Effect of Xiangsha Liu Junzitang Combined with Phlegm-removing and Detoxifying Traditional Chinese Medicine on Immune Escape in Lewis Lung Cancer Mice / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo study the effect and mechanism of Xiangsha Liu Junzitang combined with phlegm-removing and detoxifying traditional Chinese medicine on immune escape in Lewis lung cancer mice. MethodA total of 60 specific-pathogen-free （SPF）-grade C57BL/6J male mice were injected subcutaneously with 0.2 mL of Lewis cell suspension （containing 2×106 cells·mL-1） in the right mid-axillary line. After 7 days， the mice that had been successfully modeled were randomly divided into six groups： the model group， the cisplatin group， the Xiangsha Liu Junzitang low-， medium-， and high-dose groups， and the combined group， with 10 mice in each group. The Xiangsha Liu Junzitang low-， medium- and high-dose groups were gavaged with 17.88， 35.75， 71.50 g·kg-1 Xiangsha Liu Junzitang solution once a day， respectively， and the dosage of cisplatin intraperitoneally injected into the mice was converted to 5 mg·kg-1 twice a week， and the tumour volumes of each group were measured every two days. The intervention lasted for 14 consecutive days. At the end of treatment， the tumour mass of mice in each group was weighed and the tumour inhibition rate was calculated. The morphological characteristics of tumours in each group were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. Fluorescent quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） assay was used to detect messenger ribonucleic acid （mRNA） contents of the natural killer group 2 member D （NKG2D） receptor， ribonucleic acid export-1 （RAE-1）， and γ interferon （IFN-γ） in the tumour tissues of each group. NKG2D， RAE-1， and IFN-γ mRNA in tumour tissues of each group. Immunohistochemistry （IHC） and Western blot were applied to detect the expressions of RAE-1， NKG2D， and IFN-γ in tumour tissues of each group， and Western blot was used to detect the expressions of interleukin-6 （IL-6）， Janus kinase 2 （JAK2）， p-JAK2， signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （STAT3）， and p-STAT3 in tumour tissues of each group， as well as the protein levels of NKG2D， and RAE-1 in spleen tissues of each group. ResultCompared with that in the model group， the tumour mass decreased in all dose groups of Xiangsha Liu Junzitang， with no statistically significant difference. The tumour volume was reduced （P<0.05， P <0.01）. The pathological morphology was improved. The mRNA contents of NKG2D， RAE-1 and IFN-γ were increased in the medium-dose group （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the protein expressions of NKG2D， RAE-1， and IFN-γ in tumour tissues were elevated （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 protein expressions were decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. In spleen tissues， the protein expressions of NKG2D and RAE-1 in all dose groups of Xiangsha Liu Junzitang were significantly elevated （P<0.01）. Compared with those in the cisplatin group， NKG2D， RAE-1 and IFN-γ mRNA contents were elevated in the middle-dose group of Xiangsha Liu Junzitang， and the difference was not statistically significant. IHC showed that the protein expressions of NKG2D and IFN-γ in the combined group were significantly elevated （P<0.01）， and Western blot results showed that the protein expressions of RAE-1， NKG2D and IFN-γ were elevated （P<0.05， P<0.01）. p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 protein expressions were decreased in the combined group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. NKG2D and RAE-1 protein expressions were significantly increased in spleen tissues of the medium-dose groups and the combined group （P<0.01）. ConclusionXiangsha Liu Junzitang combined with phlegm-removing and detoxifying traditional Chinese medicine can inhibit the growth of tumours in Lewis lung cancer mice by up-regulating the expressions of RAE-1/NKG2D， promoting the activation of NK cells， and inhibiting immune escape， the mechanism of which may be related to down-regulation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway.

Relative Age Effect on Brazilian male elite futsal athletes according to playing position and performance by goals scored on Brazil National Futsal Leagues

