Quantitative Analysis of Multi-components in Gnaphalium affine Based on UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo establish a rapid and stable liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry（LC-MS） for simultaneous analysis of 17 chemical components in Gnaphalium affine aboveground parts with flowers， so as to provide experimental basis for improving the quality standard of this herb. MethodUltra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS） was used for the quantitative analysis of 17 constituents in 15 batches of G. affine from different origins， the separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18 column（2.1 mm×100 mm， 1.7 μm） with the mobile phase of methanol（A）-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution（B） for gradient elution（0-1.0 min， 8%A； 1.0-4.0 min， 8%-26%A； 4.0-9.0 min， 26%A； 9.0-14.0 min， 26%-34%A； 14.0-14.5 min， 34%-45%A； 14.5-15.0 min， 45%-60%A； 15.0-18.0 min， 60%-90%A； 18.0-19.0 min， 90%A； 19.0-19.01 min， 90%-8%A； 19.01-20.0 min， 8%A）， the flow rate was 0.3 mL·min-1， the column temperature was 40 ℃ and the injection volume was 2 μL. And the electrospray ionization was used with full scanning in both positive and negative ion modes， and the scanning range was m/z 100-1 000. ResultThe established method has been verified by the methodology and could be used for the simultaneous quantification of 17 components in G. affine. The content ranges of the 17 components（quinic acid， gallic acid， protocatechuic acid， neochlorogenic acid， chlorogenic acid， cryptochlorogenic acid， caffeic acid， 1，3-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid， isochlorogenic acid A， isoquercitrin， 1，5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid， apigenin-7-O-glucoside， astragalin， isochlorogenic acid C， luteolin， apigenin and hispidulin） in 15 batches of G. affine samples was 39.60-179.12， 0.17-0.84， 2.41-8.38， 4.33-31.50， 13.63-180.38， 2.43-14.75， 1.16-19.68， 0.49-5.63， 55.77-445.16， 0.23-10.26， 62.04-530.10， 1.11-18.01， 11.36-90.61， 12.22-65.98， 7.22-69.84， 3.37-45.65， 0.30-2.59 μg·g-1， respectively. The content of organic acids was higher than that of flavonoids in G. affine， and the contents of 1，5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid， isochlorogenic acid A， quinic acid and chlorogenic acid were higher. Meanwhile， the content of flavonoids in the samples from Guizhou was higher than that from Jiangsu， while the content of organic acids in the samples from Jiangsu was higher than that from Guizhou. ConclusionThe established method can be used for the rapid and accurate determination of 17 components in G. affine， which clarifies the content range of the main components in this herb， and can provide a reference for the selection of quality control markers of G. affine.

Quantitative analysis for reform policies of basic medical insurance designated retail pharmacies in China / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To sort out reform policy for basic medical insurance designated retail pharmacy （referred to as designated retail pharmacy） in China， and to provide reference for the improvement of the policy under the new situation of mutual- aid mechanism for covering outpatient bills. METHODS The policy texts on designated retail pharmacies issued by ministries and commissions of the State Council and departments directly under the State Council were collected from December 1998 to June 2023. The content analysis and social network analysis were adopted to construct a three-dimensional analytical framework based on the policy subject， the policy tool， and the policy process， in order to quantitatively analyze the policies on reforming designated retail pharmacies. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS The reform policy of designated retail pharmacies can be roughly divided into three stages： germination， exploration and development， and in-depth promotion. The use of policy tools is dominated by environment-oriented tools， and the cooperation network of policy subjects presents a “head-body-tail” chain structure. With the advancement of policy reforms， the number of policy subjects showed a trend of decline followed by growth， the number of policy documents showed an upward trend， emphasizing the use of tools such as the construction of the pharmacist system， the flow of prescriptions， the payment of medical insurance， and the management of “dual-channels” and “outpatient co-ordination”. It is suggested that in terms of policy formulation， all policy subjects should adhere to top-level design， grasp the characteristics of the stage of policy development， and adjust the use of policy tools according to local and timely conditions； we should also strengthen cooperation and communication， improve policy formulation efficiency， achieve policy coordination， and continuously improve policies for designated retail pharmacies.

