Effect of intrabronchial platelet rich plasma on the exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage endoscopic score in thoroughbred racehorses using furosemide: a preliminary study / [Efeito da instilação intrabronquial de plasma rico em plaquetas no escore endoscópico da hemorragia pulmonar induzida por exercício em cavalos Puro-Sangue Inglês de corrida e usuários de furosemida: um estudo preliminar]

The high prevalence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in athletic horses constitutes to be a challenge to the racing industry and a source of major concern to animal welfare. Both experimental and clinical evidence indicate that the use of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a promising effector of repair in a variety of pulmonary conditions. The present study evaluated the effect of intrabronchial instillation of PRP on EIPH endoscopic scores from 37 Thoroughbred racehorses. Inclusion criteria were for animals to be EIPH-positive in, at least, two consecutive post-exercise endoscopic exams and to receive 250mg of furosemide IV four hours before racing. Animals were randomly assigned into 3 groups: placebo, control, and PRP instillation. All 37 Thoroughbred racehorses included had EIPH endoscopic scores pre- and post- treatment compared by statistical analysis. The bleeding score from the group receiving PRP was significantly lower than in the control and placebo groups. No adverse effects were observed in any animal during or after the experiment. It was possible to conclude that the intrabronchial instillation of autologous PRP was effective in reducing EIPH scores in racehorses receiving furosemide and that this bioproduct can be considered as a promising coadjuvant in controlling EIPH in athletic horses.(AU)

A alta prevalência de hemorragia pulmonar induzida por exercício (HPIE) em cavalos atletas é um desafio de longa data para a indústria de corridas, além de figurar como grande preocupação sobre o bem-estar animal. As evidências experimentais e clínicas indicam que o uso do plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) de fonte autógena é promissor na terapêutica de diversas lesões pulmonares. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar as mudanças após corrida no escore endoscópico de HPIE de 37 cavalos Puro-Sangue Inglês que receberam instilação intrabronquial de PRP autólogo. Os animais selecionados eram HPIE-positivos em, ao menos, dois exames endoscópicos consecutivos e recebiam 250mg de furosemida IV administrado quatro horas antes de cada corrida. Na comparação dos escores endoscópicos pré e pós-tratamento, verificou-se que o escore de HPIE do grupo tratado com PRP foi significantemente menor que o dos grupos controle e placebo. Nenhum efeito adverso foi observado nos animais durante ou após o experimento. Concluiu-se que a instilação intrabronquial de PRP autólogo foi efetiva na redução do escore de HPIE de cavalos de corrida usuários de furosemida e que este bioproduto pode ser considerado uma alternativa promissora no controle de HPIE em cavalos atletas.(AU)

Etiologic and epidemiologic analysis of bacterial infectious upper respiratory disease in Thoroughbred horses at the Seoul Race Park

Infectious upper respiratory disease (IURD) of Thoroughbred racehorses has been a frequent problem (29.6% of incidence) at the Seoul Race Park (Korea). Risk factors for IURD include the season with a high transfer rate (summer and fall), the stabling period (< or = 3 months), and age (2 to 3 years old), suggesting that the movement and new environment may have depressed the immune system of the horses and decreased their ability to respond properly to pathogens. The bacterial strains (n = 98) isolated from IURD horses included Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus equi subsp. equi and zooepidemicus.

Eficacia de la pentoxifilina en el tratamiento de la hemorragia pulmonar inducida por el ejercicio en equinos purasangres de carreras / Efficacy of pentoxifylline in the treatment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in thoroughbred racehorses

El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar la eficacia de la pentoxifilina en el tratamiento de la hemorragia pulmonar inducida por el ejercicio (HPIE) en equinos Purasangres de carreras. Para tal fin, se seleccionaron en forma aleatoria 146 animales con edades comprendidas entre 3 y 8 años de edad, los cuales fueron sometidos a dos ejercicios intensos (14,6 ± 0,4 m/s) en distancia de 1000 metros, procediéndose luego a realizar una evaluación endoscópica del tracto respiratorio superior, entre 30 y 90 minutos después de cada ejercicio, con el fin de determinar la presencia de la HPIE y caracterizar la intensidad del sangramiento. Posteriormente, del conjunto de animales que presentaron HPIE en ambos ejercicios, se seleccionó al azar una muestra representativa constituida por 40 equinos, los cuales fueron asignados a dos grupos, 20 animales (grupo I) a los cuales se les administró pentoxifilina (8,5 mg/kg, q 12 h, PO) por 7 días y 20 ejemplares (grupo II) que no recibieron tratamiento. Seguidamente el día posterior a la finalización del tratamiento, a cada uno de los animales (grupo I y II), se les realizó una tercera evaluación endoscópica del tracto respiratorio superior de 30 a 90 minutos después de un ejercicio intenso en distancia de 1000 metros, para determinar la ocurrencia y severidad de la HPIE. El análisis de los datos demostró diferencia estadísticamente significativa (P < 0,05) entre la presencia e intensidad de la HPIE y la administración de la pentoxifilina, observándose que 8 (40%) de los animales tratados no presentaron HPIE, mientras que 20 (100%) de los equinos a los cuales no se les suministró la droga evidenciaron HPIE. Igualmente se determinó que la ocurrencia de HPIE moderada, profusa y visible, respectivamente, fue mayor en los animales no tratados. Por lo tanto, el tratamiento con pentoxifilina ayuda a prevenir o disminuir la HPIE.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the efficacy of the pentoxifylline in the treatment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in Thoroughbred racehorses. One hundred forty six (146) animals were randomly selected with ages between 3 and 8 years old, they were subjected to two intense exercises (14.6 ± 0.4 m/s) on distances of 1000 meters each, the horses were submitted to endoscopic evaluation of the respiratory tract, between 30 and 90 minutes after each exercise, the objective was to determine the presence of the EIPH and to characterize the intensity of the bleeding. Later, the group of animals which presented EIPH on both exercises was selected in random order as representative sample of bleeding racehorses. They were 40 equines divided in two groups, 20 animals (group I) received pentoxifylline (8.5 mg/kg, q 12 h, PO) for 7 days and 20 horses (group II) that did not receive treatment. Subsequently, the day after the end of the treatment, on each one of the horses (group I and II), a third endoscopic evaluation of the upper respiratory tract was performed, 30 to 90 minutes after an intense exercise on 1000 meters distance, in order to see the occurrence and severity of the EIPH. The analysis of the data demonstrated statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) between the presence and intensity of the EIPH and the administration of the pentoxifylline. Eight (40%) of the pentoxifilline-treated animals showed not EIPH, 20 (100%) not treated horses had evidence of EIPH. It was determined that the occurrence of moderate, profuse and visible EIPH respectively was larger in the not treated animals. Therefore, the treatment with pentoxifylline helps to prevent or to diminish the EIPH.