Cómo y cuándo realizar un cateterismo derecho: Su implicancia en el seguimiento de los pacientes

El cateterismo cardíaco derecho representa el principal estudio diagnóstico necesario para confirmar la presencia de hipertensión arterial pulmonar, entendida como enfermedad poco frecuente, discapacitante y de pronóstico variable. Su indicación principal tiene lugar ante todo paciente en el que exista una fuerte sospecha de hipertensión pulmonar, aunque sus usos se extienden más allá, siendo muy útil en la valoración de la respuesta al tratamiento y en el estudio de otras patologías como cardiopatías congénitas y pacientes sometidos a trasplante cardíaco. Para su realización requiere de una técnica sistemática y rigurosa, con el fin de obtener resultados confiables que puedan aplicarse a la práctica diaria. Su valor pronóstico es indiscutible, al aportar parámetros hemodinámicos determinantes para la estratificación de pacientes y la implementación de estrategias terapéuticas dirigidas en función del riesgo. Sin embargo, no está exento de complicaciones, algunas de ellas potencialmente mortales, aunque en términos generales resulta ser un procedimiento seguro con baja tasa de morbi-mortalidad en los principales centros donde se realiza.

Right heart catheterization represents the main diagnostic study necessary to confirm the presence of pulmonary arterial hypertension, understood as a rare, disabling disease with variable prognosis. Its main indication occurs before any patient in whom there is a strong suspicion of pulmonary hypertension, although its uses extend further, being very useful in the assessment of the response to treatment and in the study of other pathologies such as heart disease congenital and patients undergoing cardiac transplantation. To procedure it requires a systematic and rigorous technique, in order to obtain reliable results that can be applied to daily practice. Its prognostic value is indisputable, by providing precise hemodynamic parameters for the stratification of patients and the implementation of therapeutic strategies directed according to risk. However, it is not free of complications, some of them potentially fatal, although in general terms it turns out to be a safe procedure with a low rate of morbidity and mortality in the main centers where it is performed.

O cateterismo cardíaco direito representa o principal estudo diagnóstico necessário para confirmar a presença de hipertensão arterial pulmonar, entendida como uma doença rara e incapacitante com prognóstico variável. A sua principal indicação ocorre em todos os pacientes em que haja uma forte suspeita de hipertensão pulmonar, mas a sua utilização se estendem para além de ser muito útil na avaliação da resposta ao tratamento e o estudo de outras doenças tais como a doença cardíaca congênitos e pacientes submetidos a transplante cardíaco. Para realizá-lo, é necessária uma técnica sistemática e rigorosa, a fim de obter resultados confiáveis que possam ser aplicados na prática diária. Seu valor prognóstico é indiscutível, pois fornece parâmetros hemodinâmicos precisos para a estratificação dos pacientes e a implementação de estratégias terapêuticas direcionadas de acordo com o risco. Entretanto, não é isenta de complicações, algumas delas potencialmente fatais, embora em termos gerais se revele um procedimento seguro, com baixa taxa de morbidade e mortalidade nos principais centros onde é realizada.

The Effect of Positive end Expiratory pressure on the Pulmonary Capillary Pressure in Acute Lung Injury Patients / 결핵

BACKGROUND: Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) ventilation is well established as an integral part of the management of patients with the acute lung injury. PEEP is a key element in the treatment of hypoxemia resulting from pulmonary edema. Pulmonary capillary pressure (Pcap) is the most important factor influencing lung edema formation, and an understanding of how Pcap is altered by variations of PEEP or pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure (PAOP) is important to improve the treatment of acute lung injury patients. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of PEEP on the pulmonary capillary pressure in acute lung injury patients. METHODS: This was a prospective study of 11 acute lung injury patients. The effect of PEEP on pulmonary circulation at four different levels (0,4,8, and 12cm H2O) was analyzed. Pcap was estimated visually at bed side with Swan Ganz catheters. The pulmonary vasculature was analyzed by calculating the pressure difference at the arterial and venous parts of the circulation. RESULTS: As PEEP increased from 0 to 12 cm H2O, the mean puhnonary arterial pressure (PAP) and Pcap increased respectively from 22.7 ± 7.4 to 25.3 ± 7.3 mmHg and 15.3 ± 3.3 to 17.8 ±3.2 mmHg (p<0.05). Similarly, PAOP increased from 9.8 ± 2.1 to 12.8 ± 2.1 mmHg and the central venous pressure increased from 6.1 ± 1.6 to 9.3 1: 2.3 mmHg(p<0.05). However, the pressure gradient at the arterial (PAP-Pcap) and venous (Pcap-Pcwp) part of pulmonary circulation remained unchanged at all evaluated PEEP levels. CONCLUSION: Although Pcap increasoo gradually with increased PEEP, the pressure gradient at the arterial and venous part of the pulmonary vasculature remained unchanged at all evaluated PEEP levels in acute lung injury patients.

Effects of Dobutamine and Prostaglandin E 1 on Pulmonary Capillary Pressure and Arterial Oxygenation in a Canine Model of Endotoxin - induced ARDS / 대한마취과학회지

The effects of treatment of endotoxin-induced ARDS with dobutamine and prostaglandin E 1 on cardiopulmonary function in five dogs were investigated. Pulmonary arterial wedge pressure was adjusted to a baseline value. E. Coli endotoxin (055: B5, Sigma) infusion (3 mg/kg) resulted in an abrupt increase of pulmonary arterial and pulmonary capillary pressure while systemic blood pressure gradually fell. Cardiac output decreased. Systemic vascular resistance decreased and pulmonary vascular resistance increased. Experimental ARDS was developed approximately three hours after the endotoxin infusion. Dobutamine (5 ug/kg/min) increased cardiac output (p<0.05) but pulmonary capillary pressure did not decrease. Pulmonary vascular resistance decreased (p<0.05). PaO2 and Qs/Qt did not change significantly. Prostaglandin E 1 (0.4 ug/kg/min) with dobutamine decreased pulmonary arterial pressure (p<0.05) and pulmonary capillary pressure (p=N.S.), pulmonary vascular resistance (p<0.05). Arterial oxygenation did not improve but oxygen extraction ratio increased significantly. We concluded that prostaglandin E 1 with dobutamine improved tissue oxygen uptake in endotoxin-induced ARDS.

Measurement of Pulmonary Capillary Pressure and Hemodynamics in a Canine Model of Endotoxin - induced ARDS / 대한마취과학회지

Gram-negative sepsis is the most common setting in which the constellation of abnormalities in lung function, is clinically called the adult respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS). There is a considerable clinical interest in measuring pulmonary microvascular filtration pressure in patients with acute respiratory failure. Pulmonary capillary pressure(Pc) influences the rate of edema formation in the injured lung, and an understanding of how Pc is altered by the disease is important to improve our treatment of acute respiratory failure, We infuesd E. Coli endotox-in, 3 mg/kg, intravenously into anesthetized dogs and measured the hemodynamics and pulmonary capillary pressure, which was derived from the pressure transient recorded while the pulmonary artery catheter was rapidly wedged. Dogs were given fluids to restore cardiac filling pressure to baseline levels. This resulted in a low resistance shock in all animals. 3 hours after the endotxin infusion experimental ARDS developed. The data report that mean pulomanary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary pressure, and pulmonary vascular resistance(PVR) are increased in experimental ARDS(P<0.1), and there is uneuqal, variable partitoning of the PVR. The Gaar estimation of Pc and measured Pc were highly correlated(r=0.915). These data suggest that measuring Pc will alow the clinician to learn if vasoactive agents infused in the management of acute respiratory failure can reduce the microvascular filtration pressure. In this manner, clinicians may directly reduce the rate of edema formation in the acutely injured lung.

Measurement of Pulmonary Capillary Pressure and Hemodynamics in a Canine Model of Endotoxin - induced ARDS / 대한마취과학회지

Gram-negative sepsis is the most common setting in which the constellation of abnormalities in lung function, is clinically called the adult respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS). There is a considerable clinical interest in measuring pulmonary microvascular filtration pressure in patients with acute respiratory failure. Pulmonary capillary pressure(Pc) influences the rate of edema formation in the injured lung, and an understanding of how Pc is altered by the disease is important to improve our treatment of acute respiratory failure, We infuesd E. Coli endotox-in, 3 mg/kg, intravenously into anesthetized dogs and measured the hemodynamics and pulmonary capillary pressure, which was derived from the pressure transient recorded while the pulmonary artery catheter was rapidly wedged. Dogs were given fluids to restore cardiac filling pressure to baseline levels. This resulted in a low resistance shock in all animals. 3 hours after the endotxin infusion experimental ARDS developed. The data report that mean pulomanary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary pressure, and pulmonary vascular resistance(PVR) are increased in experimental ARDS(P<0.1), and there is uneuqal, variable partitoning of the PVR. The Gaar estimation of Pc and measured Pc were highly correlated(r=0.915). These data suggest that measuring Pc will alow the clinician to learn if vasoactive agents infused in the management of acute respiratory failure can reduce the microvascular filtration pressure. In this manner, clinicians may directly reduce the rate of edema formation in the acutely injured lung.