Extraction，isolation，identification and content determination of four chemical components in Yao medicine Ventilago leiocarpa / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To extract and isolate the four chemical components of Yao medicine Ventilago leiocarpa， and to conduct identification and content determination for them. METHODS The chemical components of V. leiocarpa were separated and purified by solvent extraction， extraction， silica gel column chromatography and preparative liquid chromatography； then the chemical structures of four isolated compounds were identified based on their spectral data. The contents of four components were determined by high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）-quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker （QAMS） method， with the following chromatographic conditions： chromatographic column was Echway GowonTM C18 （250 mm× 4.6 mm， 5 μm）. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid for gradient elution； the detection wavelength was 269 nm， and the column temperature was 25 ℃ . Using emodin as internal reference， the relative correction factors （fi/s） between emodin and the other 3 components were established and used to calculate the content. At the same time， the content of each component was calculated with the external standard method （ESM）， and the differences between these two methods were compared. RESULTS Four compounds were isolated from V. leiocarpa， and they were identified as emodin， frangulin A， pleuropyrone A， emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside. The result of HPLC-QAMS showed that the fi/s of pleuropyrone A， emodin-8-O-β-D- glucoside and frangulin A were 1.147 2， 0.874 7 and 0.644 4， respectively. The content of these four components was measured as a good linearity （r≥0.999 6）； relative standard deviation （RSD） of precision， stability and reproducibility tests were all lower than 2.00%， and average recoveries were E-mail：dearhuangjianyou@126.com 99.41%-100.46%（RSD≤2.05%）. There was no significant difference between QAMS method and ESM （RSD＜3.00%）. CONCLUSIONS Emodin， frangulin A， pleuropyrone A and emodin- 8-O-β-D-glucoside are isolated from V. leiocarpa； among them， the last three components are all isolated from for the first time. The established HPLC-QAMS method is accurate and reliable for the determination of 4 components in V. leiocarpa， and can used for quality control of V. leiocarpa.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Chemical Constituents in Liu Junzitang by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and UPLC / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo establish a qualitative and quantitative analysis method for chemical constituents in Liu Junzitang（LJZT）， and to clarify its material basis. MethodThe chemical constituents in LJZT were analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS）， and the resulting compounds were identified by using databases， such as MassBank， PubChem， ChemSpider， Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analytical Platform（TCMSP）， and by combining with relevant literature. UPLC was used to establish a quantitative method for analysis of 9 compounds in LJZT， including liquiritin， hesperidin， lobetyolin， liquiritigenin， glycyrrhizic acid， nobiletin， tangeretin， atractylenolide Ⅱ and Ⅰ. ResultBy combining the relevant literature， database and MS information， a total of 79 compounds were identified from LJZT， including 31 flavonoids， 15 terpenoids， 14 nitrogen-containing compounds， 6 phenylpropanoids， 6 organic acids and 7 other compounds. The established quantitative analytical method for the nine representative components showed good linearity within their respective linear ranges， and the precision， stability， reproducibility and recovery were in accordance with the requirements. The quantitative results showed that the contents of liquiritin， hesperidin， lobetyolin， liquiritigenin， glycyrrhizic acid， nobiletin， tangeretin， atractylenolide Ⅱ and Ⅰ in LJZT were 0.376 5， 2.602 1， 0.082 6， 0.128 1， 1.778 6， 0.015 7， 0.006 7， 0.030 4， 0.003 2 mg·g-1， respectively. ConclusionThe established method can quickly， sensitively and accurately analyze the chemical constituents in LJZT， clarify that the material basis of LJZT is mainly flavonoids， terpenoids and nitrogen-containing compounds， and simultaneously determine the contents of the 9 components， which can lay a foundation for the research on quality control， mechanism and clinical application of LJZT.