Abstract Introduction: The relative age effect is prevalent in different elite team sports. However, little is known about this phenomenon in high-level adult male futsal players. Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of relative age effect in Brazilian male elite futsal players, and its relationship with playing position and goals scored on Brazil National Futsal Leagues (BNFL) from 2016 to 2020. Methods: The distribution of birth dates, playing positions, and goals scored by male participants of the Brazil National Futsal Leagues were analyzed. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze the birth dates distribution based on quarters and semesters of the year, according to playing position (defender, winger, pivot, and goalkeeper) and scoring performance (high and low). Results: The overall analysis indicated that the relative age effect is prevalent on the pool of athletes analyzed. However, this effect was position-dependent, since relatively older athletes were overrepresented only in wingers and defenders playing positions. On the other hand, scoring performance was not associated with the relative age effect, since this effect was found in both performance levels. Conclusion: Relative age effects are prevalent in Brazilian male elite futsal athletes, especially for defenders and wingers. Considering the high level of competitiveness for spots in elite futsal teams, coaches and sports administrators must be educated about the prevalence of the relative age effect in this sporting context. This is necessary in order to reduce the inequalities generated by age categories based on arbitrary cut-off dates, which may reduce potential talent loss.

Morphometric Study of Posterior Cranial Fossa Using Computerized Tomographic (CT) Images

Introduction: The posterior cranial fossa is the largest and the deepest of the three fossae. Contents of posterior cranial fossa include occipital part of cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. Variations in the volume of posterior cranial fossa may cause compression of these structures which may lead to various disorders. There is increasing evidence on the diagnostic potential of posterior cranial fossa measurements. The present study on morphometry of posterior cranial fossa based on CT images of patients without any clinical abnormality was undertaken for the first time in south Indian population. Subjects and Methods: To study and compare sex-wise and age-wise differences in the supratentorial and posterior cranial fossa (PF) measurements in the normal CT scan images of 62 males and 38 females who attended the Neurology department of SVIMS belonging to Rayalaseema region was undertaken. The measurements that were recorded are transverse diameter (TD) and anteroposterior diameter (APD) of supratentorial part and also posterior cranial fossa and height and volume of posterior cranial fossa. Results: The mean supratentorial TD and APD were found to be less in male but were not statistically significant sex-wise and age-wise. The mean posterior fossa APD was significant, PF height and volume were highly significantly in males. Discussion: There are no reports on supratentorial parameters in literature for comparing the results of present study. Except for one study on CT on height and volume of posterior cranial fossa there are no other studies for comparing the values of present study. Conclusion: Observations on supratentorial parameters of the present study are the first to be reported in literature.Age-wise and sex-wise observation of parameters of TD and APD of PF are the first to be reported in literature.

Estimation of optimal nasotracheal tube depth in adult patients

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to estimate the optimal depth of nasotracheal tube placement. METHODS: We enrolled 110 patients scheduled to undergo oral and maxillofacial surgery, requiring nasotracheal intubation. After intubation, the depth of tube insertion was measured. The neck circumference and distances from nares to tragus, tragus to angle of the mandible, and angle of the mandible to sternal notch were measured. To estimate optimal tube depth, correlation and regression analyses were performed using clinical and anthropometric parameters. RESULTS: The mean tube depth was 28.9 ± 1.3 cm in men (n = 62), and 26.6 ± 1.5 cm in women (n = 48). Tube depth significantly correlated with height (r = 0.735, P < 0.001). Distances from nares to tragus, tragus to angle of the mandible, and angle of the mandible to sternal notch correlated with depth of the endotracheal tube (r = 0.363, r = 0.362, and r = 0.546, P < 0.05). The tube depth also correlated with the sum of these distances (r = 0.646, P < 0.001). We devised the following formula for estimating tube depth: 19.856 + 0.267 × sum of the three distances (R2 = 0.432, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The optimal tube depth for nasotracheally intubated adult patients correlated with height and sum of the distances from nares to tragus, tragus to angle of the mandible, and angle of the mandible to sternal notch. The proposed equation would be a useful guide to determine optimal nasotracheal tube placement.

Comparision between rae, flexometallic and PVC macintosh endotracheal tubes used in cleft palate surgery.

Introduction: Cleft lip/palate are the most common craniofacial anomalies in children, with an incidence of CLP worldwide is 1 in 700 live births. The risk factors are considered as Family history etc. Anaesthesia during cleft lip and palate surgery carries a high risk and difficult airway management in children. Because of other associated congenital anomalies, the anaesthetic management becomes more complicated. Flexometallic endotracheal tubes, PVC macintosh tube, RAE tube are have their own risks and benefits when compared with each other. This study was undertaken to compare ease of intubation ,ease of ventilation ,intra operative maintenance of respiratory parameters ,intra-operative airway complication, post extubation complication by using 3 different types of tubes (1) RAE (Ring Adair Elwyn) tube (2) flexometallic tube (3) PVC ( Polyvinyl Chloride) macintosh tube in pediatric cleft palate surgeries. Material & Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 90 ASA I and ASA II pediatric patients of age group 9 month to 5 years undergoing cleft palate surgeries. Patients were randomly allocated in three groups of 30 each. Group 1: intubated with R A E endotracheal tube, Group 2:intubated with flexometallictube and Group 3: intubated with P V C macintosh endotracheal tube. The power of study on choosing such sample size was found to be at 90% level. Time taken for intubation, No. of attempt taken for intubation, Monitoring of capnography, SPO2, pulse rate and mean airway pressure every 15 minutes during the surgical procedures, Endobronchial intubation, Inadvertent extubation, Ease of passing of suction catheter after application of dingman retractor and Post extubation cough and croup was observed. Results: The significant differences were observed in stylet used, ease of passing suction catheter and post extubation cough and heart rate after retractor among the groups (p<0.05). All other differences were found to be insignificant. Conclusion: RAE tube provides a good approach for airway management in routine cleft lip surgeries. It possesses advantage over flexometallic tube and PVC tube. As it is a preformed tube passing suction catheter is technically difficult.

Recommended Intake and Dietary Intake of Vitamin A for Koreans by Unit of Retinol Activity Equivalent / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: New retinol activity equivalent (RAE) was introduced as vitamin A unit in Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for Koreans 2015. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of 2015 reference intake (RI) of vitamin A in RAE unit by the comparison with RI and dietary intake of vitamin A. METHODS: Analyses on RI of vitamin A were based on the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Koreans (1962~2000) and DRIs for Koreans (2005~2015). Analyses on Koreans dietary intake of vitamin A were based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) reports (1969-2014). For recalculation of RI and dietary intake of vitamin A in RE to RAE, 2013 Koreans intake of retinol: carotenoids ratio of 13: 87 was applied. RESULTS: RI of vitamin A was 600~750 RE for Korean adult, and 339~425 RAE when calculated by applying the retinol and carotenoids intake ratio. Vitamin A intakes of Koreans were 700 RE, >100% RI. When vitamin A intake was converted from RE to RAE (2005~2014), 718~864 RE became 405.8~488.1 RAE, decreased to 56.5% level. The recent 2015 RI of vitamin A is 850 RAE, two times of 2005 & 2010 RI of 425 RAE for adult male. CONCLUSIONS: When nutritional status of vitamin A was assessed for Koreans using the estimated average requirement (EAR) of 2015 (570, 460 RAE for male, female adults, respectively), ratio of deficient people increased significantly when judged based on the previous intake of Koreans, <490 RAE. We needs to examine the 2015 RI (EAR) of vitamin A, find a way to measure the accurate intake of dietary vitamin A, and to increase the dietary intake of this vitamin.

Abordaje de la discapacidad en facultades de Psicología de universidades privadas de Bogotá, entre 1998 y 2009 / Addressing of Dissability in Psychology Faculties of Private Universities in Bogotá During the Years 1998-2009

El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer el estado del arte sobre el abordaje de la discapacidad en los trabajos de grado para optar al título de psicólogo en universidades privadas de Bogotá. Se utilizó el método de investigación documental Resumenes analíticos de Investigación, -RAEs- de bases de datos elaborados entre los años 1998 a 2009. Se seleccionaron aquellos que abordaban la discapacidad, discapacidad física, la discapacidad cognitiva, la discapacidad sensorial y la inclusión social. Se rechazaron aquellos que abordaban la discapacidad desde una perspectiva de rehabilitación (traumas cráneo encefálicos y adicciones), la inclusión social no relacionada con la discapacidad (desplazamiento por ejemplo) y aquellos en los que el papel de la disciplina psicológica en discapacidad no fuese el núcleo central. Los resultados indican que el interés por desarrollar investigaciones sobre la discapacidad al finalizar el pregrado en facultades de Psicología es menor que en las facultades de ciencias de la Salud; que aumentaron las investigaciones tras la aprobación de las políticas públicas de discapacidad para Bogotá en el año 2004. una de las conclusiones es que urge hacer un cambio curricular en los programas de psicología para que los futuros psicólogos dominen la temática en discapacidad, psicología y políticas públicas de forma que se desarrollen adecuadas intervenciones y además se cumpla con coherencia y pertinencia lo demandado por el gobierno a nivel local y nacional.

