The burden of healthcare-associated infection in Moroccan hospitals: systematic review and meta-analysis

Healthcare-associated infections (HAI), also referred to as nosocomial infections, is defined as an infection acquired in a hospital setting. This infection is considered a HAI if it was not present or incubating at the time of admission. This includes infections acquired in the hospital but appearing after discharge, and also occupational infections among staff of the facility. HAI are a major patient safety measure to be considered in hospitals.

Estimation of prevalence of risk factors for coronary artery disease in a rural population in Howrah, West Bengal

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of death globally in both developed and developing countries. Coronary artery disease which was once thought to be a disease of the urban population is now involving the rural community in an increased number. So a study of major coronary risk factors in rural communities will help to adopt various strategies particularly behavior change and communication relevant for these communities to prevent these risk factors and lower CAD related mortality and morbidity. Objective was to estimate rates of the various risk factors for CAD and identify the high-risk groups in the rural community.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was carried out in a rural area in the Howrah district of West Bengal. Four hundred and eighteen (418) persons (212 males and 206 females) were subjected to study using structured, pretested and predesigned schedule. Coronary artery disease risk factors were assessed. Statistical analysis was done with the help of statistical software, the SPSS 20.0 for windows.Results: The study observed that prevalence of tobacco use among the study population was the most significant risk factor (42.3%). The prevalence of other coronary risk factors ranged from 10-20%. Tobacco use, alcohol consumption and sedentary life style were significantly more amongst males. Whereas truncal obesity and systolic hypertension more among females.Conclusions: Various comprehensive strategies particularly behavior change and communication targeting these high risk population need to be emphasized to lower CAD related morbidity burden in the community.

Prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization and regional differences throughout Japan

BACKGROUND@#Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) frequently occurs in children worldwide. However, MIH prevalence throughout Japan has not yet been investigated. The purpose of this study was to clarify MIH prevalence rates and to consider potential regional differences throughout Japan.@*METHODS@#A total of 4496 children aged 7-9 years throughout Japan were evaluated in this study. MIH prevalence rates among children were evaluated in eight regions throughout Japan. A child's residence was defined as the mother's residence during pregnancy. The localization of demarcated opacities and enamel breakdown was recorded on a standard code form using a guided record chart. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate whether MIH prevalence rates differed among age groups, sex, and regions.@*RESULTS@#The overall prevalence of MIH in Japan was 19.8%. The prevalence of MIH was 14.0% in the Hokkaido region, 11.7% in the Tohoku region, 18.5% in the Kanto Shin-Etsu region, 19.3% in the Tokai Hokuriku region, 22.3% in the Kinki region, 19.8% in the Chugoku region, 28.1% in the Shikoku region, and 25.3% in the Kyushu region. These regional differences were statistically significant. Moreover, MIH prevalence rates decreased with age. No significant sex differences in MIH prevalence rates were demonstrated.@*CONCLUSIONS@#To our knowledge, this is the first MIH study carried out in several regions throughout Japan. Regional differences existed in MIH prevalence rates; particularly, MIH occurred more frequently in children residing in southwestern areas than those in northeastern areas of Japan.

Spatial Distribution of Diabetes Prevalence Rates and Its Relationship with the Regional Characteristics / 보건행정학회지

This study purposed to analyze the relationship between spatial distribution of Diabetes prevalence rates and regional variables. The unit of analysis was administrative districts of city·gun·gu. Dependent variable was the age- and sex- adjusted diabetes prevalence rates and regional variables were selected to represent three aspects: demographic and socioeconomic factor, health and medical factor, and physical environment factor. Along with the traditional ordinary least square (OLS) regression analysis, geographically weighted regression (GWR) was applied for the spatial analysis. Analysis results showed that age- and sex-adjusted diabetes prevalence rates were varied depending on regions. OLS regression showed that diabetes prevalence rates had significant relationships with percent of population over age 65 and financial independence rate. In GWR, the effects of regional variables were not consistent. These results provide information to health policy makers. Regional characteristics should be considered in allocating health resources and developing health related programs for the regional disease management.

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk factors distribution characteristic of pre-hypertension and hypertension among rural residents / 重庆医学

Objective To examine the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk factors distribution characteristic of pre-hyperten-sion and hypertension among rural residents .Methods A cross sectional study was conducted among 665 rural residents of aged 18-65 years in Xinxiang city of Henan province by employing random cluster sampling .The detection rates of prehypertension and hypertension were analyzed and described among different characteristic groups .Chi-square test was used to compare the between-group differences in detection rate .All data analyses were performed using SPSS13 .0 programs .Results The detection rate was 46 .6% for prehypertension and 31 .7% for hypertension .The detection rates of prehypertension and hypertension in rural residents increased with the increasing age(P=0 .000) ,sex(P=0 .001) ,body mass index(BMI ,P=0 .000) ,waist circumference(P=0 .000) , blood sugar(P=0 .015) ,total cholesterol(P=0 .000) .Conclusion The cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk factors distribution characteristic of prehypertension and hypertension among rural residents in Xinxiang area of Henan province has certain pattern . The target population of health management and to control of prehypertension and hypertension should be the elderly population , male ,and those with overweight ,obese ,and abdominal obesity ,impaired fasting glucose and diabetes mellitus ,edge hyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia .