Comparative analysis of the incidence of enteroparasitosis andthe COVID-19 pandemic profile in the city of Bananeiras - PB / Análise comparativa da incidência de enteroparasitoses e doperfil pandêmico da COVID-19 na cidade de Bananeiras - PB

Enteroparasitosis are diseases caused by parasitic agents present in the environment and in the gastrointestinal tract of living beings. In addition, they are still considered neglected diseases, but of great importance for public health, especially when they are related to secondary infections and currently their co-infection profile with COVID-19. The interaction of protozoa and/or helminths with the SARS-CoV-2 virus is timely and its signs and symptoms are confused with other pathogen relationships. In this way, this study aims to correlate the incidence of enteroparasitosis and COVID-19, in the pandemic period from 2020 to April 2022. This is a documentary and exploratory study of secondary data from laboratory tests of patients who were treated and diagnosed with COVID-19 and enteroparasitosis at Hospital Doutor Cloves Bezerra Cavalcante, Municipal Hospital of Bananeiras, Paraíba, Brazil. In the analysis of the database, a significant increase of approximately 48.85% in the incidence of COVID-19 cases from 2020 to 2021 stands out, remaining high until 2022. In contrast, cases of enteroparasites peaked at 48.74% in 2021, followed by an average reduction of 23.12%, with a deviation of 1.49%, in relation to the years 2020 and 2022. It was concluded that COVID-19 is predominantly associated with an increase in secondary infections, highlighting the crucial need to promote health education, improve basic sanitation and guarantee access to health services as essential components in combating the increase in parasitic infections, especially those related to viral pathologies.

As enteroparasitoses são enfermidades originadas por agentes parasitários presentes no meio ambiente e no trato gastrointestinal dos seres vivos. Ademais, ainda são consideradas doenças negligenciadas, porém de grande importância para a saúde pública, em especial, quando estão relacionadas com infecções secundárias e atualmente seu perfil de coinfecção com a COVID-19. A interação de protozoários e/ou helmintos com o vírus SARS-CoV-2 é oportuna e seus sinais e sintomas são confundidos com outras relações de patógenos. Desta maneira, este estudo visa correlacionar a incidência de enteroparasitoses e COVID-19, no período pandêmico de 2020 a abril de 2022. Trata--se de uma pesquisa documental e exploratória, de dados secundários dos exames laboratoriais de pacientes que foram atendidos e diagnosticados com COVID-19 e enteroparasitoses no Hospital Doutor Cloves Bezerra Cavalcante, Hospital Municipal de Bananeiras, Paraíba, Brasil. Na análise da base de dados, destaca-se um aumento significativo de aproximadamente 48,85% na incidência de casos de COVID-19 de 2020 a 2021, mantendo-se elevado até 2022. Em contraste, os casos de enteroparasitas atingiram um pico de 48,74% em 2021, seguido por uma redução média de 23,12%, com um desvio de 1,49%, em relação aos anos de 2020 e 2022. Conclui-se que a COVID-19 está predominantemente associada ao aumento de infecções secundárias, destacando a necessidade crucial de promover a educação em saúde, melhorar o saneamento básico e garantir o acesso aos serviços de saúde como componentes essenciais no combate ao aumento de infecções parasitárias, especialmente aquelas relacionadas a patologias virais.

In vitro antiparasitic and antibacterial evaluation of organic extracts of Salvadoran flora / Evaluación antiparasitaria y antibacterial in vitro de extractos orgánicos de la flora salvadoreña

Currently, in developing countries, parasitic and bacterial diseases as amebiasis, giardiasis, trichonomiasis, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, tuberculosis, and nocardiasis are a public health problem. The pharmacological treatment for these diseases is not completely effective and causes several side effects in patients. Therefore, the search for new compounds with biological activity is very important to develop new drugs safely and more efficiently. In this study, different organic extracts obtained from thirty-seven species of the Salvadoran flora were evaluated in several in vitro models to determine their potential activity against five protozoa (Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis, Leishmania mexicana, and Trypanosoma cruzi) and three bacteria (Acinetobacter baumanni, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Nocardia brasiliensis). The results showed the activity of eight extracts with IC50values of less than 100 µg/mL against L. mexicanaand five extracts with MICs values less than <50 µg/mL against M. tuberculosis. Besides, seven plant species showed MICs ≤3.125 µg/mL against N. brasiliensis. Additionally, secondary metabolites (flavonoids and monoterpene oxygenate) previously reported as active were fingerprint by UPLC-MS to establish a potential correlation with the biological activity showed.

Actualmente, en los países en vías de desarrollo, enfermedades parasitarias y bacterianas como la amebiasis, giardiasis, trichonomiasis, leishmaniasis, tripanosomiasis, tuberculosis y nocardiasis son un problema de salud pública. El tratamiento farmacológico de estas enfermedades no es del todo eficaz y provoca varios efectos secundarios en los pacientes. Por lo tanto, la búsqueda de nuevos compuestos con actividad biológica es muy importante para desarrollar nuevos fármacos, seguros y eficaces. En este estudio se evaluaron diferentes extractos orgánicos obtenidos de treinta y siete especies de la flora salvadoreña en varios modelos in vitro para determinar su actividad potencial contra cinco parásitos (Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis, Leishmania mexicana y Trypanosoma cruzi) y tres bacterias (Acinetobacter baumanni, Mycobacterium tuberculosis y Nocardia brasiliensis). Los resultados mostraron la actividad de ocho extractos con valores de CI50 menores a 100 µg/mL contra L. mexicana y cinco extractos con valores de CIMs <50 µg/mL contra M. tuberculosis. Además, siete especies de plantas presentaron CIM ≤3,125 µg/mL frente a N. brasilienses. Finalmente, los metabolitos secundarios (flavonoides y monoterpenos oxigenados) previamente reportados como activos fueron determinados por UPLC-MS para establecer una posible correlación con la actividad biológica mostrada.