The goal of this research was to assess the state of the art of disability in undergraduate theses submitted as a requisite for the degree of Psychologist in private universities in Bogotá. Documentary research involving the review of RAEs from databases was used; the selected period was from 1998 until 2009. Documents addressing disability, physical disability, cognitive disability, sensory disability, and social inclusion were preferred. Those documents addressing disability from a rehabilitatory standpoint (dementia, head trauma, etc.), those in which social inclusion was not related to disability (displacement, for example), and those in which Psychology, in particular disability itself did not play a preponderant role were not taken into account. The obtained results suggest much less interest in Faculties of Psychology than in Faculties of Health Sciences regarding the production of undergraduate research works addressing disability. The latter faculties increased their researches after the approval of the Public Policies for Bogotá in 2004. Bigger interest towards disability in private confessional universities was also found. One of the conclusions of this research is that it is imperative to make curricular changes in undergraduate programs in Psychology in order to give future psychologists the ability to properly deal with subjects such as disability, psychology and public policies to coherently fulfill state policies at both the local and national levels.

Produção da araruta comum, solteira e consorciada com alface e cenoura / Yield of comum arrowroot in monocrop system and intercropped with lettuce and carrot

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade produtiva da araruta (Maranta arundinaceae) ‘Comum’, da alface ‘Grand Rapids’ e da cenoura ‘Brasília’, em cultivos solteiros e os consórcios araruta-alface e araruta-cenoura, em Dourados- MS. Para a alface e a cenoura constatou-se efeito significativo do tipo de cultivo, com os maiores valores nas plantas sob cultivo solteiro. Não houve produção de alface comercial. As características das plantas de cenoura solteiras foram aumentadas de 7,46 cm de altura; 5,36 Mg ha-¹ de massa fresca de folhas; 12,13 Mg ha-¹ de total de raízes; 11,23 Mg ha-¹ de raízes comerciais e 4,18 Mg ha-¹ de raízes não-comerciais, em relação às plantas consorciadas com a araruta. A altura das plantas da araruta variou entre 99,14 cm nas solteiras e 99,84 cm nas consorciadas com alface. As menores massas frescas dos rizomas e de raízes (19,87 Mg ha-¹ e 9,91 Mg ha-¹) foram das consorciadas com alface e as maiores (20,21 Mg ha-¹ e 11,96 Mg ha-¹) foram nas solteiras. Não obstante, a razão de área equivalente (RAE), para o consórcio araruta-alface foi de 0,98 e para o consórcio araruta-cenoura foi de 1,28. Como o valor da RAE do consórcio araruta-cenoura superou 1,0, concluiu-se que foi efetivo e que pode ser recomendado.

The objective of this work was to evaluate yield capacity of ‘Comum’ arrowroot (Maranta arundinaceae), of ‘Grand Rapids’ lettuce and of ‘Brasilia’ carrot, in monocrop system and in arrowroot-lettuce and arrowroot-carrot intercrops, in Dourados- MS. For lettuce and carrot, it was established a significative effect of cultivation type with the highest values in plants under monocrop system. There was not yield of commercial lettuce. The characteristict of the carrot plants in monocrop system were increased of 7.46 cm of height; 5.36 Mg ha-¹ of fresh mass of leaves; 12.13 Mg ha-¹ of total roots; 11.23 Mg ha-¹ of commercial roots and 4.18 Mg ha-¹ of non-commercial roots in relation to plants intercropped with arrowroot. Height of arrowroot plants varied between 99.14 cm in monocrop system and 99.84 cm intercropped with lettuce. The smallest fresh masses of rhizomes and roots (19.87 Mg ha-¹ and 9.91 Mg ha-¹) were from those intercropped with lettuce and the highest (20.21 Mg ha-¹ and 11.96 Mg ha-¹) were in monocrop system. However, the Land Equivalent Ratio - LER for arrowroot-lettuce intercrop was of 0.98 and for arrowroot-carrot intercrop was of 1.28. As the value of LER of arrowroot-carrot was superior to 1.0, it was conclude that it was effective and it can be recommended.