Determination and Mechanism Prediction of Potential Active Ingredients in Erdongtang Based on UHPLC-QqQ-MS and Network Pharmacology / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo establish an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry（UHPLC-QqQ-MS） for determination of the active ingredients in Erdongtang， and to predict the targets and pathways of anti-insulin resistance action of this formula. MethodThe analysis was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column（2.1 mm×100 mm， 1.7 μm） with the mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution（A）-acetonitrile（B） for gradient elution（0-3 min， 90%-87%A； 3-6 min， 87%-86%A； 6-9 min， 86%-83%A； 9-11 min， 83%-75%A； 11-18 min， 75%-70%A； 18-19 min， 70%-52%A； 19-22 min， 52%A； 22-25 min， 52%-5%A； 25-27 min， 5%-90%A； 27-30 min， 90%A）. The contents of active ingredients in Erdongtang was detected by electrospray ionization（ESI） and multiple reaction monitoring（MRM） mode under positive and negative ion modes. On this basis， network pharmacology was applied to predict the targets and pathways of Erdongtang exerting anti-insulin resistance effect. ResultThe 20 active ingredients in Erdongtang showed good linear relationships within a certain mass concentration range， and the precision， stability， repeatability and recovery rate were good. The results of determination showed that the ingredients with high content in 15 batches of samples were baicalein（1 259.39-1 635.78 mg·L-1）， baicalin（1 078.37-1 411.52 mg·L-1）， the ingredients with medium content were mangiferin（148.59-217.04 mg·L-1）， timosaponin BⅡ（245.10-604.89 mg·L-1）， quercetin-3-O-glucuronide（89.30-423.26 mg·L-1）， rutin（46.91-1 553.61 mg·L-1）， glycyrrhizic acid（55.97-391.47 mg·L-1）， neomangiferin（37.45-127.03 mg·L-1）， nuciferine（0.89-63.48 mg·L-1）， hyperoside（6.96-136.78 mg·L-1）， liquiritin（30.89-122.78 mg·L-1）， liquiritigenin（26.64-110.67 mg·L-1）， protodioscin（58.57-284.26 mg·L-1）， the ingredients with low content were wogonin（7.16-20.74 mg·L-1）， pseudoprotodioscin（5.49-22.96 mg·L-1）， ginsenoside Rb1（7.31-23.87 mg·L-1）， ginsenoside Rg1（10.78-28.33 mg·L-1）， ginsenoside Re（7.78-24.76 mg·L-1）， ophiopogonin D（2.08-4.29 mg·L-1）， methylophiopogonanone A（0.74-1.67 mg·L-1）. The results of network pharmacology indicated that the mechanism of anti-insulin resistance exerted by Erdongtang might be related to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B（PI3K/Akt） signaling pathway. ConclusionThe established UHPLC-QqQ-MS has the advantages of simple sample processing， strong exclusivity and high sensitivity， and can simultaneously determine the contents of the main ingredients from seven herbs in Erdongtang， which can lay the foundation for the development of Erdongtang compound preparations. The results of the network pharmacology can provide a reference for the mechanism study of Erdongtang in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Quantitative estimation of Carthamin and Carthamidin from the Florets C. tinctorius L., (Safflower Florets)

Natural colorants derived fom plant materials have gained increasing popularity due to their non toxic nature. pigment extraction from the florets is normally done by Soxhlet extraction, maceration, and hydro distillation are conventional methods that have been widely used in industry and laboratory .phytochemical analysis of safflower florets revealed the plant presence of high amount of Carthamin and carthamidin.

Estimation of Lipid and Fatty Acids Composition over the Ground Part of Nepeta olgae Regel (L.) Plants Growing in Namangan Region

The article is devoted to the study of lipids and fatty acid composition of the above-ground part of the Nepeta olgae Regel (L.) plant of the Laminaceae family. It was found that the content of neutral lipids (NL) is 5.54%, PL - 6.12%, and total lipids (NL, PL) - 11.66%. Of the neutral lipids, the unsaponifiable substances (HB) had a bright yellow color, which is explained by a small amount of carotenoids (88.87 mg%). Glycolipids dominate in PL. Among the unsaponifiable substances were found biologically active components such as hydrocarbons, carotenoids, aliphatic alcohols, sterols and triterpenols. Phytosterols were the main component of unsaponifiable NS. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of fatty acids from the plant Nepeta olgae Regel (L.) was carried out by gas chromatography (GC). 28 acids were identified, of which 11 compounds are saturated, and 7 compounds are unsaturated fatty acids. Of the fatty acids, the main ones are linolenic 18:3 (35.48), palmitic 16:0 (33.38%), as well as ?-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosanoic 20:1, cis-11,14-eicosadienoic 20:2, 8,11,14-eicosatriene 20:3 + arachidonic 20:4. Extracts of Nepeta olgae Regel (L.) were distinguished by a high content of polyunsaturated acids, which determines their potential biological activity.

Comparative Analysis of the Elementary and Amino Acid Composition of Nepeta olgae Regel L. Plants Growing in Uzbekistan

This article for the first time presents the results of the study of qualitative and quantitative elemental and amino acid composition of the aboveground part of the plant Nepeta olgae Regel (L.) taken in the territory of Chust and Kosonsai districts (from the slopes of Gova and Kosonsai mountains) of Namangan region during the period before and during flowering (May-June, 2021-2022). The use of instrumental analysis of high-throughput energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, allowed to establish 20 mineral elements in the plant Nepeta olgae Regel (L.), among which to vital 9 elements and 3 to conditionally necessary. The amino acid composition of the plant Nepeta olgae Regel (L.) was studied by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and 17 compounds were identified. Of these, 8 were substitutable and 9 essential amino acids.