Molecular detection of oral Trichomonas tenax in periodontal disease patients by polymerase chain reaction -based 18S rRNA gene

@#Trichomonas tenax, an oral flagellated protozoon found in humans, potentially associated with the inflammation of periodontal tissues and decreased immunity that causes the tissue damage and tooth loss from chronic infection. Currently, there is a lack of data regarding the prevalence of T. tenax infection in Thailand. Therefore, this study aimed to measure prevalence of T. tenax in periodontal disease patients by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) gene and to determine the factors associated with the presence of this protozoan. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 230 patients with periodontal disease, who visited the oral health center of Suranaree University of Technology Hospital, Thailand from 2021 to 2022. Dental plaque specimens were collected and examined to identify the presence of T. tenax using the PCR-based 18S rRNA gene. The occurrence of factors associated with T. tenax infection was analyzed by the chi-square test and binary logistic regression. The prevalence of T. tenax infection was 13.48% (31/230), in patients, including 96.77% (30/31) and 3.23% (1/31) in periodontitis and gingivitis patients, respectively. The presence of T. tenax was associated with periodontal disease (p<0.001) and the Periodontal Screening and Record (PSR) index (p=0.001). The significant risk factors for T. tenax infection were periodontitis (ORadj=239.89, 95% CI=23.801-2417.746), no-underlying disease (ORadj=0.31, 95% CI=0.099–0.942), and male sex (ORadj=0.25, 95% CI=0.062-0.981). Dentists should be concerned about this oral protozoan in periodontitis patients. Furthermore, epidemiologic studies of T. tenax are still needed to investigate the mechanism of pathogenesis from T. tenax infection.

Parasitic coinfections among selected smallholder goat flocks in Malaysia

@#This paper describes the occurrence of multiple parasitic infection with special reference to emerging haemotropic Mycoplasma ovis. A cross-sectional survey of four selected goat flocks was conducted to collect samples and management information. Blood samples were processed using microhaematocrit centrifugation to determine the packed cell volume (PCV). Detection and morphological identification of blood protozoa and haemotropic Mycoplasma ovis from Giemsa-stained smears were done microscopically. M. ovis infection was classified mild (1-29% infected cells), moderate (30-59% infected cells), or severe (above 60% infected cells). Faecal floatation and McMaster faecal egg count were used to detect and classify strongyle infections as negative (no eggs/oocysts), light (< 500 epg), Moderate (500 – 1000 epg), or severe (>1000 epg) and coccidia infection as light (<1800 opg), moderate (1800 – 6000 opg), or severe (>6000 opg). There were 149 goats with blood protozoa (57.98%; 95% CI: 51.87 – 63.85) and 204 goats with GI parasites (79.38%; 95% CI: 74.02 - 83.87) involved in single (15.8%; 95% CI: 11.7 – 21.0) or multiple (84.2%; 95% CI: 79.0 – 88.3) infections. The risk of Strongyles increases by 2.49 (95% CI: 1.24 – 4.99) in females versus males and 6.79 (95% CI: 3.25 – 14.18, p =0.000) in adults versus young. The risk of Eimeria species increases by 7.32 (95% CI: 3.45 – 15.50, p =0.000) in adults versus young, while M. ovis coinfection risk increases by 4.51 (95% CI: 1.40 – 14.50, p =0.000) in female versus males. Thin animals had a significantly higher (p<0.05) mean burden of Strongyle (1370.37 ± 345.49) and Eimeria (1594.12 ± 695.26) than the moderate and fat goats. The PCV was negatively associated with mean faecal egg count (FEC) (p<0.05) such that a lower PCV was recorded in animals with a higher Strongyle epg output. A severe burden of M. ovis was accompanied by an increased nematode FEC and decreased haematocrit (p<0.05). Coinfections of Strongyles, or Eimeria species involving M. ovis were associated with a higher parasitaemia compared with single infections (p<0.05). This study highlights the importance of M. ovis and Strongyle or Eimeria species coinfections among goat flocks and provides valuable data for developing and implementing an integrated herd health management program for parasite control among low-input smallholder flocks.

Occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in dogs in a rural area of Santa Catarina, Brazil / Ocorrência de parasitas gastrintestinais em cães de área rural de Santa Catarina, Brasil

Abstract We investigated the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in dogs in rural areas of the municipality of Painel, Santa Catarina, Brazil. For this, 91 canine feces samples were collected from 82 farms between August, 2017 and January, 2018. These fecal materials were processed using the techniques of spontaneous sedimentation, centrifugation-floatation in zinc sulfate and Ziehl-Neelsen staining. A questionnaire in the form of an interview was administered to the dogs' owner and information about the farm and the main care provided for the dogs was obtained. Among 91 sampled dogs, 27 (29.7%) were positive for at least one parasite species. Ancylostoma was the most prevalent genus (16.5%), followed by Giardia duodenalis (14.3%), Trichuris vulpis (6.6%), Toxocara canis (5.5%), Entamoeba spp. (4.8%), Cryptosporidium spp. (3.3%) and Taeniidae (1.1%). Most dogs do not receive veterinarian care and rarely received antiparasitic treatment. They were free to roam and had free access to animal remains and garbage, which was reflected in the significant associations with the occurrence of parasites that were found. We conclude that rural dogs harbor gastrointestinal parasites, but that their owners are unaware of the risks that these parasites can bring to human health.

