Incidencia de cáncer de mama a 5 años en mujeres con lesiones premalignas / Incidence of breast cancer at 5 years in women with premalignant lesions

Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar la incidencia acumulada de cáncer de mama a cinco años de seguimiento en pacientes con lesiones preinvasoras o premalignas de la glándula mamaria en un centro de referencia y establecer los factores de riesgo asociados. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva efectuado en pacientes atendidas en el Hospital Ángeles Lomas entre los años 2012 a 2016 con diagnóstico, durante su tamizaje mastográfico, de alguna lesión precursora o preinvasora de cáncer de mama. El seguimiento fue a cinco años para determinar la incidencia. Las variables categóricas se expresan en frecuencias y porcentajes. Se utilizó la prueba de χ2 para diferencia de proporciones entre grupos. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron 3360 pacientes que acudieron al servicio de Mastología durante el tiempo establecido. Se obtuvieron 245 pacientes con lesiones premalignas pero 30 de ellas no cumplieron con el seguimiento a cinco años y se perdieron en ese tiempo estipulado de vigilancia. Al final quedaron 215 pacientes que cumplieron todos los criterios de inclusión establecidos. La incidencia acumulada global de cáncer de mama invasivo fue que a 5 años el 14.9% de las pacientes con lesiones premalignas tendrá cáncer de mama. El carcinoma lobulillar in situ fue el de mayor incidencia o progresión de cáncer invasor, con un 32.1% a los cinco años, seguido de las lesiones mucocele-like, carcinoma ductal in situ y papiloma intraductal con un 23.1, 21.1 y 17.1%, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: El cáncer de mama sigue siendo un problema de salud pública en México y en todo el mundo. Si bien cada vez se dispone de más y mejores programas de tamizaje, ello ha traído consigo otras problemáticas, como las lesiones premalignas o de alto riesgo de carcinogénesis, que han aumentado su incidencia.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the cumulative incidence of breast cancer at five years of follow-up in patients with preinvasive or premalignant lesions of the mammary gland in a referral canter and to establish the associated risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study carried out in patients seen at Hospital Ángeles Lomas between 2012 and 2016 with a diagnosis, during their mastographic screening, of a precursor or pre-invasive lesion of breast cancer. Categorical variables are expressed in frequencies and percentages. The χ2 test was used for difference of proportions between groups. RESULTS: We obtained 3360 patients who attended the mastology service during the established time. We obtained 245 patients with premalignant lesions but 30 of them did not comply with the five-year follow-up and were lost within the stipulated surveillance period. This left 215 patients who met all the inclusion criteria. The overall cumulative incidence of invasive breast cancer was that at 5 years 14.9% of patients with premalignant lesions will have breast cancer. Lobular carcinoma in situ had the highest incidence or progression of invasive cancer, with 32.1% at 5 years, followed by mucocele-like lesions, ductal carcinoma in situ and intraductal papilloma with 23.1, 21.1 and 17.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Breast cancer remains a public health problem in Mexico and worldwide. Although more and better screening programmes are becoming available, this has brought with it other problems, such as premalignant or high-risk carcinogenic lesions, which have increased in incidence.

Accuracy of visual inspection with acetic acid for cervical pathology screening in low cost setup

Background: Cancer cervix, a preventable disease continues to be a cause of great concern to women’s health, being associated with agonizing morbidity and high mortality. Approximately 493,100 new cases and more than 273,000 deaths occur each year, among women worldwide.IN India the screening is largely based on pap smear, which is cumbersome procedure due to transportation of samples and follow up of patients are not usually feasible. Visual inspection with Acetic acid (VIA) is simple and easy to teach procedure. Follow-up of patients usually doesn’t require.Methods: This study includes a total of 1000 patients who attended OPD of gynecology. Each patient is subjected to VIA examination. Biopsy is taken from women with abnormal findings on VIA. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity and positive predictive value of inspection of cervix with acetic acid in precancerous lesions of cervix.Results: When biopsy is taken as reference standard, VIA has sensitivity of 97.7%, specificity of 76.6%, PPV of 62.9% and NPV of 98.5%. The accuracy rate for VIA is 84.8%.Conclusions: VIA is highly sensitive for diagnosis and treatment of cervical pathology at the same sitting. It can be done cost effectively in low resource set up.

Cervical preneoplasia biomarkers: a conundrum for the community based gynecologic surgical pathologist / 부인종양

The integration of high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) in the cell genome is an essential step in the oncogenic pathway of lower ano-genital HPV-related squamous preinvasive and invasive lesions. The expression of HR-HPV surrogate biomarkers of HR-HPV integration by immunohistocytochemistry (IHC) serves as a diagnostic and/or a prognostic tool of cervical preinvasive lesions. IHC is claimed to decrease the interobserver variability in the diagnosis of histomorphologically equivocal lesions, and to be helpful in evaluating the potentiality of regression, persistence or progression. The most common biomarkers used in cervical pathology are p16(INK4a), Ki-67, the HPV capsid L1 antigen, and ProEXc. Critical review of the literature shows a great variability in the diagnostic accuracy, risk evaluation, and relative distribution of these biomarkers in low and high grade preinvasive lesions. Review of the literature suggests that currently dual IHC with p16 and L1 provide the best diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of lesions diagnosed histomorphologically as low and high-grade.

