A enfermagem de saúde pública e as políticas públicas de saúde: um estudo de caso / La enfermería de salud pública y las políticas públicas de salud: uno estudio de caso / Public health nursing and public health policies: a case study

Resumo Objetivos caracterizar as intervenções do enfermeiro especialista de saúde comunitária e de saúde pública de um Agrupamento de Centros de Saúde; identificar os principais fatores facilitadores para o desempenho das competências, e a contribuição para as políticas públicas de saúde. Método estudo de caso, com enfermeiros da especialidade em enfermagem de saúde comunitária e de saúde pública. Coleta de dados por meio de entrevista, no período de outubro a dezembro de 2019. A análise foi guiada por duas estratégias: partir das proposições teoréticas e trabalhar os dados emergentes; e duas técnicas: combinar padrões, "pattern matching" e construir explicações, "explanation building". Resultados a partir da matriz construída, surgiram dez proposições teoréticas, dez evidências emergentes, cinco padrões e cinco hipóteses explicativas. Sobressaem intervenções de vigilância epidemiológica, planeamento e gestão de projetos. A formação pessoal e a comunicação destacam-se como fatores facilitadores. Conclusão e implicações para a prática a intervenção do enfermeiro dessa especialidade apresenta uma dimensão centrada no planeamento e gestão de projetos, identifica e reflete os fatores facilitadores do desempenho das suas competências, enquanto aplicador de políticas públicas de saúde.

Resumen Objetivos caracterizar las intervenciones del enfermero especialista en salud comunitaria y salud pública de un Grupo de Centros de Salud, identificar los principales fatores facilitadores para el desempeño de competencias, y la contribución a las políticas públicas de salud. Método estudio de caso, con enfermeros especialistas en enfermería de salud comunitaria y de salud pública. Recolección de datos realizada por entrevista, de octubre a diciembre de 2019. El análisis estuvo guiado por dos estrategias: partiendo de las proposiciones teóricas y trabajando con los datos emergentes; y dos técnicas: combinación de patrones, "pattern matching" y construcción de explicaciones, "explanation building". Resultados De la matriz construida surgieron diez proposiciones teóricas, diez evidencias emergentes, cinco patrones y cinco hipótesis explicativas. Se destacan intervenciones de vigilancia epidemiológica, planificación y gestión de proyectos. El entrenamiento personal y la comunicación se destacan como factores facilitadores. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica La intervención del enfermero en estas especialidades presenta una dimensión centrada en la planificación y gestión de proyectos, identifica y refleja los factores facilitadores del desempeño de sus competencias, como aplicador de las políticas públicas de salud.

Abstract Objectives to characterize the interventions of specialist nurses of community health and public health of a Group of Health Centers, to identify the main facilitating factors for the performance of competences, and the contribution to public health policies. Method this is a case study carried out with nurses specialized in community health and public health nursing. Data were collected through interviews from October to December 2019. Analysis was guided by two strategies: starting from the theoretical propositions and working the data from the ground up; and two techniques: pattern matching and explanation building. Results from the constructed matrix, ten theoretical propositions, ten emerging evidences, five patterns and five explanatory hypotheses emerged. There are interventions for epidemiological surveillance, planning and project management. Personal training and communication stand out as facilitating factors. Conclusion and implications for practice the intervention of the nurses of these specialties presents a dimension centered on project planning and management identifies and reflects the facilitating factors of the performance of their competencies, as an applicator of public health policies.

Competencia cultural de las enfermeras en el área de salud pública: una metasíntesis / Cultural Competence of Nurses in the Field of Public Health: A Meta-Synthesis / Competência cultural dos enfermeiros na área da saúde pública: uma meta-síntese

Resumen Objetivo: explorar las experiencias y vivencias sobre la competencia cultural de enfermeras en salud pública. Metodología: metasíntesis cualitativa. Las bases utilizadas fueron: Medline, OvidNursing, OvidJournal, Embase y BVS-LILACS, publicados en inglés, español o portugués, entre 2009 y 2014. Se incluyeron diez estudios y fueron valorados usando el Critical Appraisal Skills Programme en español (CASPe). Se implementaron las tres fases del proceso de metaagregación en la extracción y síntesis de hallazgos. Resultados: los hallazgos fueron agregados en seis categorías y dos resultados: 1) paradojas en la atención de salud pública a personas de diversas culturas; 2) sobrepasando barreras: la osadía de las enfermeras de salud pública. Conclusión: las enfermeras vivenciaron y expresaron la competencia cultural desde lo paradójico que resulta el encuentro con el otro culturalmente diferente, manifestaron apertura a comprender y dar sentido a la cultura, aunque fue difícil generar intervenciones culturalmente competentes.