Resumo Foi investigada a ocorrência de parasitos gastrintestinais com potencial zoonótico, em cães de área rural do munícipio de Painel, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Para isso, foram colhidas amostras de fezes de 91 cães de 82 propriedades rurais, no período de agosto de 2017 a janeiro de 2018. Este material fecal foi processado pelas técnicas de sedimentação espontânea, centrífugo-flutuação em sulfato de zinco e coloração pelo Ziehl-Neelsen. Um questionário em forma de entrevista foi aplicado aos tutores dos cães e foram obtidas informações sobre a propriedade rural e principais cuidados com os cães. Entre as 91 amostras de fezes, em 27 (29,7%) foi detectada a presença de parasitos gastrintestinais, sendo Ancylostoma o gênero mais prevalente (15 / 16,5%), seguido por Giardia duodenalis (13 / 14,3%), Trichuris vulpis (6 / 6,6%), Toxocara canis (5 / 5,5%), Entamoeba spp. (4 / 4,8%), Cryptosporidium spp. (3 / 3,3%) e Taeniidae (1 / 1,1%). A maioria dos cães não recebia cuidados veterinários ou antiparasitários. Concluiu-se que os cães de área rural albergam parasitos gastrintestinais, porém seus tutores desconhecem os riscos que esses parasitos podem trazer para a saúde humana.

Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum antibody seroprevalence and risk factors among dogs treated at Public Veterinary Hospitals in São Paulo, Brazil / Soroprevalência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum em cães atendidos em Hospitais Públicos Veterinários em São Paulo, Brasil

Abstract Dogs can be infected by Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum, for which they function, respectively, as intermediate, and definitive hosts. In the present study seroprevalence against T. gondii and N. caninum antibodies, were determined by indirect fluorescent antibody test (cut off of 16 and 50, respectively), in dogs that were treated at public veterinary hospitals in the metropolitan region of São Paulo and risk factors were identified. Out of the 1,194 samples 125 (10.5%; 95% CI: 8.8-12.3%) were positive for T. gondii and 9 (0.75%, 95% CI: 0.34-1.4%) for N. caninum. For T. gondii, statistical differences were observed between the proportions of positive dogs and different zones of the municipality (p = 0.025), and age (p = 0.02), higher among older dogs. The keepers were invited to answer an epidemiological questionnaire to analyze risk factors, and 471 (39.4%) agreed to be interviewed, and among their dogs 65 (13.8%) were T. gondii seropositive. Age group above 8 years (OR = 3.63; 95% CI: 1.08-12.23) was a risk factor and having a defined breed (OR = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.25-0.96) was a protective factor for T. gondii infection. Because of the low number of dogs positive for N. caninum, risk factors for this coccidium were not determined.

Resumo Cães podem ser infectados por Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum, os quais funcionam, respectivamente, como hospedeiros intermediários e definitivos. Neste estudo, a soroprevalência contra anticorpos anti-T. gondii e N. caninum foi determinada pelo teste de imunofluorescência indireta (ponto de corte de 16 e 50, respectivamente), em cães atendidos em hospitais públicos veterinários da região metropolitana de São Paulo e fatores de risco foram identificados. Das 1.194 amostras, 125 (10,5%; IC 95%: 8,8-12,3%) foram positivas para T. gondii e 9 (0,75%, IC 95%: 0,34-1,4%) para N. caninum. Para T. gondii foram observadas diferenças entre as proporções de cães positivos e diferentes zonas do município (p = 0,025) e idade (p = 0,02), prevalência maior entre os mais velhos. Os tutores foram convidados a responder um questionário epidemiológico para análise de fatores de risco, e 471 (39,4%) concordaram em ser entrevistados, destes 65 cães (13,8%) eram soropositivos para T. gondii. Faixa etária acima de 8 anos (OR = 3,63; IC 95%: 1,08-12,23) foi fator de risco e raça definida (OR = 0,49; IC 95%: 0,25-0,96) foi fator de proteção para a infecção por T. gondii. Devido ao baixo número de positivos para anticorpos anti-N. caninum, fatores de risco para este coccídio não foram determinados.

Aislamiento de Acanthamoeba spp. en salas cerradas de un hospital de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina / Isolation of Acanthamoeba spp. in closed rooms of a hospital in Buenos Aires province, Argentina

Resumen Las amebas de vida libre (AVL) son protozoos ubicuos con cuatro géneros patógenos para el ser humano: Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, Balamuthia, y Sappinia. Acanthamoeba puede actuar como reservorio de microorganismos (endosimbiontes), por lo cual, en medio hospitalario, implicaría un riesgo para la transmisión de bacterias, virus y hongos intranosocomiales. Se investigó la presencia de AVL, con énfasis en Acanthamoeba spp., en un hospital pediátrico de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Se colectaron 22 muestras de lavamanos e incubadoras en salas de Neonatología y Terapia Intensiva, las que fueron cultivadas a 37 y 42 °C. Los aislados fueron identificados molecularmente. El 63,64% de las muestras presentaron Acanthamoeba spp. Esta investigación representa el primer estudio realizado en la Argentina sobre la detección de Acanthamoeba spp. en salas cerradas de un hospital. Su presencia es una señal de alarma y resulta un blanco útil para investigar posibles reservorios de microorganismos patógenos en ambientes hospitalarios.

Abstract Free-living amoebae (FLA) are ubiquitous protozoa with four pathogenic genera for humans: Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, Balamuthia, and Sappinia. Acanthamoeba can act as a reservoir of microorganisms (endosymbionts), for which reason, in a hospital environment, it would imply a risk for transmission of nosocomial bacteria, viruses and fungi. The presence of AVL, with emphasis on Acanthamoeba spp., was investigated in a pediatric hospital. Twenty-two samples were collected from sinks and incubators in Neonatology and Intensive Care rooms, which were cultured at 37 and 42 °C. The isolates found were molecularly identified. A total of 63.64% of the samples presented Acanthamoeba spp. This research represents the first study in Argentina on the detection of Acanthamoeba spp. in closed rooms of a hospital. Its presence is an alarm signal, and it is a useful target to investigate possible reservoirs of pathogenic microorganisms in hospital environments.

