Predictors of mortality among pediatric patients with Leptospirosis: A multicenter retrospective study

Objective@#Leptospirosis in children is one of the most common diagnostic dilemmas, hence this study was performed to determine the clinical profile, outcome and risk factors associated with mortality in patients seen at tertiary government hospitals from January 2008 to December 2012. @*Methods@#A case-control retrospective study was done among admitted patients at UP-PGH, SLH, and RITM. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regressions were utilized. @*Results@#Among the 404 leptospirosis cases included in the study, 94% were male, with 43% belonging to 16-18-year-old age group (age range 3 to 18 years old). A higher occurrence was noted during the rainy season and in Manila. Clinical findings include fever, abdominal pain, calf tenderness, vomiting and conjunctival suffusion. Significant correlation was noted in patients with jaundice (p-value 0.014; OR 6.293, CI 1.449-27.335), dyspnea (p-value 0.004; OR 7.880, CI 1.967-31.561) and cardiac abnormality (p-value 0.042; OR 15.343, CI 1.106-212.853). Abnormal laboratory findings include neutrophilia, azotemia, creatinemia, anemia, elevated bilirubin levels and thrombocytopenia. Prolonged prothrombin time was associated with poor outcome (p-value 0.004, OR 23, CI 2.79-189.67). Penicillin was the drug of choice given to 96.8%. 94.6% of cases who had oliguric renal failure were conservatively converted to non-oliguric type. 5.4% underwent peritoneal dialysis and survived. Inotropes were used in 93% of non-survivors. The case fatality rate was 3.5% with the cause of death mostly due to Weil’s disease. The average hospital stay among survivors was 6.8+3.3 days as compared with 1.8+1.9 days in non survivors. Shorter hospital stay (p-value 0.00; OR 3.514, CI 2.115-5.839), as well as inotropic support (p-value 0.035; OR 62.511, CI 1.33-2949.134), were associated with poorer outcome, but these findings can be attributed to late presentation of cases at the hospital for admission. @*Conclusion@#A5 year review of patients with leptospirosis showed that jaundice, dyspnea, cardiac abnormality and prolonged prothrombin time were predictive of mortality.

Leptospirosis outbreak after a heavy rainfall typhoon in the Philippines: Clinical features, outcome and prognostic factors for mortality

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:</strong> In September 2009, Metro Manila was hit by a heavy rainfall typhoon Ketsana inundating several cities of Metro Manila causing an outbreak of leptospirosis. We analyzed the prognostic factors associated with mortality among leptospirosis patients admitted after the typhoon at nine tertiary hospitals from September to November 2009.<br /><strong>METHODS:</strong> We reviewed the charts of patients with probable and confirmed leptospirosis. Confirmed leptospirosis was based on any of the following: positive leptospiral culture of blood or urine, single high leptospira microagglutination titer (MAT) of 1:1600 or a fourfold rise in MAT antibody titers or seroconversion. Patients with negative serology or cultures but with history of wading in floodwaters plus any of the following signs and symptons: fever, headache, myalgia, conjunctival suffusion, diarrhea and abdominal pain, jaundice, oliguria and changes in sensorium were considered probable cases. <br /><strong>RESULTS:</strong> We analyzed 332 probable and 259 confirmed leptospirosis patients. Mean age was 37.95± 14.09, mostly males (80.2%). Almost all patients (98%) waded in floodwaters. Majority had moderate to severe form of leptospirosis (83%). Acute renal failure was the most common complication (87.1%). Mortality was 11.3% mostly due to pulmonary hemorrhage. On multivariate analysis of confirmed and probable cases, the factors independently associated with mortality were pulmonary hemorrhage (OR 2.75, 95% CI 1.46 to 5.20), severity of the disease (OR 3.85, 95% CI 1.60 to 9.26), thrombocytopenia (OR 3.16, 95% CI 1.22-8.16), duration of illness before admission (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.78-0.99) and age (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00-1.06).<br /><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> Pulmonary hemorrhage remains a poor prognostic factor and strong predictor of mortality among patients with severe leptospirosis. Early consult through heightened awareness of the public and prompt recognition of leptospirosis among clinicians can decrease the risk for progression to complications of leptospirosis and mortality. <br /><br /> </p>

Realidad de la cirugía cardíaca en la República Argentina: Registro CONAREC XVI / Real Facts in Cardiovascular Surgery in Argentina. The XVI CONAREC Registry