El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la capacidad productiva de la yuquilla (Maranta arundinaceae) ‘Comun’, de la lechuga ‘Grand Rapids’ y de la zanahoria ‘Brasília’, en monocultivo y en las asociaciones yuquilla-lechuga y yuquilla-zanahoria, en Dourados-MS. Para la lechuga y la zanahoria se constató efecto significativo del tipo de cultivo, con los mayores valores en las plantas en monocultivo. No hubo producción de lechuga comercial. Las características de las plantas de zanahoria en monocultivo fueron aumentadas de 7,46 cm de altura; 5,36 Mg ha-¹ de masa fresca de hojas; 12,13 Mg ha-¹ de total de raíces; 11,23 Mg ha-¹ de raíces comerciales e 4,18 Mg ha-¹ de raíces no comerciales, en relación a las plantas asociadas con la yuquilla. La altura de las plantas de yuquilla varió entre 99,14 cm en las en monocultivo y 99,84 cm en las asociadas con la lechuga. Las menores masas frescas de los rizomas y de las raíces (19,87 Mg ha-¹ y 9,91 Mg ha-¹) fueron de las asociadas con lechuga y las mayores (20,21 Mg ha-¹ y 11,96 Mg ha-¹) fueron de las en monocultivo. No obstante, la relación de área equivalente (RAE) para la asociación yuquilla-lechuga fue de 0,98 y para la asociación yuquilla-zanahoria fue de 1,28. Como el valor de la RAE de la asociación yuquilla-zanahoria superó a 1,0, se concluyó que fue efectivo y que puede ser recomendado.

Social status and role of students entering Jejoongwon: focus on Kyum-Rae Lee / 의사학

This study considers the social class and social role of the entering students of Jejoongwon at that time in light of its very first medical graduate, Kyum-Rae Lee. Foremost, Kyum-Rae Lee was confirmed to have been from a middle-class family. However, unlike other chungin-class families, his family belonged to the minority. He seemed to have entered medical school to seek opportunity to move up in social class by taking advantage of special government provisions, which allowed him to learn English and Western medicine. Afterwards, he performed heroic services in the peasant-war, proceeded up to administration and participated in the modernization of Great Han Empire. With his knowledge of Western concepts, he became involved in numerous social activities, such as organizing the Enlightenment Society and leading the Enlightenment Movement. In much the same way, most early students were from low-class background with exceptional personal abilities and were able to pass aptitude examinations. Such achievements allowed them to apply for positions in the military and administrative management. Ten years later, medical education to train medical professionals was revived with changes in attitudes of people of Chosun Dynasty toward Western medicine and with creation of formal medical study.

Studies of treatment in degenerative lumbar and lower extremity joints disease / 中华骨科杂志

Objective To investiga te the relationship,diagnosis and thera peutic meth ods of degener-ative diseas es of lumbar and lower extremity joints in middle and aged patients.Methods Fr omNovember1997to May2002,50patients suffering from lum bar and hip or knee degenerative diseases concur rently were reviewed.In this group,there w ere14males and36females,ag ing from45to76years old(with an average of 60.5years).In lumbar degenerative disease,13cases were diagnosed as spi nal stenosis of lumbar,and12cases were diagnosed as spinal stenosis of lumb ar accompanied by degenerative spondylolisthesis,25cases spinal stenosis of lumbar accompanied by degenerative scoliosis.While in the degenerative diseases of joints,ostoarthritis was involved in58knee joints of 40cases,10hip joints of 6cases,and both6knee and5hip joints of 4cases.Results Allof the patients were operated upon;anterior lumbar decompression,bone grafting and Z-plate fixation to L1in5cases,posterior decompression and pedicle screws f ixation for insta-bility of spine in45cases.Of 50patients,11cases(1 4joints)underwent arthroscopy or joint replacement prior to lumbar operat ion,with an average interval period of 9.7months(1.5to29months);3ca ses(3knees)underwent joint replacements after lumbar operation,with an ave rage duration of 17.3months(4to36months);3cases(3hip joints)had hi p joint replacement simultaneously with lumbar operation in one setting.For the other33cases no articular operation was performed,and12cases had relief of the symptoms of osteoarthitis after lumbar opera tion;21cases were tre ated with conservative therapy for degenerative dis-eases of joint and allev iated the conditions satis factorily.The average follow-up period was14.2m onths(3to45months).Compared to pre-operation,the average HSS,Harris sco re of joint and JOA score of lumbar were improved by48.2,42.5and14 .3respectively.Conclusion In middle and aged patients with both lumbar and jo int degenerative dis eases,it is very important to make definite diagnosis an d distinguish symp-toms caused by lumbar or joint disease.The major diseas e portions should be treated firstly;if necessary,both joint and lumbar opera tion could be carried out in one surgical setting.