Resumo As amebas de vida livre (AVL) são protozoários ubíquos com quatro gêneros patogênicos para o ser humano: Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, Balamuthia, e Sappinia. Acanthamoeba pode atuar como um reservatório de microrganismos (endossimbiontes), e portanto, em um ambiente hospitalar, representaria um risco de transmissão de bactérias, vírus e fungos intra-nosocomiais. A presença de AVL, com em Acanthamoeba spp. em um hospital pediátrico da província de Buenos Aires, Argentina, foi investigada. Vinte e duas amostras foram coletadas em lavatórios e incubadoras em Salas de Neonatologia e Cuidados Intensivos, cultivadas a 37 e 42 °C. Os isolados foram identificadas molecularmente. Foram encontradas Acanthamoeba spp. em 63,64% das amostras. Esta investigação representa o primeiro estudo realizado na Argentina sobre a detecção de Acanthamoeba spp. em salas fechadas de um hospital. A sua presença é um sinal de alarme e um alvo para investigar possíveis reservatórios de microrganismos patogênicos em ambientes hospitalares.

Factores de riesgo y parasitosis intestinal en niños menores de 10 años de la olla común / Risk factors and intestinal parasitosis in children under 10 years of age from the common pot

Diversos factores de riesgos pueden condicionar las prevalencias de parasitosis intestinales en niños. Como objetivo se propuso determinar los factores de riesgo y parasitosis intestinal en niños menores de 10 años de la Olla Común ubicada en Villa Mara del Triunfo-Perú durate el año 2022. La investigación fue descriptiva-experimental y correlativa con una muestra de 160 niños <10 años de ambos sexos. Como instrumento de recolección se aplicó un cuestionario con preguntas dicotómicas para conocer las prácticas de higiene de los niños y se efectuó la recolección y procesamiento de muestras con técnicas de Solución Salina S.S.F al 85%, Lugol, Método de Kato y Método de concentración-Flotación de Faust. Para analizar los datos se utilizó Microsoft Excel y el software SPSS, estadística descriptica y hallar tablas de frecuencias y porcentajes y Prueba de correlación entre los elementos de riesgo y la frecuencia de signos de los parásitos. Como resultado, el cálculo estadístico con el método de Spearman mostró una concordancia positiva con el coeficiente de correlación 0,725 y con un valor de 0,001<0,05; donde los niveles de factores de riesgo en los infantes mostraron que el 31,3% se encontraban en riesgo bajo con un nivel bajo de síntomas y sin evidencia de parásitos intestinales, el 18,8% en riesgo medio y el 12,5% en riesgo alto y un nivel alto de síntomas y parasitosis intestinal confirmado; la mayoría de los niños se encuentran en un entorno de bajo riesgo. Se hace necesario e indispensable continuar con invesigaciones en zonas adyacentes(AU)

Various risk factors can condition the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in children. The objective was to determine the risk factors and intestinal parasitosis in children under 10 years of age from the Common Pot located in Villa Mara del Triunfo-Peru during the year 2022. The research was descriptive-experimental and correlative with a sample of 160 children <10 years of both sexes. As a collection instrument, a questionnaire with dichotomous questions was applied to know the hygiene practices of the children and the collection and processing of samples was carried out with techniques of Saline Solution S.S.F at 85%, Lugol's, Kato's Method and Concentration-Flotation Method. of Faust. To analyze the data, Microsoft Excel and the SPSS software were used, descriptive statistics and finding tables of frequencies and percentages and a correlation test between the risk elements and the frequency of signs of the parasites. As a result, the statistical calculation with the Spearman method showed a positive agreement with the correlation coefficient 0.725 and with a p value of 0.001<0.05; where the levels of risk factors in infants showed that 31.3% were at low risk with a low level of symptoms and no evidence of intestinal parasites, 18.8% at medium risk and 12.5% at high risk and a high level of symptoms and confirmed intestinal parasitism; most children are in a low-risk environment. It is necessary and essential to continue with investigations in adjacent areas(AU)

Evaluación y caracterización de la sirtuina 2.3 de Giardia duodenalis (CdSir2.3)

La giardiasis es la enfermedad gastrointestinal de mayor incidencia mundial, causada por el protozoario Giardia duodenalis, para la cual no se cuenta con una vacuna o tratamiento eficiente. En aras de buscar nuevos blancos farmacológicos contra este parásito, se han estudiado las enzimas del metabolismo energético, como las sirtuinas, deacetilasas dependientes del dinucleótido de adenina y nicotinamida (NAD). Previamente se identificó a GdSir2.1 y GdSir2.2 como deacetilasas dependientes de NAD, con localizaciones subcelulares diferentes. En este trabajo se estudió otro candidato a sirtuina (GdSir2.3) mediante herramientas bioinformáticas para la identificación de características típicas de la familia sirtuina en la secuencia del candidato, y experimentales como la obtención de la proteína recombinante 6xHis-GdSir2.3 que demostró actividad deacetilasa dependiente de NAD y que sirvió como antígeno en la producción de los IgY - α -6xHis-GdSir2.3 para la localización subcelular de la proteína endógena en G. duodenalis. Lo anterior concuerda con otros estudios donde se señala a GdSir2.3 como un importante regulador de la enquistación, debido a su aumento de expresión durante esta etapa del ciclo de vida, constituyéndola como un blanco farmacológico promisorio para el control de esta parasitemia.

Giardiasis is the gastrointestinal disease with the highest incidence worldwide, caused by the protozoan Giardia duodenalis, for which there is no vaccine or efficient treatment. In order to find new pharmacological targets against this parasite, energy metabolism enzymes such as sirtuins, deacetylases dependent on the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), have been studied. GdSir2.1 and GdSir2.2 were previously identified as NAD-dependent deacetylases, with different subcellular locations. In this work, another candidate for sirtuin (GdSir2.3) was studied using bioinformatic tools for the identification of typical characteristics of the sirtuin family in the sequence of the candidate; and experimental ones such as obtaining the recombinant protein 6xHis-GdSir2.3 that demonstrated NAD-dependent deacetylase activity; and that it served as an antigen in the production of IgY - α - 6xHis-GdSir2.3 for the subcellular localization of the endogenous protein in G. duodenalis. The foregoing is consistent with other studies where GdSir2.3 is indicated as an important regulator of encyst due to its increased expression during this stage of the life cycle, constituting it as a promising drug target for the control of this parasitaemia.

