RÉSUMÉ
This article systematically analyzes the historical evolution of the name， origin， producing area， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing， clinical efficacy of Pyrrosiae Folium by consulting the ancient materia medica， medical books and prescription books， combined with modern literature， in order to provide a reference for the development of famous classical formulas containing this herb. After herbal textual research， it was found that the names of Pyrrosiae Folium in the past dynasties were mostly derived from its color， shape and efficacy. And there were other nicknames such as Shizhe， Shipi and Shilan. Song， Yuan dynasties and before the period， the main origin of Pyrrosiae Folium was Pyrrosia petiolosa， in the Ming dynasty， the main origins were P. petiolosa and P. sheareri， during the Qing dynasty to the present， the main origins were P. sheareri， P. petiolosa and P. lingua. Anciently， the respected Dao-di production area of Pyrrosiae Folium was the area of Lianyungang city， Jiangsu province. In modern times， Anhui and Zhejiang provinces are the main producing areas of P. sheareri， Fujian and Taiwan provinces are the main producing areas of P. lingua， and Guizhou and Hubei provinces are the main producing areas of P. petiolosa. In ancient and modern times， Pyrrosiae Folium with large leaves and thick texture is considered to be the best， the medicinal part is the leaves， and the harvesting and processing methods recorded in the past dynasties were mainly shade-drying after harvesting in the February and July of the lunar calendar， while the modern ones are mostly harvested throughout the year. The processing methods of the past dynasties mainly included removing fuzz by scraping， lightly roasted， frying， fat-fried. However， in modern times， it is mostly used the raw products as a medicine after cleaning， cutting and drying. In ancient times， Pyrrosiae Folium was thought to have a neutral nature with slightly sweet and bitter taste， while in modern times， it is thought to have a slightly cold nature with slightly sweet and bitter taste， and the main effects in ancient and modern times are diuretic， clearing lung-heat， hemostasis and so on. Based on the research results， it is suggested that P. sheareri， P. petiolosa and P. lingua can be used as the medicinal base， processing method can be according to the requirements of formulas， and if the processing requirements are not indicated， the raw products can be selected as the medicine.
RÉSUMÉ
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is closely related to immune-mediated inflammatory damage. Pyrrosiae folium is used commonly for the urinary system diseases with a good efficacy, which contains abundant flavonoids (SWHT). This study was performed to investigate the therapeutic effect of SWHT on DN and its effect on inflammatory response. In this study, the main active components of SWHT were identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that SWHT mainly contained mangiferin and isomucoside. Rat model of diabetic nephropathy (DN) was established by feeding high glucose & high fat diet and injecting streptozocin (STZ). Then the rats were randomly divided into control group, DN model group, positive control group, and SWHT groups (50, 100, 200 mg·kg⁻¹, ig). The levels of AGEs and RAGE in serum were measured by ELISA after 12 weeks of drug administration. The serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and total protein levels were detected by using test kit. HE staining and transmission electron microscopy were applied to observe the pathological changes and structure of renal tissue. Western blot and ELISA were used to detect the protein expression and content levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and IL-1β in renal tissue. Results showed that SWHT significantly decreased serum AGEs and RAGE levels in DN rats; decreased serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and total urinary protein levels, improved renal pathological damages and reduced basement membrane thickening in DN rats. In addition, SWHT down-regulated the protein expression levels of inflammatory mediators IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β. The research studies indicated that SWHT component had a potential anti-diabetic nephropathy activity, and its improvement effect on pathological damages may be related to reducing inflammation. This provides the basis for the scientific and rational application of P. folium, and also provides active components for further development of Chinese medicine for diabetic nephropathy.