Abstract Objective: To explore the experiences and life events regarding the cultural competence in the public health practice. Methods: A qualitative meta-synthesis covering the databases Medline, OvidNursing, OvidJournal, Embase and BVS-LILACS, including papers in English, Spanish and Portuguese between 2009 and 2014. Ten studies were included and assessed by using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme in Spanish (CASPe). The three stages of the meta-aggregation programme were applied to do the obtaining and synthesis of findings. Results: The findings were aggregated in six categories and two types of results: 1) paradoxes when providing public health care to people from different culture and 2) going beyond the barriers - the daring by the public health nurses. Conclusion: The nurses experienced and expressed their cultural competence from the paradoxical situation produced when encountering another culturally different people. They showed a stance open to both understand and make sense of the other's culture, even though it was hard to produce culturally competent interventions.

Resumo Objetivo: explorar as experiências e vivências sobre competência cultural de enfermeiras em saúde pública. Metodologia: meta-síntese qualitativa. As bases utilizadas foram: Medline, OvidNursing, OvidJournal, Embase e BVS-LILACS, publicados em inglês, espanhol ou português, entre 2009 e 2014. Dez estudos foram incluídos e valorados usando o Critical Appraisal Skills Programme em espanhol (CASPe). As três fases do processo de meta-agregação na extração e síntese de achados foram implementados. Resultados: os achados foram agregados em seis categorias e dois resultados: 1) paradoxos no atendimento de saúde pública a pessoas de diversas culturas; 2) ultrapassando barreiras: a ousadia das enfermeiras de saúde pública. Conclusões: as enfermeiras vivenciaram e expressaram a competência cultural desde o paradoxal que resulta o encontro com um outro culturalmente diferente, manifestaram apertura para compreender e dar sentido à cultura, embora fosse difícil gerar intervenções culturalmente competentes.

Effects of supportive telephone counseling in the metabolic control of elderly people with diabetes mellitus / Efectos del soporte telefónico en el control metabólico de ancianos con diabetes mellitus / Efeitos do suporte telefônico no controle metabólico de idosos com diabetes mellitus

ABSTRACT Objective: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of telephone-based support for the metabolic control of elderly patients with diabetes mellitus. Method: a pragmatic study was conducted in two groups, called G1 (n=36) and G2 (n=27), at a health unit from the countryside of São Paulo state. Patients in G1 group received telephone support over four months, through 16 telephone contacts with educational material; for the G2 group the educational material was mailed. Results: significant differences were found. The G1 group showed a reduction of the parameters of fasting glucose, as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In G2 group a modest reduction was noted in some parameters, with no significant difference. Conclusion: telephone support was effective to deliver patient education to the diabetic elderly, leading to the reduction of fasting blood glucose. This, combined with other strategies, can contribute to reduce glycated hemoglobin (NCT 01972412).

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad del soporte telefónico en el control metabólico de ancianos con diabetes mellitus. Método: estudio pragmático con 63 participantes, divididos en dos grupos denominados G1(n=36) y G2(n=27), en una unidad de salud del interior paulista. El soporte telefónico fue ofrecido durante cuatro meses para el G1, consistiendo en 16 llamadas telefónicas de contenido educativo, y para el G2, se realizaron envíos por vía postal. Resultados: en el G1 hubo significatividad estadística en la reducción de los parámetros de las variables glucemia en ayunas, presión arterial sistólica y diastólica. En el G2 hubo discreta reducción en algunas variables, pero sin significatividad estadística. Conclusión: el soporte telefónico fue considerado como estrategia educativa efectiva para ancianos con diabetes mellitus y favoreció la reducción de la glucemia en ayunas. En conjunto con otras estrategias, puede agregar valor a la reducción de hemoglobina glicosilada (NCT 01972412).

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a efetividade do suporte telefônico no controle metabólico de idosos com diabetes mellitus. Método: estudo pragmático com 63 participantes, alocados em dois grupos, denominados G1(n=36) e G2(n=27), em uma unidade de saúde do interior paulista. O suporte telefônico foi oferecido, durante quatro meses, para o G1, por meio de 16 ligações telefônicas com conteúdo educativo, e, para o G2, foram enviadas correspondências por via postal. Resultados: no G1 houve significância estatística na redução dos parâmetros das variáveis glicemia de jejum, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica. No G2, houve redução discreta de algumas variáveis, mas sem significância estatística. Conclusão: o suporte telefônico foi considerado uma estratégia educativa efetiva para idosos com diabetes mellitus e favoreceu a redução da glicemia de jejum e, em conjunto com outras estratégias, pode agregar valor na redução da hemoglobina glicada (NCT 01972412).