A Different Perspective on Macroscopic Sampling of Cholecystectomy Specimens

BACKGROUND: Because there may be interdepartmental differences in macroscopic sampling of cholecystectomy specimens, we aimed to investigate differences between the longitudinal sampling technique and our classical sampling technique in cholecystectomy specimens in which there was no obvious malignancy. METHODS: Six hundred eight cholecystectomy specimens that were collected between 2011 and 2012 were included in this study. The first group included 273 specimens for which one sample was taken from each of the fundus, body, and neck regions (our classical technique). The second group included 335 specimens for which samples taken from the neck region and lengthwise from the fundus toward the neck were placed together in one cassette (longitudinal sampling). The Pearson chi-square, Fisher exact, and ANOVA tests were used and differences were considered significant at p<.05. RESULTS: In the statistical analysis, although gallbladders in the first group were bigger, the average length of the samples taken in the second group was greater. Inflammatory cells, pyloric metaplasia, intestinal metaplasia, low grade dysplasia, and invasive carcinoma were seen more often in the second group. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, the use of a longitudinal sampling technique enabled us to examine a longer mucosa and to detect more mucosal lesions than did our classical technique. Thus, longitudinal sampling can be an effective technique in detecting preinvasive lesions.

Lesiones preinvasivas del cuello uterino / Pre-invasive lesions in the cervix

Introducción: el cáncer de cuello uterino es la segunda causa de muerte en la mujer a nivel mundial y la principal por enfermedades malignas. Estudios cubanos han reportado que más del 12 porciento de mujeres atendidas en el programa presentaron esta enfermedad, a pesar del programa nacional de detección precoz vigente. Su incidencia pone en evidencia que el control de la enfermedad, aunque constituye un propósito deseado, todavía no ha logrado los objetivos propuestos. Objetivos: hallar la correlación citohistológica, categorizar los grados de lesión y caracterizar el grupo de pacientes. Métodos: estudio de evaluación retrospectivo a pacientes atendidas en la Clínica de Especialidades Médicas de Bayamo con lesiones preinvasivas del cuello uterino desde enero del 2010 a junio del 2011. El universo fueron 246 citologías anormales y la muestra 89 resultados histológicos con cualquiera de los tres grados de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical obtenidos, se calculó la sensibilidad y especificidad para determinar la efectividad del diagnóstico histológico. Resultados: predominaron las neoplasias intraepiteliales cervicales grado I en los resultados citológicos e histológicos. La mayoría de las pacientes estaban en el grupo de 25 a 39 años. La sexarquia precoz y la evidencia del virus del papiloma humano (VPH) fueron muy frecuentes. La correlación de la citología y la histología en el diagnóstico hallada fue del 64,1 porciento con una sensibilidad del 90,3 porciento y una especificidad del 79,3 porciento. Conclusión: la correlación diagnóstica entre la citología y la histología fue efectiva

Introduction: cervical cancer is the second leading cause of death in women worldwide and the main due to malignant diseases. Cuban studies have reported that over 12 percent of women attending the program had this disease, despite a national screening program in place for early detection. Its incidence shows that the control of this disease, although a desired purpose, has not yet achieved the proposed objectives. Objectives: to find the histological correlation quote, to categorize the grade injury, and to characterize the patient group. Methods: it was conducted a retrospective study evaluating patients treated at Bayamo medical specialty clinic from January 2010 to June 2011. These patients had preinvasive lesions of the cervix. The universe was 246 abnormal cytologies and we had a sample of 89 histologic results with any of the three grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia obtained. We calculated the sensitivity and specificity to determine the effectiveness of the histological diagnosis. Results: there was predominance of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade I in the cytologic and histologic results. Most patients were 25 to 39 years old. The evidence early sexuality and human papilloma virus were very common. The correlation of cytology and histology in the diagnosis was 64.1 percent sensitivity of 90.3 percent and a specificity of 79.3 percent. Conclusion: the diagnostic correlation between cytology and histology was effective

HPV infection and preinvasive disease of cervix / 基础医学与临床

Cervical carcinoma is a continuous pathological procedure from preinvasive lesion to carcinoma.Cervicalintraepithelial neoplasia-the preinvasive disease of cervix carcinoma-is currently regarded to be associated with HPV infection.HPV is a small double-stranded DNA virus composed of protein shell and DNA core.The gene group includes early coding region,late coding region and long control region.E6 and E7 protein which are coded in the early coding region play a crucial role in virus copy.HPVs in reproductive system are very common in sex-active people.At least 75% of women who have sexual life will infect HPVs in some period of their life.Most of them can regress,and only those infected by high risk type virus and combined with other high risk factors could progress to HSIL or cervical carcinoma.As to HPV infection,people should neither overlook it nor got scared.Currently,treatment of the local vulva or cervical lesion caused by HPV infection is the most effective.