Quality evaluation of Crataegus pinnatifida leaves by fingerprint combined with quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To establish the fingerprint and multi-component content determination method of Crataegus pinnatifida leaves from different producing areas， and to evaluate the quality of C. pinnatifida leaves and screen the differential markers. METHODS Seventy-eight batches of C. pinnatifida leaves were collected from Chengde of Hebei Province， Huludao of Liaoning Province， Yuncheng of Shanxi Province and Linyi of Shandong Province. High-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） and Similarity Evaluation System for Traditional Chinese Medicine Chromatographic Fingerprints （2012 edition） were used to draw the fingerprints and conduct similarity evaluation. Grey correlation analysis， cluster analysis （CA）， principal component analysis （PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA） were performed by using SPSS 19.0， MetaboAnalyst 5.0 and SIMCA 14.1 software. The differential markers affecting the quality of C. pinnatifida leaves were screened with variable importance in the projection （VIP） value greater than 1 and the error line not exceeding the origin as the criterion. Using vitexin rhamnoside as an internal reference， the contents of chlorogenic acid， glucosylvitexin， hypericin and isoquercetin in 78 batches of C. pinnatifida leaves were determined by the same HPLC combined with quantitative analysis of multi- components by single-marker （QAMS）， and the results were compared with external standard method. RESULTS Eight common peaks were calibrated in the fingerprints for 78 batches of C. pinnatifida leaves from 4 producing areas. Five known components were identified， including chlorogenic acid （peak 1）， glucosylvitexin （peak 3）， vitexin rhamnoside （peak 4）， hypericin （peak 7） and isoquercetin （peak 8）； their similarities ranged from 0.871 to 0.998. Average relative correlations of samples from Chengde of Hebei Province， Huludao of Liaoning Province， Yuncheng of Shanxi Province and Linyi of Shandong Province were 0.538， 0.528， 0.462 and 0.435， respectively. CA and PCA showed that the samples from Chengde of Hebei Province and Huludao of Liaoning Province were roughly classified into one category， while the samples from Linyi of Shandong Province and Yuncheng of Shanxi Province were roughly classified into one category； VIP values of peak 1， 2， 3 and 5 were all greater than 1. By QAMS， the relative correction factors of chlorogenic acid， glucosylvitexin， hypericin and isoquercetin were 0.401， 0.993， 1.670 and 1.615 （RSD＜2%）. Compared with external standard method， except for isoquercetin in the two batches of samples （S39 and S41）， there was no significant difference in the content of each component in other batches of samples （the relative deviations≤ 5%）. CONCLUSIONS The established fingerprint and QAMS method are simple to operate and can be used to evaluate the quality of C. pinnatifida leaves. The sample from Chengde of Hebei Province is relatively good in quality. Chlorogenic acid （peak 1）， glucosylvitexin （peak 3）， and the corresponding components of peaks 2 and 5 may be differential markers affecting the quality of C. pinnatifida leaves.

Advances in application of optical coherence tomography angiography for quantitative analysis in central serous chorioretinopathy / 中华眼底病杂志

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is one of the representative pachychoroid spectrum disease. Although fundus fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography can be used as the gold standard for the diagnosis of CSC, they are invasive examinations, which may bring certain risks in clinical application and cannot help us obtain quantitative parameters. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), as a non-invasive and quantitative examination, is an important imaging tool for understanding the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of CSC. With the advancement of OCTA, the swept-source OCTA has a satisfying scanning depth, a wider scanning range and a higher resolution. The development of OCTA broadens the horizons of the pathogenesis of CSC, promotes the understanding of the pathophysiology of CSC, and sheds new light for its clinical diagnosis and treatment. Based on OCTA, the choroid and retina in eyes with CSC are presented with qualitative and quantitative changes in vascular system. OCTA-guided CSC treatment and the discovery of prognostic markers based on OCTA challenge the application of traditional imaging techniques in CSC. With the continuous improvement and progress of OCTA technology, traditional angiography combined with OCTA will bring great benefits to the diagnosis and treatment of CSC. This review summarizes the quantitative application of OCTA in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of CSC.

