Homenaje póstumo al Doctor Alejandro Goic (1929-2021), Editor Emérito / A posthumous tribute to Alejandro Goic, M.D. (1929-2021), Editor Emeritus

Alejandro Goic, M.D., son of Croatian immigrants, graduated as M.D. in 1955, studying at the Catholic University of Chile Medical School. After a residency in internal medicine, he followed post graduate studies in psychosomatic medicine at the University of Oklahoma and in gastroenterology at Harvard University. Upon his return to Chile he had a brilliant career as clinician and medical educator, becoming a leader and advisor in medical education, clinical ethics and public health. Elected Dean of the University of Chile School of Medicine (1986-1994), he promoted important changes in undergraduate studies as well as in Magister and PhD programs in Biomedical Sciences. During the difficult years of the military government intervention in Chilean universities, he was one of the leaders of critical opposition. In parallel he was chief editor of Revista Médica de Chile (1976-1996), improving the editorial process according to the recommendations of ICMJE and WAME. In 1989 he was elected member of the Chilean Academy of Medicine and became its President (2000-2010). He was awarded honors and membership in prominent national and foreign institutions. In 2006 he received the National Prize in Medicine, the highest medical distinction in Chile. His wise thinking and enthusiasm gave origin to several books that have become classics in Medicine and Medical Education, permeating our institutions.

EAT-Brazil Award for Tobacco Control: a brief description of its first edition

SUMMARY Smoking is a major global risk factor for preventable death and disability. EAT is an acronym for Education Against Tobacco, a multinational network of physicians and medical students that aims to improve tobacco control by means of school-based prevention targeted at adolescents through counseling, use of software and support materials. The first EAT-Brazil Award, launched in March 2018, was a competition designed to encourage the proposal of objective solutions for tobacco control in Brasil, and identify new talents in the area. Brazilian undergraduate students from any field of study could submit a one-page essay on the subject, competing for the amount of R$ 1000.00 (one thousand reais). There were a total of 39 applicants (20 women and 19 men) from 9 Brazilian states and 18 undergraduate programs, with a mean age of 22.5 years (SD = 3.7). Data from an online anonymous questionnaire answered after the submission of their essays revealed that most applicants were students of institutions from in the state of Minas Gerais (n = 26/39; 66.6%), studied medicine (n = 20/39, 51.3%), and had no prior knowledge of the EAT-Brazil Network (n = 27/39, 69.2%). The winner of the award was Lucas Guimarães de Azevedo, a fourth-year medical student at Federal University of Western Bahia. The next editions of the award should focus on increasing the number of applicants and diversifying their geographical distribution.

RESUMO O tabagismo é um dos principais fatores de risco globais para morte e incapacidade evitáveis. EAT é a sigla em inglês para Educação contra o Tabaco (Education Against Tobacco), uma rede mundial formada por médicos e estudantes de medicina cuja missão é atuar no combate ao tabagismo por meio da prevenção da iniciação ao tabagismo em adolescentes escolares mediante aconselhamento, uso de aplicativos móveis e de materiais de apoio. O primeiro Prêmio EAT-Brazil, lançado em março de 2018, foi um concurso destinado a encorajar a proposição de soluções objetivas para o avanço do controle do tabagismo no país e a identificação de novos talentos para a área. Estudantes de graduação brasileiros de qualquer curso submeteram um texto de uma página sobre o tema, concorrendo à quantia de R$ 1.000. Houve um total de 39 trabalhos inscritos (20 por mulheres e 19 por homens) de nove estados brasileiros e 18 cursos de graduação, com idade média de 22,5 anos (DP=3,7). Dados de um questionário anônimo on-line respondido pelos inscritos revelou que a maioria era composta por graduandos de alguma instituição do estado de Minas Gerais (n=26/39; 66,6%), que estudavam medicina (n=20/39; 51,3%) e não tinham conhecimento prévio sobre a Rede EAT-Brazil (n=27/39; 69,2%). O ganhador do prêmio foi Lucas Guimarães de Azevedo, aluno do oitavo período de medicina da Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia. As próximas edições do Prêmio devem focar o aumento do número de inscritos e a diversificação de sua distribuição geográfica.

Psychology and the Nobel Prize / Psicología y el premio nobel

The Nobel Prize is considered the utmost global recognition bestowed upon a scientist, writer, or peace promoter. The Nobel Prizes have been granted since 1901 in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. Later on, in 1969, the Prize in Economic Sciences was established. A Nobel Prize in psychology does not exist, nor is there one in mathematics, ecology, or other disciplines. Nevertheless, a great number of psychologists have received the award. The discussion about who can be considered a psychologist is determined by three categories: (1) the person that received an undergraduate degree in psychology, (2) a person that holds a Ph.D. in psychology, and (3) someone trained in a discipline different from psychology whose contributions are of great relevance to this field. Presented here is a brief biography of some of the psychologists (in any of the three categories) that have received the Nobel Prize. It is also indicated that there are other somewhat similar awards received by psychologists, such as the ones bestowed by the APA, the IUPsyS, and the Grawemeyer Prize in Psychology. It is possible in the future that more psychologists will receive the Nobel Prize in one of its categories.