A giardíase é a doença gastrointestinal de maior incidência no mundo, causada pelo protozoário Giardia duodenalis, para a qual não existe vacina ou tratamento eficaz. Com o objetivo de encontrar novos alvos farmacológicos contra esse parasita, têm sido estudadas enzimas do metabolismo energético, como as sirtuínas, desacetilases dependentes do dinucleotídeo adenina nicotinamida (NAD). GdSir2.1 e GdSir2.2 foram previamente identificados como desacetilases dependentes de NAD, com diferentes localizações subcelulares. Neste trabalho, outro candidato a sirtuin (GdSir2.3) foi estudado usando ferramentas de bioinformática para a identificação de características típicas da família sirtuin na sequência do candidato; e experimentais, como a obtenção da proteína recombinante 6xHis-GdSir2.3 que demonstrou atividade desacetilase dependente de NAD; e que serviu como antígeno na produção de IgY - α - 6xHis-GdSir2.3 para a localização subcelular da proteína endógena em G. duodenalis. O exposto é consistente com outros estudos em que o GdSir2.3 é apontado como um importante regulador de encisto devido à sua expressão aumentada durante esta fase do ciclo de vida, constituindo-se como um alvo promissor para o controle dessa parasitemia.

Frecuencia y distribución de enteroparásitos en área rural del departamento de La Paz / Frequency and distribution of enteroparasites in rural area in La Paz

INTRODUCCIÓN: las enfermedades parasitarias representan un problema de salud pública debido a su alta prevalencia por todo el mundo sobre todo en países en desarrollo, especialmente en áreas rurales y Bolivia no es la excepción. OBJETIVO: el presente estudio tuvo el objetivo de determinar la frecuencia y distribución de enteroparásitos en 8 municipios rurales del departamento de La Paz durante el periodo de agosto a septiembre de 2014. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: el trabajo es un estudio tipo transversal-descriptivo con un universo de trabajo de 1238 muestras de heces fecales conservadas con formol, las cuales fueron enviadas por el equipo médico de SUYANA (organización no gubernamental sin fines de lucro) a los laboratorios del Instituto SELADIS (Servicios de Laboratorio de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Salud). RESULTADOS: se realizaron estudios coproparasitológicos directos de cada una de las muestras y la observación microscópica dio los siguientes resultados. Se evidencio la presencia de enteroparásitos en 89,5% de la población estudiada, de los cuales 97,2% representan protozoarios tales como B. hominis, E. coli (protoozoos comensales) y G. lamblia (protozoo intestinal patógeno) los cuales estarían como los de mayor distribución, por otro lado el 2.8% de la población total corresponden a helmintos donde H. nana tiene una distribución de 1,8%, A. lumbricoides 0,7% y T. trichiura, S. stercoralis, Uncinarias estarían en el 0,1% de la población. También se pudo evidenciar que la mayor distribución de enteroparásitos estaría entre 1-10 años de edad (37,4%). Finalmente se evidencio que de las 8 poblaciones de estudio Charazani, Calacoto, Comanche presentarían mayor distribución de enteroparásitos (10-11 parásitos). CONCLUSIÓN: se evidencio que casi el 90% de la población en estudio, presentarían parásitos intestinales, con un claro predominio de los protozoarios sobre los helmintos. Esta información epidemiológica servirá de apoyo para mejorar los programas de salud en estas poblaciones.

INTRODUCTION: parasitic diseases represent a public health problem because of its high prevalence throughout the world, especially in developing countries, particularly in rural areas and Bolivia is no exception. OBJETIVE: therefore, the present study had the objective of determining the frequency and distribution of enteroparasites in eight municipalities of La Paz between August and September in 2014. MATERIALS AND METHODS: this was a cross-sectional-descriptive study with a universe of 1238 formalin-preserved stool samples, which were sent for analysis by the medical team of SUYANA (a non-profi t organization) to the Bolivian Institute of Health Diagnostic and Research Laboratory Services (SELADIS, acronym in Spanish). RESULTS: Copro-parasitological studies of each sample and microscopic analysis were detected. As a result, prevalence of infection by any given enteroparasites were detected, 89.5% of protozoans (B. hominis, E. coli (commensal protozoa) and 97.2%, G. lamblia (pathogenic intestinal protozoa) which represent the highest distribution. Besides, we identified, 2.8% of helmintos, among them, 1.8% of H. nana, 1.7% of A. lumbricoides and 0.1% of others (T. trichiura, S. stercoralis and Uncinarias). According to age group, 37.4% were people between 1 and 10 years old (enteroparasites infection). From eight municipalities, Charazani, Calacoto, and Comanche had the highest distribution of enteparasites (10-11 parasites). CONCLUSIONS: the present study showed that 90% of the population had intestinal parasites, where protozoans were higher than helminths. This epidemiological information could be reliable to improve health care programs for these populations.

Mortalidad por parasitosis endémicas e importadas en Chile. 1997-2020 / Mortality due to endemic and imported parasitoses in Chile. 1997-2020

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las parasitosis son un problema de salud pública mundial por su alta prevalencia en países en vías de desarrollo, su persistencia en países desarrollados debido principalmente por la migración de personas, y por su morbi-mortalidad asociada. OBJETIVO: Determinar las defunciones causadas por parasitosis endémicas e importadas en Chile, según región, sexo, grupo etario, procedencia urbana/rural y nivel educacional, y estimar tasas de mortalidad. MÉTODO: Estudio de base poblacional y serie de tiempo de mortalidad (1997 a 2020). Los análisis estadísticos fueron realizados mediante programas Excel y R Studio, cálculo de χ2, valor p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: 2.413 muertes fueron causadas por parásitos, 65,1% por protozoos, 33% por helmintos y 1,9% por artrópodos. La tasa promedio de mortalidad nacional fue de 0,6 por cada 100 mil habitantes. Las principales causas de fallecimiento fueron: enfermedad de Chagas (63,6%), hidatidosis (24,3%) y cisticercosis (8,1%). La mayoría de los fallecidos pertenecía a la Región de Coquimbo. La edad promedio de defunción fue de 74, 62 y 67 años para muertes por protozoos, helmintos y artrópodos, respectivamente. Las defunciones ocurrieron mayormente en hombres. La mayoría provenía de zona urbana y poseían un nivel educacional bajo. CONCLUSIONES: La enfermedad de Chagas es la principal causa de muerte por parasitosis en Chile.