Impact of Coronary Plaque on the Precision of Computational Fractional Flow Reserve Derived from CTA / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

ObjectiveThe fractional flow reserve （FFR） computed from coronary computed tomographic （CT） angiograms makes it possible to noninvasively assess coronary artery disease， but the impact of plaque on FFR derived from computed tomography angiography （CTA） is still unknown. The study used invasive FFR as the reference standard to analyze the impact of plaque on coronary computed tomography angiography （CCTA）-based quantitative flow ratio （CT-QFR）. MethodsThe retrospective study included 108 patients with suspected coronary heart disease （CHD） who underwent both CCTA and FFR within 60 days. CCTA images were analyzed by the software. We obtained the CT-QFR of target vessels， perfomed the quantitative and qualitative analyses on target vascular plaques， including total plaque volume （TPV）， plaque burden， calcified plaque volume （CPV）， fibrous plaque volume （FPV）， lipid plaque volume （LPV）， and the presence or absence of high-risk plaque. ResultsAccording to the difference between CT-QFR and FFR at blood vessel level， 137 target vessels of 108 patients were divided into the overestimated group （difference＞0.03， n＝29）， reference group （-0.03≤difference≤0.03， n＝88） and underestimated group （difference＜-0.03， n＝20）. The underestimated group （14.81mm3） presented higher LPV than overestimated group （1.97mm3， P < 0.05）. There was a negative correlation between LPV and the difference （P＜0.05）. ConclusionsWhen CT-QFR is used to estimate hemodynamics of coronary artery stenosis， the presence of lipid plaque may underestimate the virtual FFR.

Quality evaluation of Compound Cheqian Tablets based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS, network pharmacology and "double external standards" QAMS / 中国中药杂志

The Compound Cheqian Tablets are derived from Cheqian Power in Comprehensive Recording of Divine Assistance, and they are made by modern technology with the combination of Plantago asiatica and Coptis chinensis. To investigate the material basis of Compound Cheqian Tablets in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy, in this study, the chemical components of Compound Cheqian Tablets were characterized and analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS, and a total of 48 chemical components were identified. The identified chemical compounds were analyzed by network pharmacology. By validating with previous literature, six bioactive compounds including acteoside, isoacteoside, coptisine, magnoflorine, palmatine, and berberine were confirmed as the index components for qua-lity evaluation. Furthermore, the content of the six components in the Compound Cheqian Tablets was determined by the "double external standards" quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker(QAMS), and the relative correction factor of isoacteoside was calculated as 1.118 by using acteoside as the control; the relative correction factors of magnoflorine, palmatine, and berberine were calculated as 0.729, 1.065, and 1.126, respectively, by using coptisine as the control, indicating that the established method had excellent stability under different conditions. The results obtained by the "double external standards" QAMS approximated those obtained by the external standard method. This study qualitatively characterized the chemical components in the Compound Cheqian Tablets by applying UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and screened the pharmacodynamic substance basis for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy via network pharmacology, and primary pharmacodynamic substance groups were quantitatively analyzed by the "double external stan-dards" QAMS method, which provided a scientific basis for clarifying the pharmacodynamic substance basis and quality control of Compound Cheqian Tablets.

Factores diferenciales entre desistimiento individual y colectivo de mujeres de las FARC-EP en prisión / Differential factors between individual and collective desistance of FARC-EP women in prison / Fatores diferenciais entre a desistência individual e coletiva das mulheres das FARC-EP na prisão

Para el año 2017 se encontraban vigentes en Colombia dos marcos jurídicos para promover el desistimiento y desarticulación de las FARC-EP. Los dos, aunque desde contextos diferentes, han promovido, por un lado, el desistimiento individual y por otro, el desistimiento colectivo de sus miembros. Las mujeres han sido partícipes de ambos procesos, desde la libertad o la prisión de manera minoritaria y asimétrica en comparación con los hombres. Con el interés de analizar este fenómeno, el presente estudio buscó identificar los factores que llevaron a las mujeres a desistir según una u otra modalidad y de-terminar diferencias y similitudes. Para este propósito se diseñó un modelo probabilístico que captara las relaciones de causalidad entre desistimiento y factores predichos desde las teorías del aprendizaje social, de la elección racional y del control social informal, en una muestra de mujeres farianas en prisión que desistieron de forma individual y colectiva. Se encontró que factores como pertenecer a un rango de edad entre 20 y 31 años, tener pareja y haber participado en delitos graves, asociados al terrorismo, influyeron en la selección de la modalidad individual, mientras que tener más de 31 años, participar en delitos comunes junto a los asociados con el terrorismo, incluyendo el narcotráfico, y proceder de regiones con historia de conflicto arraigada predijeron el desistimiento colectivo.

