cycles of Bhramari Pranayama in the morning for 30 days. On Day 30, after the practice the voice was re-recorded with same vocal tasks and standard operative procedures being maintained. The recorded voice samples were saved and were subjected for voice analysis using softwares PRAAT, Vaghmi, CSL at AIISH, Mysuru. Statistical analysis used: Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 21 and Paired ‘t’ test was applied to derive the results. Statistical Significance was set up at p<0.05. Results: Bhramari pranayama showed highly significant results in the root mean square values of the Singing power ratio - SPR (p<0.01) and singing power difference (p<0.01). Significant results in the lowest value of the singing amplitude (p<0.05), singing amplitude range (p<0.01) and mean formant frequency of second formant of vowel /u/(p<0.05). Conclusion: Bhramari Pranayama improved the resonance characteristics of the voice and there by improved the quality of singing voice in prospective singers.

Adoption, implementation, definitions, and future of blockchain technology in ophthalmology

In this era of cutting-edge research and digitalization, artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly penetrated all subspecialties, including ophthalmology. Managing AI data and analytics is cumbersome, and implementing blockchain technology has made this task less challenging. Blockchain technology is an advanced mechanism with a robust database that allows the unambiguous sharing of widespread information within a business model or network. The data is stored in blocks that are linked together in chains. Since its inception in 2008, blockchain technology has grown over the years, and its novel use in ophthalmology has been less well documented. This section on current ophthalmology discusses the novel use and future of blockchain technology for intraocular lens power calculation and refractive surgery workup, ophthalmic genetics, payment methods, international data documentation, retinal images, global myopia pandemic, virtual pharmacy, and drug compliance and treatment. The authors have also provided valuable insights into various terminologies and definitions used in blockchain technology.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Articular Disc Position in Temporomandibular Disorder Subjects with various Bite Registrations

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of three bite registrations on articular disc position in temporomandibular disorder patients using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods: Fifteen clinically symptomatic and orthodontically untreated temporomandibular disorder patients within the age range of 17–40 years (mean age: 28.5 years) were examined. Each patient was subjected to three bite registrations, namely maximum intercuspation, initial contact bite and Roth power centric bite, and evaluated with MRI. Results: On the right side, the mean vertical and horizontal measurement values of the point in the most posterior aspect of the posterior band of the articular disc in relation to horizontal reference line (HRL) and vertical reference line (VRL) in the sagittal view in the Roth power centric bite were lesser (2.720 ± 1.239 mm and 2.380 ± 1.185 mm, respectively), in comparison with the other two bites, and on the left side too, it was lesser in the Roth power centric bite (2.293 ± 0.979 mm and 2.360 ± 1.078 mm, respectively), when compared to the other two bites. Statistical analysis also showed the significance of Roth power centric bite over the other two bites. Conclusions: Favourable articular disc positional changes were observed in the Roth power centric bite followed by the initial contact bite and that maximum disc recapture was observed in most patients with the Roth power centric bite rather than in initial contact bite and maximum intercuspation positions. The Roth power centric bite could be assumed to be the ideal method for articulation and fabrication of gnathological splints for treating patients with temporomandibular disorders.

An evaluation of the accuracy of toric intraocular lens power calculation based on measured total corneal refractive power

Purpose: To evaluate a method using measured values of total corneal refractive power (TCRP) for a manufacturer’s online calculator by comparing it with the Barrett toric calculator (BTC) and Kane toric calculator (KTC) combined with simulated keratometry values (SimK). Methods: This was a retrospective case series. Patient records were reviewed to identify the patients who had biometry with the IOL Master 700 and Pentacam recorded before toric IOL implantation and refractive follow?up data after implantation. The predicted error in residual astigmatism was calculated by vector analysis according to the calculation methods and the measurements used. Results: A total of 70 eyes of 56 patients were included. The mean absolute astigmatism prediction errors were 0.6 ± 0.32, 0.59 ± 0.35, and 0.61 ± 0.35 D for the ATCTCRP, BTCSimK, and KTCSimK calculators, respectively (P = 0.934), and the centroid of the prediction errors were 0.3 D @ 178°, 0.11 D @ 102°, and 0.09 D @ 147°, respectively (P = 0.23). In the with?the?rule subgroup, the centroid of the prediction error was 0.34 D @ 176° for ATCTCRP and was the highest among the three calculation methods (P = 0.046). Conclusion: The ATCTCRP, BTCSimK, and KTCSimK calculators had similar performance with regards to their astigmatism prediction accuracy. The ATCTCRP calculator combined with 4.0?mm apex/ ring readings of TCRP was slightly intended to result in against?the?rule residual astigmatism.