El Premio Nobel es considerado como el máximo reconocimiento a nivel mundial que puede recibir un científico, un escritor o un promotor de la paz. Los Premios Nobel se otorgan desde 1901, en los campos de la física, química, fisiología o medicina, literatura y paz. Más adelante en 1969 se creó el Premio Nobel en ciencias económicas. No existe un Premio Nobel en psicología y tampoco en matemáticas, ecología y otras disciplinas. Sin embargo, un cierto número de psicólogos ha recibido el Premio Nobel. Se discute acerca de quién puede definirse como psicólogo y se presentan tres categorias: (1) una persona que recibió una formación de pregrado en psicología, (2) una que recibió un Ph.D. en psicología, (3) alguien que realizó contribuciones de gran relevancia a la psicología aunque su entrenamiento haya sido en otra disciplina. Se presenta una breve sinopsis de la vida y obra de algunos de los psicólogos (de cualquiera de las tres categorías) que han recibido el Premio Nobel. Se indica que existen otros premios relativamente similares como los que otorga la IUPsyS, la APA y el Premio Grawemeyer en Psicología. Es posible que en el futuro más psicólogos reciban el Premio Nobel en alguna de sus categorías.

Carlos Chagas e o enigma do Prêmio Nobel / Carlos Chagas and the Nobel Prize Enigma

A indicação ao prêmio Nobel de Medicina ocorreu pelo menos duas vezes para o brasileiro Carlos Chagas: 1913 e 1921. A história desta última indicação encontrase envolvida em mistério, que culminou com a ausência da premiação do Nobelde Medicina em 1921. Assim, objetivamos descrever as circunstâncias que possam ter comprometido o laureio do pesquisador, e para tal foi realizada extensa revisão bibliográfica, a partir das bases de dados Scielo, Medline e Lilacs. O descobridor da Doença de Chagas recebeu muitas premiações internacionais, mas em seu próprio país foi alvo de ataques de um grupo opositor na Academia Nacional de Medicina. Ali se questionava sobre a verdadeira existência do mal, sua extensão no país e a paternidade de sua descoberta. Tais intrigas possivelmente resultaram na negação do prêmio Nobel em 1921. Carlos Chagas, responsável pela descrição de uma das mais importantes doenças infectoparasitárias que atingem a população latino-americana, não foi reconhecido em primeira instância no Brasil. Ignorada sua contribuição à ciência, retardou-se o ensino desse mal nas universidades. Sem controle, a doença vitimou milhares de pessoas que poderiam ter sido poupadas.

Carlos Chagas was nominated twice for the Nobel Prize of Medicine, in 1913 and 1921. The story of the second nomination was a mystery that ended without Medicine awarding in 1921. Thus, we aim here to describe the circumstances that could have compromised the academic honor of the researcher, and so we carried out an extensive bibliographical review. The discoverer of Chagas disease also called American trypanosomiasis received several international awards, but in his homeland he was the aim of critics by a group of opponents in the Academia Nacional de Medicina (national academy of medicine). There were many doubts about the real existence of such disease, its extension in the country and its real discoverer. Such intrigues have possibly resulted in the refuse to award him with the Nobel Prize in 1921. Carlos Chagas, who is responsible for describing one of the most important infectious disease that affect the Latin-American population, was not acknowledged at first in Brazil. As his contribution to science was ignored, the teaching of this disease in universities was delayed. Without any control, the disease caused thousands of deaths that could have been avoided.

Análisis de los premios a la investigación en gastroenterología: Experiencia en México / Critical analysis of awards in gastroenterology research: The Mexican experience

El impacto internacional de la investigación gastroenterológica mexicana es limitado. Se desconoce cuál ha sido el resultado final de los trabajos de mejor calidad a nivel nacional de acuerdo a la Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología (AMG). El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el patrón de publicación e impacto en las publicaciones periódicas internacionales de los trabajos premiados por la AMG. Se revisaron las memorias del congreso anual de la AMG, período 1998-2006. Se seleccionaron resúmenes donde se indicara premiación o presentación en sesión plenaria. Los trabajos identificados fueron buscados en bases de datos electrónicas, o bien se contactó alguno de los autores para solicitar la información relacionada. De aquellos trabajos publicados en revistas con factor de impacto se buscaron las citas relacionadas. Se localizaron 35 premios, 57.1% fueron en el área de gastroenterología y 34.3% en hepatología. Las instituciones con los premios son Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (48.6%), Instituciones de Educación Superior (31.4%), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (8.6%), Fundación Clínica Médica Sur (5.7%), Hospital Juárez (2.9%), Hospital privado (2.9%). De estos se han publicado 19 (54.8%), la mayoría antes de un año (73.7%). Unicamente dos de los trabajos publicados tienen registradas <10 citas en revistas con factor de impacto. La mitad de los trabajos meritorios de premiación han sido publicados. La mayoría se publican en revistas de circulación nacional. El impacto de estos trabajos a nivel internacional es limitado.

The impact of Mexican gastrointestinal research worldwide is limited and the outcome of the best research papers awarded by the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología (AMG) is unknown. The objective of this study was to analyze the publication pattern of the research work, awarded by the AMG and their impact in international journals. The abstracts accepted for the annual meeting of the AMG from 1998 to 2006 were reviewed. Those presented in a plenary session or awarded were included. Their abstracts were searched in electronic databases. When not found, the main author was contacted by e-mail. In those papers published in a journal with an impact factor, the times it was cited were assessed. 35 abstracts were identified, mainly in gastroenterology (57.1%) and hepatology (34.3). Only in 5.7% (n=2) some of the authors were members of the governing board of AMG. The awarded institutions were Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (48.6%), Universities (Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and the Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla) (31.4%), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (8.6%), Fundación Clínica Médica Sur (5.7%), Hospital Juárez (2.9%), Private hospital (2.9%). Most of the papers were published within a year (73.7%). Only 2 papers had more than 10 citations in another international journal with impact factor, with a median for all paper of 5 citations (045). Considering all institutions, the rate of publication is 48%. Only half of the awarded works were published and mainly in journals of local distribution. The impact of these studies worldwide is limited.