By 2017, there were two legal frameworks in force in Colombia to promote the disbanding and dismantling of the FARC-EP. Both, although from different contexts, have promoted, on the one hand, the individual disbandment and, on the other, the collective disbandment of its members. Women have participated in both processes, from freedom or prison, in a minority and asymmetrical manner compared to men. In order to analyse this phenomenon, this study sought to identify the factors that led women to desist in one or the other modality and to determine differences and similarities. For this purpose, a probabilistic model was designed to capture the causal relationships between desistance and factors predicted from the theories of social learning, rational choice and informal social control, in a sample of women in prison who desisted individually and collectively. It was found that factors such as belonging to an age range between 20 and 31 years, having a partner and having participated in serious crimes associated with terrorism, influenced the selection of the individual modality, while being over 31 years old, participating in common crimes along with those associated with terrorism, including drug trafficking, and coming from regions with a history of deep-rooted conflict predicted collective desistance.

Até 2017, havia duas estruturas legais em vigor na Colômbia para promover a dissolução e o desmantelamento das FARC-EP. Ambos, embora de contextos diferentes, têm promovido, por um lado, a dissolução individual e, por outro, a dissolução coletiva de seus membros. As mulheres participaram de ambos os processos, da liberdade ou da prisão, de forma minoritária e assimétrica em relação aos homens. A fim de analisar este fenômeno, este estudo procurou identificar os fatores que levaram as mulheres a desistir em uma ou outra modalidade e determinar diferenças e semelhanças. Para este fim, um modelo probabilístico foi projetado para capturar as relações causais entre a desistência e os fatores previstos a partir das teorias de aprendizagem social, escolha racional e controle social informal, em uma amostra de mulheres na prisão que desistiram individual e coletivamente. Constatou-se que fatores como pertencer a uma faixa etária entre 20 e 31 anos, ter um parceiro e ter participado de crimes graves associados ao terrorismo, influenciaram a seleção da modalidade individual, embora tendo mais de 31 anos de idade, participar de crimes comuns juntamente com aqueles associados ao terrorismo, incluindo o tráfico de drogas, e vindo de regiões com um histórico de conflitos profundamente enraizados preveram a desistência coletiva.

Superexploração da força de trabalho: uma proposta metodológica de análise / Superexploitation of the labor force: a methodological proposal for analysis

Resumo: O presente ensaio propõe uma análise quantitativa da superexploração da força de trabalho, especialmente por meio de mecanismos que vinculem a intensificação da exploração da força de trabalho às transferências estruturais de valor da periferia ao centro. Nosso propósito é esboçar breves notas metodológicas que contribuam com os esforços incipientes de análise quantitativa da superexploração, avançando em relação a eles, sobretudo mediante o reconhecimento dos limites desses esforços.

Abstract: This essay proposes a quantitative analysis of the superexploitation of the labor force, especially through mechanisms that link the intensification of the exploitation of the labor force to structural transfers of value from the periphery to the center. Our purpose is to outline brief methodological notes that contribute to the incipient efforts of quantitative analysis of superexploitation, moving forward in relation to them, especially based on a recognition of the limits of these efforts.

Quantitative analysis of risk assessment indicators for re-introduction of imported malaria in China / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To quantitatively analyze the risk indicators of re-introduction of imported malaria in China and their weighting coefficients, so as to investigate the difference in the contribution of risk indicators included in the current risk assessment framework for re-introduction of imported malaria in China to the risk assessment of re-introduction of imported malaria. Methods Publications pertaining to the risk assessment framework for re-introduction of imported malaria in China that reported the risk indicators and their weighting coefficients were retrieved in PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and VIP with terms of “malaria”, “re-introduction/re-transmission/re-establishment”, “risk assessment/risk evaluation/risk prediction” from the inception of the database through 3 August 2023, and literature search was performed in Google Scholar to ensure the comprehensiveness of the retrieval. Basic characteristics of included studies were extracted using pre-designed information extraction forms by two investigators, and data pertaining to risk indicators of re-introduction of imported malaria were cross-checked by these two investigators. The risk indicators included in the risk assessment framework for re-introduction of imported malaria in China and their weighting coefficients were visualized with the Nightingale’s rose diagrams using the software R 4.2.1, and the importance of risk indictors was evaluated with the frequency of risk indicators included in the risk assessment framework and the ranking of weighting coefficients of risk indicators. In addition, the capability of risk indicators screened by different weighting methods was compared by calculating the ratio of the maximum to the minimum of the weighting coefficients of the risk indicators screened by different weighting methods. Results A total of 2 138 publications were retrieved, and following removal of duplications and screening, a total of 8 publications were included in the final analysis. In these 8 studies, 8 risk assessment frameworks for re-introduction of imported malaria in China and 52 risk indicators of re-introduction of imported malaria were reported, in which number of imported malaria cases (n = 8) and species of malaria vectors were more frequently included in the risk assessment frameworks (n = 8), followed by species of imported malaria parasites (n = 6) and population density of local malaria vectors (n = 6), and species of local malaria vectors (n = 6), number of imported malaria cases (n = 5) and species of imported malaria parasites had the three highest weighting coefficients (n = 4). The weighting methods included expert scoring method, combination of expert scoring method and analytic hierarchy process, and combination of expert scoring method and entropy weight method in these 8 studies, and the ratios of the maximum to the minimum of the weighting coefficients of the risk indicators screened by the expert scoring method were 1.143 to 2.241, while the ratios of the maximum to the minimum of the weighting coefficients of the risk indicators screened by combination of the expert scoring method and analytic hierarchy process were 34.970 to 162.000. Conclusions Number of imported malaria cases, species of imported malaria parasites, species of local malaria vectors and population density of local malaria vectors are core indicators in the current risk assessment framework for re-introduction of imported malaria in China. Combination of the expert scoring method and analytic hierarchy process is superior to the expert scoring method alone for weighting the risk indicators.