BACKGROUND: Parasites are a public health problem due to their high prevalence in developing countries, their persistence in developed countries mainly due to the migration of people, and their associated morbidity and mortality. AIM: To determine the deaths in Chile caused by endemic and imported parasites; according to region, sex, age group, urban-rural origin and educational level, and mortality rates. METHOD: Population-based study, times series of mortality (1997 to 2020). Statistical analysis was performed using Excel and R Studio programs, calculation of χ2, p value < 0.05. RESULTS: 2,413 deaths occurred due to parasites, 65.1% by protozoa, 33% by helminths and 1.9% by arthropods. The average national mortality rate was 0.6 per 100.000 inhabitants. The main causes of death were Chagas disease (63.6%), hydatidosis (24.3%) and cysticercosis (8.1%). Most of the deceased belonged to the Coquimbo Region. The mean age of death was 74, 62 and 67 years old for deaths from protozoa, helminths and arthropods, respectively. Deaths occurred mostly in men. Most came from urban areas and had a low educational level. CONCLUSIONS: Chagas disease is the main cause of death from parasites in Chile.

Detection of enteroparasites in foliar vegetables commercialized in street- and supermarkets in Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil / Detecção de enteroparasitas em hortaliças comercializadas em feiras e supermercados em Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil

Foliar vegetables contaminated with fecal residues are an important route of transmission of intestinal parasites to humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of parasitic forms of protozoa and helminths on lettuces (Lactuca sativa) and collard greens (Brassica oleracea) sold in street- and supermarkets in the city of Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. A total of 30 samples of each vegetable (15 samples from each supermarkets and street markets) was analyzed. All samples were processed by spontaneous sedimentation method and centrifugal flotation. In 45% of the samples, immature forms of intestinal parasites were identified with 66.7% helminths eggs and 33.3% protozoan cysts or oocysts. Significantly more lettuce samples were contaminated with eggs, cysts or oocyst of at least one parasite than collard green samples (U=216; Z=-3.45; P <0.001). The parasitic forms were identified morphologically up to the family level with eggs of Ancylostomatidae, Strongyloididae, Ascarididae and Taeniidae, or oocysts of Eimeriidae, to the genus with Cystoisospora sp. and Toxocara sp., and to the species level with Cystoisospora canis, Dipylidium caninum and Hymenolepis nana. The presence of these infective agents in lettuce and collard green from both street- and supermarkets highlights the high risk of spreading parasites by eating raw vegetables sold in Aparecida de Goiânia.

Hortaliças contaminadas com resíduos fecais são importantes vias de transmissão de parasitas intestinais ao homem. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a presença de formas parasitárias de protozoários e helmintos em alface (Lactuca sativa) e couve (Brassica oleracea) vendidas em feiras e supermercados na cidade de Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Um total de 30 amostras de cada vegetal (15 amostras de supermercados e 15 de feiras livres) foi analisado. Todas as amostras foram processadas pelos métodos de sedimentação espontânea e centrífugo-flutuação. Em 45% das amostras foram identificadas formas imaturas de parasitas intestinais sendo 66,7% ovos de helmintos e 33,3% de cistos ou oocistos de protozoários. Significativamente, mais amostras de alface estavam contaminadas com ovos, cistos ou oocistos de pelo menos um parasita do que as amostras de couve (U = 216; Z = -3,45; P <0,001). As formas parasitárias foram identificadas morfologicamente ao nível de família com ovos de Ancylostomatidae, Strongyloididae, Ascarididae e Taeniidae ou oocistos de Eimeriidae, dos gêneros Cystoisospora sp. e Toxocara sp., e ao nível de espécies com Cystoisospora canis, Dipylidium caninum e Hymenolepis nana. A presença desses agentes infecciosos em alface e couve, provenientes tanto de feiras quanto de supermercados, ressalta o alto risco de veiculação de parasitas pela ingestão de hortaliças cruas comercializadas em Aparecida de Goiânia.

Detection of enteroparasites in foliar vegetables commercialized in street- and supermarkets in Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

Abstract Foliar vegetables contaminated with fecal residues are an important route of transmission of intestinal parasites to humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of parasitic forms of protozoa and helminths on lettuces (Lactuca sativa) and collard greens (Brassica oleracea) sold in street- and supermarkets in the city of Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. A total of 30 samples of each vegetable (15 samples from each supermarkets and street markets) was analyzed. All samples were processed by spontaneous sedimentation method and centrifugal flotation. In 45% of the samples, immature forms of intestinal parasites were identified with 66.7% helminths eggs and 33.3% protozoan cysts or oocysts. Significantly more lettuce samples were contaminated with eggs, cysts or oocyst of at least one parasite than collard green samples (U=216; Z=-3.45; P 0.001). The parasitic forms were identified morphologically up to the family level with eggs of Ancylostomatidae, Strongyloididae, Ascarididae and Taeniidae, or oocysts of Eimeriidae, to the genus with Cystoisospora sp. and Toxocara sp., and to the species level with Cystoisospora canis, Dipylidium caninum and Hymenolepis nana. The presence of these infective agents in lettuce and collard green from both street- and supermarkets highlights the high risk of spreading parasites by eating raw vegetables sold in Aparecida de Goiânia.