The Effectiveness of a Cultural Competence Training Program for Public Health Nurses using Intervention Mapping

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the effects of a cultural competence training program for public health nurses (PHNs) using intervention mapping. METHODS: An embedded mixed method design was used. Forty-one PHNs (experimental: 21, control: 20) and forty marriage migrant women (MMW) (20, in each group) who were provided nursing care by PHN participated in the study. The experimental group was provided with a four-week cultural competence program consisting of an eight hour offline and online course, e-mail newsletters and social networking services (BAND). Transcultural Self-efficacy (TSE) of the PHNs, client-nurse trust, and satisfaction with nursing care of MMW were measured. Ten PHNs in the experimental group were interviewed after the experimental study. RESULTS: The experimental group showed a significantly greater improvement in TSE, client-nurse trust, and satisfaction with nursing care than did the control group. Six themes emerged from qualitative data: (a) Recognizing cultural differences, (b) Being interested in the multicultural policy, (c) Trying to communicate in MMW's own language, (d) Providing medical information using internet and smart phone, (e) Embracing culturally diverse people into society, and (f) Requiring ongoing cultural competence training. CONCLUSION: Cultural competence training enabled PHNs to provide culturally competent care and contribute to MMW's health outcomes.

Nursing Informatics Competencies of Public Health Nurses in Chungcheongnam-do

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to identify nursing informatics competencies of nurses working for public health centers in Chungcheongnam-do. METHODS: Data were collected from June 10 to July 25, 2012 using the Nursing Informatics Competencies Questionnaire (NICQ). Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, chi2-test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Nursing informatics competencies of the subjects showed a mean score of 3.3+/-1.0 out of 5. As for scores of individual categories, the score for computer skills competencies was 3.3+/-1.0, informatics knowledge competencies 3.4+/-0.9, and informatics skills competencies 3.0+/-0.9. Nursing informatics competencies were positively correlated with the subjects' ages (r=.65, p<.001), computer usage hours (r=.23, p = .015), levels of demand for informatics knowledge (r=.51, p<.001), and informatics skills education (r=.78, p<.001). CONCLUSION: Nursing informatics is required to be connected with job training or in-service education on account of its growing necessity for public health nurses. It is also essential to develop programs for strengthening informatics competencies reflecting sub-categories of educational needs.

Prevalence of Burnout among Public Health Nurses in Charge of Mental Health Services and Emergency Care Systems in Japan

Objectives: The Community Health Act came into effect in 1997 in Japan. This act altered the work system for public health nurses (PHNs) in public health centers (PHCs) nationwide from region-specific to service-specific work. Such major changes to working environment in the new system seem to be exposing PHNs to various types of stress. The present study examined whether prevalence of burnout is higher among PHNs in charge of mental health services (psychiatric PHNs) than among PHNs in charge of other services (non-psychiatric PHNs), and whether attributes of emergency mental health care systems in communities are associated with increased prevalence of burnout. Methods: A questionnaire including the Pines burnout scale for measuring burnout was mailed to 525 psychiatric PHNs and 525 non-psychiatric PHNs. The 785 respondents included in the final analysis comprised 396 psychiatric PHNs and 389 non-psychiatric PHNs. Results: Prevalence of burnout was significantly higher for psychiatric PHNs (59.2%) than for non-psychiatric PHNs (51.5%). When prevalence of burnout in each group was analyzed in relation to question responses regarding emergency service and patient referral systems, prevalence of burnout for psychiatric PHNs displayed significant correlations to frequency of cases requiring overtime emergency services, difficulties referring patients, and a feeling of “restriction”. Conclusions: Prevalence of burnout is high among psychiatric PHNs, and inadequate emergency mental health service systems contribute to burnout among these nurses. Countermeasures for preventing such burnout should be taken as soon as possible.

Prevalence of burnout among public health nurses in charge of mental health services and emergency care systems in Japan

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>The Community Health Act came into effect in 1997 in Japan. This act altered the work system for public health nurses (PHNs) in public health centers (PHCs) nationwide from region-specific to service-specific work. Such major changes to working environment in the new system seem to be exposing PHNs to various types of stress. The present study examined whether prevalence of burnout is higher among PHNs in charge of mental health services (psychiatric PHNs) than among PHNs in charge of other services (non-psychiatric PHNs), and whether attributes of emergency mental health care systems in communities are associated with increased prevalence of burnout.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A questionnaire including the Pines burnout scale for measuring burnout was mailed to 525 psychiatric PHNs and 525 non-psychiatric PHNs. The 785 respondents included in the final analysis comprised 396 psychiatric PHNs and 389 non-psychiatric PHNs.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Prevalence of burnout was significantly higher for psychiatric PHNs (59.2%) than for non-psychiatric PHNs (51.5%). When prevalence of burnout in each group was analyzed in relation to question responses regarding emergency service and patient referral systems, prevalence of burnout for psychiatric PHNs displayed significant correlations to frequency of cases requiring overtime emergency services, difficulties referring patients, and a feeling of "restriction".</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Prevalence of burnout is high among psychiatric PHNs, and inadequate emergency mental health service systems contribute to burnout among these nurses. Countermeasures for preventing such burnout should be taken as soon as possible.</p>