An emerging analytical tool for highly sensitive quantitative analysis based on liquid chromatography-multiple-reaction monitoring cubed (MRM3) / 中国药科大学学报

@#Liquid chromatography-multiple-reaction monitoring (LC-MRM) has been widely recognized as the golden standard for multiple components-targeted quantitative analysis of complicated matrices,with extensive applications for analysis in such fields as chemical drugs, traditional Chinese medicines and foods.Unfortunately, when facing the task of quantitatively analyzing trace chemical components in complex matrices, MRM suffers dramatically from the background noise or matrix interference, leading to undesirable sensitivity and selectivity in terms of the lower limits of quantification (LOQ) and detection (LOD).In recent years, MRM cubed (MRM3), also known as MS3 scan, has received much attention because of its unique ability to significantly improve detection selectivity and sensitivity attributing to the successive ion filtering function, enabling LC-MRM3 as an emerging analytical tool.In this review,our attention is devoted to: 1) the illustration of the principle for MRM3; 2) parameter settings; and 3) the application progress of LC-MRM3 in such fields as the pursuit of biomarkers, pharmaceutical analysis, forensic analysis, toxicological analysis, food chemistry, and environmental analysis, aiming to provide a promising analytical tool of LC-MRM3 advantageous in the quantification analysis of trace chemical components in complex matrices.

Comprehensive quality evaluation of Tangwei capsule based on HPLC-QAMS multi-index quantitative determination combined with chemometrics and EW-TOPSIS method / 浙江大学学报·医学版

OBJECTIVES@#To detect the contents of Tangwei capsule main components with high performance liquid chromatography-quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker (HPLC-QAMS) method and to evaluate the quality with chemometrics and entropy weight-technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (EW-TOPSIS).@*METHODS@#A symmetry C18 column and 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile as mobile phase were used for HPLC of Tangwei capsule. The contents of 3'-hydroxypuerarin, puerarin, 3'-methoxypuerarin, methylnissolin-3-O-glucoside, calycosin, formononetin, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B, dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone Ⅰ, tanshinone ⅡA and cucurbitacin B in 15 batches of Tangwei capsule were determined simultaneously. The quality differences of 15 batches of samples were analyzed by chemometrics and EW-TOPSIS.@*RESULTS@#The HPLC-UV showed that 13 components had good linear relationships in corresponding concentration ranges (r≥0.9991). The relative standard deviations (RSD) of precision, repeatability and stability were all less than 2.00%. The average recovery rates were between 96.86% and 100.13%, and RSD were all less than 2.00%. Cluster analysis showed that 15 batches of samples were clustered into 3 groups. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis showed that salvianolic acid B, formononetin, puerarin, 3'-methoxypuerarin and rosmarinic acid were the main potential markers affecting the quality of Tangwei capsule. EW-TOPSIS analysis showed that the quality of S12-S15 was superior.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The analytical method established in this study can be used for the comprehensive evaluation of the quality of Tangwei capsule to provide laboratory support for its quality control and overall evaluation.