Resumo Hortaliças contaminadas com resíduos fecais são importantes vias de transmissão de parasitas intestinais ao homem. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a presença de formas parasitárias de protozoários e helmintos em alface (Lactuca sativa) e couve (Brassica oleracea) vendidas em feiras e supermercados na cidade de Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Um total de 30 amostras de cada vegetal (15 amostras de supermercados e 15 de feiras livres) foi analisado. Todas as amostras foram processadas pelos métodos de sedimentação espontânea e centrífugo-flutuação. Em 45% das amostras foram identificadas formas imaturas de parasitas intestinais sendo 66,7% ovos de helmintos e 33,3% de cistos ou oocistos de protozoários. Significativamente, mais amostras de alface estavam contaminadas com ovos, cistos ou oocistos de pelo menos um parasita do que as amostras de couve (U = 216; Z = -3,45; P 0,001). As formas parasitárias foram identificadas morfologicamente ao nível de família com ovos de Ancylostomatidae, Strongyloididae, Ascarididae e Taeniidae ou oocistos de Eimeriidae, dos gêneros Cystoisospora sp. e Toxocara sp., e ao nível de espécies com Cystoisospora canis, Dipylidium caninum e Hymenolepis nana. A presença desses agentes infecciosos em alface e couve, provenientes tanto de feiras quanto de supermercados, ressalta o alto risco de veiculação de parasitas pela ingestão de hortaliças cruas comercializadas em Aparecida de Goiânia.

Taxonomic rank of human parasites / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Biological category is effective to indicate the evolution of organism populations between past and present. Conventional taxonomy of human parasites mainly depends on important morphological features, which suffers from a problem of categorizing related-genera species with similar morphological characteristics. With recent advances in molecular biological technologies, the effective applications of mitochondrial and ribosomal biomarkers and sequencing greatly improve the development of the taxonomic rank of human parasites. Worldwide, the classification of human parasites have been continuously revised and improved. Hereby, we re-categorize parasitic Protozoa, Trematoda, Cestoda and Nematoda, so as to provide insights into the researches on molecular systematics and genetic evolution of human parasites.

Detection of enteroparasites in foliar vegetables commercialized in street- and supermarkets in Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil / Detecção de enteroparasitas em hortaliças comercializadas em feiras e supermercados em Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil

Foliar vegetables contaminated with fecal residues are an important route of transmission of intestinal parasites to humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of parasitic forms of protozoa and helminths on lettuces (Lactuca sativa) and collard greens (Brassica oleracea) sold in street- and supermarkets in the city of Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. A total of 30 samples of each vegetable (15 samples from each supermarkets and street markets) was analyzed. All samples were processed by spontaneous sedimentation method and centrifugal flotation. In 45% of the samples, immature forms of intestinal parasites were identified with 66.7% helminths eggs and 33.3% protozoan cysts or oocysts. Significantly more lettuce samples were contaminated with eggs, cysts or oocyst of at least one parasite than collard green samples (U=216; Z=-3.45; P <0.001). The parasitic forms were identified morphologically up to the family level with eggs of Ancylostomatidae, Strongyloididae, Ascarididae and Taeniidae, or oocysts of Eimeriidae, to the genus with Cystoisospora sp. and Toxocara sp., and to the species level with Cystoisospora canis, Dipylidium caninum and Hymenolepis nana. The presence of these infective agents in lettuce and collard green from both street- and supermarkets highlights the high risk of spreading parasites by eating raw vegetables sold in Aparecida de Goiânia.

Hortaliças contaminadas com resíduos fecais são importantes vias de transmissão de parasitas intestinais ao homem. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a presença de formas parasitárias de protozoários e helmintos em alface (Lactuca sativa) e couve (Brassica oleracea) vendidas em feiras e supermercados na cidade de Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Um total de 30 amostras de cada vegetal (15 amostras de supermercados e 15 de feiras livres) foi analisado. Todas as amostras foram processadas pelos métodos de sedimentação espontânea e centrífugo-flutuação. Em 45% das amostras foram identificadas formas imaturas de parasitas intestinais sendo 66,7% ovos de helmintos e 33,3% de cistos ou oocistos de protozoários. Significativamente, mais amostras de alface estavam contaminadas com ovos, cistos ou oocistos de pelo menos um parasita do que as amostras de couve (U = 216; Z = -3,45; P <0,001). As formas parasitárias foram identificadas morfologicamente ao nível de família com ovos de Ancylostomatidae, Strongyloididae, Ascarididae e Taeniidae ou oocistos de Eimeriidae, dos gêneros Cystoisospora sp. e Toxocara sp., e ao nível de espécies com Cystoisospora canis, Dipylidium caninum e Hymenolepis nana. A presença desses agentes infecciosos em alface e couve, provenientes tanto de feiras quanto de supermercados, ressalta o alto risco de veiculação de parasitas pela ingestão de hortaliças cruas comercializadas em Aparecida de Goiânia.

Standardization of molecular techniques for the detection and characterization of intestinal protozoa and other pathogens in humans

Background: The intrinsic sensitivity limitations of basic parasitological methods, along with the particular biological characteristics of parasites, make these methods ineffective to differentiate morphologically indistinguishable species. Molecular detection and characterization techniques could be used to overcome these problems. The purpose of this work was to standardize molecular polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, described in the literature, for the detection and molecular characterization of intestinal protozoa and other pathogens in humans. Methods: DNA was extracted from human or animal feces, previously washed or cultured in Boeck Drbohlav's Modified Medium. DNA extraction was performed with Machery-Nagel extraction kits. The standardization of the PCR, nested-PCR or RFLP techniques was carried out according to the literature. For each molecular technique performed, the sensitivity of the test was determined based on the minimun quantity required of DNA (sensitivity A) and the minimum quantity of life forms that the test detected (sensitivity B). Results: Sensitivity A was 10 fg for G. duodenalis, 12.5 pg for Entamoeba histolytica or Entamoeba dispar, 50 fg for Cryptosporidium spp., 225 pg for Cyclospora spp. and 800 fg or 8 fg for Blastocystis spp. after performing a 1780 bp PCR or 310 bp nested PCR, respectively. The sensitivity B was 100 cysts for G. duodenalis, 500 cysts for E. histolytica or E. dispar, 1000 oocysts for Cyclospora spp. and 3600 or four vegetatives forms for PCR or nested PCR of Blastocystis spp., respectively. Conclusions: The molecular detection of protozoa and chromist was achieved and the molecular characterization allowed the genotyping of some of the parasites such as Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Blastocystis spp. This study summarizes the molecular techniques for epidemiological studies in humans and animals, and helps in the investigation of their transmission sources in countries where intestinal parasites are a public health problem.(AU)

