Common good production in capitalism: acritical reading through the public policieslinked to social rights / Por uma crítica imanente sobre os limites das políticas públicasde direitos sociais e o estado na produção do bem comum nomodo de produção capitalista

We've learned that the state is responsible for the production of common good. Besides, it protects the collectivity and always acts according with public concerns - which, theoretically, would be convergent to the concerns of those who are under its empire. We will see that this is no more than a recurrent and indispensable illusion for consolidation of a bourgeois democracy. Nevertheless, it is indispensable to think about an immanent state analysis, in order to, later, understand the existing limits in its acting as a supposed most important producer of common good. Here is a recurrent illusion about the idea that the state, while promoting the collective interest, is the common good production pillar. Well, once capital is the process of money accumulation by extracting a surplus-value, the state takes its higher expression as an intrinsic relation with the capital logic. Once money is the universal equivalent, it is important that, for its circulation, a guarantee does exist, being an indispensable agent to promote such. Without commodities' production and circulation there is no capital. Without such guarantee agent which shall consolidate the daily exchange process through the universal equivalent (money), there is no capital. Without a guarantor of such production and circulation - the state - there is no capitalism. The common good production through the public policies is linked to social rights in their context and we need a critical Marxist reading to understand such an issue.

Aprendemos que o estado é responsável pela produção do bem comum. Desta forma, ele protegeria a coletividade sempre agindo em conformidade com o interesse coletivo, no sentido de produção do bem comum. Veremos que esta forma de conceber as coisas é indispensável para a preservação da ilusória lógica de preservação da democracia burguesa. Desta forma, se faz indispensável conceber uma crítica imanente do estado, para que possamos entender os limites das ações estatais na produção deste bem comum. Aqui deve-se ressaltar que a produção do bem comum é uma ilusão recorrente. Uma vez que o capital é um processo de acumulação de dinheiro pela extração da mais-valia, o estado assume um papel estratégico na reprodução da lógica do capital. Sendo o dinheiro equivalente universal, é importante que exista garantia para a sua circulação, sendo indispensável um agente que a promova. Sem produção e a sua correspectiva circulação, não há capital. Sem um agente que garanta o processo de troca, o estado, também não é possível a existência do capital. A produção do bem comum por meio das políticas públicas estatais referentes aos direitos sociais encontra-se intimamente ligada a este fenômeno e faz-se necessária uma crítica radical marxista para a sua compreensão.

Women’s rights in Islam.

The problems of women in general and those of Muslim women in particular are of great importance today. These problems are of various natures – legal, religious, economic, educational, cultural, historical and socio-political. Through this paper an effort is made to highlight the emerging trend of mobilization and growing awareness of Muslim women about the misuse of Islamic rights and to some extent the deviated interpretation and practices of Islamic principles. Also, an effort is made to capture the emergence of new efforts amongst Muslim women both at individual and organizational levels.

Compensation mechanism in public hospitals and path optimization system changes / 中华医学科研管理杂志

The compensation mechanism reform is the key and difficult point of the public hospital reform.Although current health care reform has been carried out including strengthening public welfare of public hospitals and adjusting the compensation mechanism,the effect is not very obvious.How to conduct the compensation mechanism reform orderly and smoothly has become an important topic.I have analyzed the historical evolution,the status and problems of the hospital compensation mechanism.On the basis I have made views and suggestions about the current drive and the path optimization for the compensation mechanism reform.

Salud mental global como bien público: sugerencias para la reflexión ética / Global mental health like a public good: suggestions for an ethical reflection

Luego de establecer en lo posible, claras distinciones entre salud mental internacional (basada en la superación de barreras geográficas) y salud mental global en tanto que orientada a las cualidades esenciales de justicia y reconocimiento pleno de los valores de la humanidad en su conjunto, el artículo examina las brechas éticas que pueden comprometer la integridad de esta última. La realidad de países (e individuos o grupos humanos) ricos y pobres, lasinequidades de logrostecnológicos y del acceso justo a su producción y uso y las diferencias de conceptos como ômedicina basada en evidenciasõ versus ômedicina basada en valoresõ conduce a la consideración de que las consecuencias morales del avance científico no tienen límites geográficos y pueden ahondar diferencias de todo orden. Se examinan luego las dimensiones de una ética global con la vigencia de dos ingredientes fundamentales: solidaridad y reciprocidad. Aquélla puede ser horizontal o vertical pero debe extenderse también a la comprensión del pasado histórico y del futuro de pueblos y naciones, cuanto orientada a objetivos de comunidad y buen hacer. Reciprocidad puede ser un ôimperativo hipotéticoõ, una forma dialógica de la solidaridad que, en conjunto entonces pueden conducir a objetivos de plenitud de vida, justicia social, protección y seguridad, al logro de un genuino ôbien públicoõ.