Simultaneous determination of five components in Forsythia suspensa flower with UPLC-QAMS / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To establish the methods for simultaneous determination of rutin， forsythiaside A， （+）-pinoresinol-4- O-β-D-glucopyranoside， forsythin and forsythigenin in Forsythia suspensa flower. METHODS UPLC method was adopted. The determination was performed on ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid solution （gradient elution） at the flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The detection wavelengths were set at 275 nm （0-8 min），330 nm （8-10.5 min），275 nm （10.5-32 min）， respectively. The column temperature was 25 ℃， and sample size was 1 μL. Taking rutin as reference， the content of each component was determined by quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker （QAMS） method， and then compared with external standard method. RESULTS The contents of forsythiaside A， （+）-pinoresinol-4-O-β-D- glucopyranoside， forsythin and forsythigenin by QAMS were 7.472-7.671， 2.919-2.986， 1.439-1.486， 1.523-1.566 mg/g； the results obtained by the external standard method were 7.454-7.664， 2.913-2.996， 1.444-1.484， 1.519-1.562 mg/g， respectively. There was no significant difference in the measurement results between the two methods， with a relative deviation less than 1.0%. CONCLUSIONS This study successfully establishes the UPLC-QAMS method for simultaneous determination of five components in F. suspensa flower， and the results obtained by this method are not significantly different from those obtained by the external standard method. It can be used for quality control of F. suspensa flower.

Establishment of quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker for content determination of 10 ganoderic acids in Ganoderma lucidum / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To establish a quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker （QAMS） method for simultaneous determination of 10 ganoderic acids in Ganoderma lucidum. METHODS Using ganoderic acid A as internal reference， high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） method was adopted to calculate relative correction factors of the other 9 components， such as ganoderic acid B， ganoderic acid C2， ganoderic acid D， ganoderic acid F， ganoderic acid H， ganoderenic acid A， ganoderenic acid B， ganoderenic acid C， ganoderenic acid D； the contents of above ganoderic acids were calculated with relative correction factors， and compared with the results of external standard method. RESULTS The linear relationship of ganoderic acid A， ganoderic acid B， ganoderic acid C2， ganoderic acid D， ganoderic acid F， ganoderic acid H， ganoderenic acid A， ganoderenic acid B， ganoderenic acid C and ganoderenic acid D were 0.032-3.996， 0.040-4.971， 0.037-4.568， 0.028-3.558， 0.033-4.177， 0.044-5.440， 0.032-3.944， 0.040-4.994， 0.045-5.593 and 0.035-4.342 mg/mL （all R 2≥0.999 2）， respectively. RSDs of precision， stability （24 h） and reproducibility tests were all lower than 2%. Their average recovery rates were 99.43%， 100.25%， 98.50%， 99.88%， 100.59%， 99.64%， 98.50%， 99.40%， 99.64% and 99.76%， respectively （RSD＜2%， n＝6）. Relative correction factors of ganoderic acid B， ganoderic acid C2， ganoderic acid D， ganoderic acid F， ganoderic acid H， ganoderenic acid A， ganoderenic acid B， ganoderenic acid C and ganoderenic acid D were 1.788 5， 1.288 2， 1.126 4， 1.698 5， 0.885 4， 5.468 1， 4.210 9， 5.780 8， 4.290 3， respectively. Relative errors between the content obtained by QAMS method and external standard method for G. lucidum from different origins were within ±12%. CONCLUSIONS It is feasible that the contents of 10 ganoderic acids are determined simultaneously by QAMS method， using ganoderic acid A as internal reference. This method shows good precision and reproducibility and can be used for the quality control of G. lucidum.

Infrared spectral band screening based on partial least squares is used for the quantitative analysis of mannitol-calcium chloride cocrystal / 药学学报

Mannitol-calcium chloride metal organic framework (MOF) cocrystal significantly improved the tabletability of β-mannitol and could be developed as a new tablet filler. However, mannitol monomer was found in the product during the scale-up production of the excipient, which significantly affected the functional properties of the excipient. In this study, we intend to quantify the multi-component eutectic system of mannitol-calcium chloride. In this experiment, the MOF cocrystal excipient mannitol-calcium chloride cocrystal was used as the model compound, and infrared spectrum was collected. Based on partial least squares regression (PLSR) method, the abnormal bands were removed and the spectrum was preprocessed by normalization. The quantitative correction model of mannitol-calcium chloride MOF cocrystal content in cocrystal excipients was established and compared by two different variable screening methods, genetic algorithm (GA) and competitive adaptive reweighting algorithm (CARS). Two different variable screening methods, GA method and CARS method, were used to screen out 160 and 14 variables, respectively. The mannitol-calcium chloride cocrystal model established by CARS-PLSR method had the best performance, and the average relative error (MRE) and corrected root mean square error (RMSEC) of the model were 0.008 8 and 0.892 5, respectively, the determination coefficient (R2) of the model was increased from 0.978 3 to 0.994 4. The quantitative method of eutectic system established in this study has high prediction accuracy, fast detection speed and good stability, which is of great significance for optimizing the preparation process conditions and quality control methods of such eutectic excipients.