Balantidium coli apendicular como hallazgo incidental. Reporte de un caso / Apendicular balantidium coli as incidental finding during surgery. Report of a case

Resumen Balantidium coli es el único miembro de la familia Balantidiidae capaz de producir infección en seres humanos. Presentamos un caso en un hombre de 43 años que ingresa para corrección quirúrgica de hernia ventral durante la cual se realizó apendicetomía profiláctica. En el estudio histopatológico se observó apéndice cecal con arquitectura conservada, sin la presencia de apendicitis ni periapendicitis. En la luz se reconocieron estructuras grandes (aproximado de 50 μm) redondas con citoplasma amplio con vacuolas grandes, cilias periféricas y núcleos densos, los cuales correspondieron a trofozoitos de Balantidium coli.

Abstract Balantidium coli is the only member of the Balantidiiae family capable of infecting human beings. We present one in a 43 years-old male admitted for a surgical co rrection of an incisional hernia with prophylactic appendicectomy. Histopathological findings reported the cecal appendix within normal architecture, appendicitis and peri-appendicitis free. At the lumen big, rounded shape structures (aprox. 50 mm) were visible with broad cytoplasm, big vacuoles, peripheral cilia and dense nucleus, corresponding to Balantidium coli trophozoites.

Epidemiological study of human intestinal parasites in Sarawak, East Malaysia: A review

@#Intestinal parasitic infections are endemic in rural settings and may account for asymptomatic infections to various health complications. These infections are a cause of concern for communities of lower economic status, especially in developing countries. In Sarawak, indigenous populations residing in geographically inaccessible areas are socially and economically disadvantaged. Through close association with nature, these populations are prone to intestinal parasitism. Currently, scattered information has led to a continual state of neglect at each level of parasitic infection control. This urges for a review of their distribution and transmission based on previous reports to understand the pattern of the diseases in the state which can further address the improvement of mass controlling programs. A literature search was conducted to collect previous reports on human intestinal parasites in Sarawak, East Malaysia from PubMed (Medline), SCOPUS, ScienceDirect and Web of Science from January 2019 to March 2021. Extrapolating the current data in Sarawak which is still considered limited, further interdisciplinary strategies are demanded to give insights in the epidemiology and true prevalence of intestinal parasites in Sarawak. This review addresses for redirection of attitude towards intestinal parasitic infections where it should be given with ample attention by rural populations. In tandem to that, improvement of rural livelihood such as standard of living and sanitation in Sarawak should be accredited as part of the efforts to reduce the number of intestinal parasitic infections in the state. As a control measure, mass deworming should be reconsidered especially to the rural populations.

Bioinformatics of thymidine metabolism in Trypanosoma evansi: exploring nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase (NDRT) as a drug target

@#Trypanosoma evansi, the causative agent of surra or camel trypanosomiasis, is characterized by the widest geographic distribution and host range among the known trypanosomes. Its zoonotic importance and increasing evidence of drug resistance necessitate the discovery of new drug targets. The drug discovery process entails finding an exploitable difference between the host and the parasite. In this study, the thymidine metabolic pathways in camel and T. evansi were compared by analyzing their metabolic maps, protein sequences, domain and motif contents, phylogenetic relationships, and 3D structure models. The two organisms were revealed to recycle thymidine differently: performed by thymidine phosphorylase in camels (Camelus genus), this role in T. evansi was associated with nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase (NDRT), a unique trypanosomal enzyme absent in camels. Thymidine in T. evansi seems to be governed by thymine through NDRT, whereas in camels, thymidine can be produced from thymidylate via 5'-nucleotidase. As a result, NDRT may be a promising drug target against T. evansi.

Prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections among rural children in Henan Province from 2014 to 2015 / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of intestinal protozoan infections among rural children in Henan Province. Methods A total of 104 survey sites were sampled from 35 counties (cities) in Henan Province using the stratified cluster sampling method to investigate the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections among rural children from 2014 to 2015. The trophozoites and cysts of intestinal protozoa were identified using the iodine staining method and the physiological saline direct smear method (one detection for one stool sample). The prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections was compared among rural children with different characteristics, and the factors affecting intestinal protozoan infections among rural children were identified. Results The overall prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections was 0.60% (40/6 771) among rural children in Henan Province from 2014 to 2015. There were 7 species of intestinal protozoa identified, and there was no species-specific prevalence (χ2 = 37.732, P = 0.000). No significant differences were found in prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections among rural children in terms of gender (χ2 = 1.793, P = 0.181), age (χ2 = 1.443, P = 0.486), occupation (χ2 = 0.219, P = 0.896) or ecological region (χ2 = 1.700, P = 0.637). In addition, terrain (χ2 = 2.311, P = 0.510), economic level (χ2 = 4.322, P = 0.229), source of drinking water (χ2 = 0.731, P = 0.393), eating raw vegetables (χ2 = 1.134, P = 0.287) and deworming (χ2 = 1.089, P = 0.297) had no remarkable effects on the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections among rural children in Henan Province; however, the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections varied significantly among rural children living in regions with different coverage of non-harmless toilets (χ2 = 10.050, P = 0.018). Conclusion The prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections is low among rural children in Henan Province.