Introducción Los dos grandes registros multicéntricos de cirugía cardíaca realizados en la Argentina, CONAREC y ESMUCICA, datan de más de 10 años. Considerando los avances médicos y quirúrgicos de la última década, surgió la necesidad de realizar un nuevo registro nacional, prospectivo y multicéntrico para conocer las características, la evolución, las complicaciones y los predictores de mortalidad de los pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardíaca. Objetivos Conocer el perfil epidemiológico, la modalidad quirúrgica y la evolución posoperatoria de los pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardíaca en la Argentina. Material y métodos Registro prospectivo, consecutivo y multicéntrico realizado en 49 centros cardioquirúrgicos de la República Argentina por residentes de cardiología. Se analizaron las características y la evolución de 2.553 pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardíaca entre septiembre de 2007 y octubre de 2008: 1.465 (57,4%) a cirugía coronaria, 359 (14,1%) a reemplazo valvular aórtico, 169 (6,6%) a cirugía valvular mitral, 312 (12,2%) a cirugía combinada coronariovalvular y 248 (9,7%) a otros procedimientos. Resultados Hubo predominio de hombres (74,9%); la edad promedio fue de 63 ± 11 años. La prevalencia de diabetes fue del 24,9%, la de hipertensión del 76,3% y la de insuficiencia cardíaca del 17%. La disfunción ventricular moderada a grave prequirúrgica fue del 23,8% y el 19,8% de las cirugías fueron no programadas. En las cirugías coronarias, el 41,9% de ellas se realizaron sin circulación extracorpórea y se empleó puente mamario en el 89%. El 81,7% de las cirugías mitrales se indicaron por insuficiencia y el 62,6% de las aórticas, por estenosis. En estas cirugías se emplearon válvulas mecánicas en el 58% de los casos. La mediana de internación fue de 6 días. Se presentaron complicaciones mayores en el 31,7% (del 25% en coronarios al 49,36% en combinados) y la mortalidad global fue del 7,7% (del 4,3% en coronarios al 13,4% en combinados). Conclusiones Este registro muestra la realidad de la cirugía cardíaca en centros con residencia o concurrencia de cardiología. Comparadas con cifras de registros nacionales previos, la mortalidad y las complicaciones mayores han disminuido, pero continúan siendo elevadas.

Background The CONAREC and the ESMUCICA studies are the largest multicenter registries performed in Argentina more than 10 years ago. The clinical and surgical advances achieved during the last decade have obliged us to carry out a new national, prospective and multicenter registry to become aware of the characteristics, outcomes, complications and predictors of mortality of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Objectives To recognize the epidemiologic profile, surgical approach and postoperative outcomes of patients undergoing cardiac surgery in Argentina. Material and Methods This is a prospective, consecutive and multicenter registry performed by residents in Cardiology in 49 centers with cardiovascular surgery facilities. A total of 2553 patients undergoing cardiac surgery were included between September 2007 and October 2008, distributed as follows: coronary artery bypass graft surgery, 1465 patients (57.4%); aortic valve replacement, 359 (14.1%); mitral valve surgery, 169 (6.6%); combined procedure (revascularization-valve surgery), 312 (12.2%); other procedures, 248 (9.7%). Results There were more men (74.9%) than women; mean age was 63±11 years. The prevalence of diabetes was 24.9%, of hypertension 76.3% and of heart failure 17%. Preoperative moderate to severe left ventricular dysfunction was 23.8%, and 19.8% of surgeries were done on an urgent or emergency basis. A 41.9% of coronary artery bypass graft surgeries were done without cardiopulmonary bypass and a mammary artery bypass graft was used in 89%. Mitral valve surgery was indicated due to mitral regurgitation in 81.7% of cases and 63.6% of aortic valve surgeries were due to aortic valve stenosis. Mechanical heart valve prostheses were used in 58% of cases. Patients were hospitalized for a median of 6 days. Major complications occurred in 31.7% of cases (25% in revascularization surgeries and 49.36% in combined procedures) and global mortality was 7.7% (4.3% and 49.36%, respectively). Conclusions This registry demonstrates the real facts in cardiovascular surgery in centers with cardiovascular residents in Cardiology. Mortality and major complications are lower than those reported by previous registers, yet they are still high.