After making as clear a distinction as possible, between international and global mental health (the former based on overcoming mostly geographic barriers, the latter oriented to essential qualities of justice and full recognition of humanityÆs values), this article examines the ethical breaches that can compromise the integrity of global mental health. The reality of rich and poor countries (as well as individuals or human groups, the inequities of technological achievements and of a fair access to its production and use, and the differences between concepts such as ôevidencebasedõ and ôvalue-basedõ medicine, lead to considering that the moral consequences of scientific advances do not have geographic boundaries and can deepen all kinds of differences. Dimensions of global ethics, with two essential ingredients, solidarity and reciprocity, are then examined. The former can be horizontal or vertical but must extend itself also to the understanding of the historical past and the future of peoples and nations when oriented to objectives of community and ôdoing goodõ. Reciprocity can be a ôhypothetical imperativeõ, a dialogical form of solidarity that, joiny, can then lead to objectives of a plentiful life, social justice protection and security, the accomplishment of a genuine ôpublic goodõ.

Establishment of a public-good oriented mechanism for the financing & compensation mechanism of public hospitals / 中华医院管理杂志

Access of safe, effective, convenient and affordable medical and health care services to the people is set as the goal of public hospitals health services as stated in the "Guidelines for Public Hospitals Pilot Reform". Such a goal, however, can hardly be achieved by mechanism changes within the public hospitals. The input and output of public hospitals rely critically on such factors as the input mechanism, regional pattern of healthcare system, the economic and industrial conditions of the region,payment quota and payment approval procedures of medical insurance. This paper set off from the input compensation mechanism of public hospitals in China and analyzed the input and output characteristics of the hospitals. Furthermore, the paper proposed to establish an input compensation mechanism based on public welfare performance for such hospitals. This provided further reference for improving the management of public hospitals and building a public welfare-oriented operation mechanism of public hospitals.

Desplazarse, morir o luchar: compromiso político con la comunidad / Becoming an internal refugee, to die or to struggle: political commitment to the community / Deslocar-se, lutar ou morrer: compromisso político com a comunidade

Este artículo se originó en la investigación "Justificaciones morales de las prácticas políticas de una mujer víctima de violencia política", que pretendió dar cuenta de los sentidos y propósitos de tipo moral que motivaron las prácticas políticas y ciudadanas de una líder comunitaria de una zona de alta conflictividad de Colombia. Se trató de una investigación cualitativa basada en un diseño narrativo-biográfico. Los resultados de esta investigación permitieron concluir que para ella, su acción política deriva su significado de un sentido de lo público y de la construcción del bien común, así como de la exigencia y garantía de derechos a todos los ciudadanos; de un sentido de lo justo y lo digno para todos, y de un sentido de protección y de sacrificio personal por el beneficio de la comunidad.

This paper gives a partial account of the research project entitled: "Moral justifications for the political action of a female victim of political violence". This research project had as its main objective to explain the moral meaning and purposes that motivated the political action and civic practices of a community leader in a highly conflictive region of Colombia. A qualitative research design based on biographical narrative was used. Results indicate that her political activity derives its meaning from a sense of public action and from the construction of the common good, as well as from a search for guaranteeing the civil rights to all citizens. It also derived from a sense of what is considered just to all and a guarantee to their individual dignity, and from her sense of protection and personal sacrifice for the community's benefit.

Este artigo teve origem na pesquisa Justificações morais para a prática política de uma mulher vítima de violência política, que tentou explicar os significados e os efeitos morais que motivaram as práticas cívicas e políticas de uma líder comunitária em uma área de muito conflito na Colômbia. Este estudo qualitativo baseou-se em uma narrativa biográfica. Os resultados desta pesquisa levaram à conclusão de que "para ela" a ação política deriva o seu significado de um sentimento do público e da construção do bem comum; das demandas e dos direitos garantidos a todos os cidadãos; de um sentimento do justo e decente para todos; e de um sentido de proteção e de sacrifício pessoal em benefício da comunidade.

Medicamentos para o mundo: incentivando a inovação sem obstruir o acesso livre / Medicamentos para el mundo: impulsar la innovación sin obstaculizar el libre acceso / Medicines for the world: boosting innovation without obstructing free access

Ao estabelecer altos preços para medicamentos avançados que se encontram fora do alcance de pacientes pobres e estimular a negligência de doenças concentradas nas populações mais pobres, o acordo TRIPS produz em escala maciça doenças e mortes evitáveis. Tal injustiça pode ser evitada através de um Fundo de Impacto sobre a Saúde Global (Health Impact Fund) que oferece àqueles que detêm a patente dos medicamentos a opção de oferecer os medicamentos a preço de custo em troca de uma recompensa monetária anual baseada no impacto deste medicamento na saúde global.

Pricing advanced medicines beyond the reach of the poor and encouraging neglect of diseases concentrated among them, the TRIPS Agreement produces avoidable death and disease on a massive scale. This injustice can be remedied through a Health Impact Fund that gives patent holders the option to price any new medicine at cost in exchange for annual reward payments based on this medicine's global health impact.

El Acuerdo ADPIC/TRIPS, al imponer unos precios sobre los medicamentos avanzados más allá del alcance de los pobres y al fomentar la ignorancia de las enfermedades que más les afectan, produce muertes y enfermedades evitables a una escala descomunal. Esta injusticia puede ser remediada a través de un Fondo de Impacto sobre la Salud que otorga a los propietarios de patentes la opción de establecer los precios de cualquier nuevo medicamento a nivel del costo a cambio de una recompensa monetaria anual en función en el impacto de este medicamento sobre la salud global.