A survey on light intensity outputs of QTH, cabled and cordless LED light curing units

Light intensity output is one of the determinants for adequate curing of visible light-cured materials. The aim of this survey was to evaluate the light intensity outputs (LIOs) of light curing units (LCUs) in dental clinics of Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) and School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). The respective LIOs of all functioning Quartz Tungsten Halogen (QTH) and Light Emitting Diode (LED) LCUs were tested using two light radiometers. For cordless LED LCUs, the testing procedure was done in situ and after being fully charged. Statistical analysis using Kruskal Wallis and Wilcoxon signed ranks tests were performed to compare the LIOs between groups and between the LIOs of in situ and post-charged cordless LED LCUs, respectively. The level of significance was set at 0.05 (p<0.05). The results revealed that 72.72%, 42.47% and 92% of QTH, cabled LED and cordless LED LCUs exhibited acceptable LIOs, respectively. Data analysis using Kruskal Wallis test showed a statistically significant difference between groups (p<0.05). The intergroup comparisons using multiple Mann Whitney test with Bonferroni correction revealed a significant difference between the LIOs of cordless LED and both QTH and cabled LED (p<0.017). The difference between the LIOs of in situ and post charged cordless LED LCUs was also significant (p<0.05). In conclusion, both QTH and cordless LED LCUs performed better in term of LIOs than cabled LED LCUs. Periodic testing of LCUs is essential to ensure optimal performance.

Power density of various light curing units through resin inlays with modified layer thickness

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to enhance curing light penetration through resin inlays by modifying the thicknesses of the dentin, enamel, and translucent layers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To investigate the layer dominantly affecting the power density of light curing units, resin wafers of each layer with 0.5 mm thickness were prepared and power density through resin wafers was measured with a dental radiometer (Cure Rite, Kerr). The dentin layer, which had the dominant effect on power density reduction, was decreased in thickness from 0.5 to 0.1 mm while thickness of the enamel layer was kept unchanged at 0.5 mm and thickness of the translucent layer was increased from 0.5 to 0.9 mm and vice versa, in order to maintain the total thickness of 1.5 mm of the resin inlay. Power density of various light curing units through resin inlays was measured. RESULTS: Power density measured through 0.5 mm resin wafers decreased more significantly with the dentin layer than with the enamel and translucent layers (p < 0.05). Power density through 1.5 mm resin inlays increased when the dentin layer thickness was reduced and the enamel or translucent layer thickness was increased. The highest power density was recorded with dentin layer thickness of 0.1 mm and increased translucent layer thickness in all light curing units. CONCLUSIONS: To enhance the power density through resin inlays, reducing the dentin layer thickness and increasing the translucent layer thickness would be recommendable when fabricating resin inlays.

Power density of light curing units through resin inlays fabricated with direct and indirect composites / 대한치과보존학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to measure the power density of light curing units transmitted through resin inlays fabricated with direct composite (Filtek Z350, Filtek Supreme XT) and indirect composite (Sinfony). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A3 shade of Z350, A3B and A3E shades of Supreme XT, and A3, E3, and T1 shades of Sinfony were used to fabricate the resin inlays in 1.5 mm thickness. The power density of a halogen light curing unit (Optilux 360) and an LED light curing unit (Elipar S10) through the fabricated resin inlays was measured with a hand held dental radiometer (Cure Rite). To investigate the effect of each composite layer consisting the resin inlays on light transmission, resin specimens of each shade were fabricated in 0.5 mm thickness and power density was measured through the resin specimens. RESULTS: The power density through the resin inlays was lowest with the Z350 A3, followed by Supreme XT A3B and A3E. The power density was highest with Sinfony A3, E3, and T1 (p < 0.05). The power density through 0.5 mm thick resin specimens was lowest with dentin shades, Sinfony A3, Z350 A3, Supreme XT A3B, followed by enamel shades, Supreme XT A3E and Sinfony E3. The power density was highest with translucent shade, Sinfony T1 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Using indirect lab composites with dentin, enamel, and translucent shades rather than direct composites with one or two shades could be advantageous in transmitting curing lights through resin inlays.

Effect of infection control barrier thickness on light curing units / 대한치과보존학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the effect of infection control barrier thickness on power density, wavelength, and light diffusion of light curing units. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Infection control barrier (Cleanwrap) in one-fold, two-fold, four-fold, and eight-fold, and a halogen light curing unit (Optilux 360) and a light emitting diode (LED) light curing unit (Elipar FreeLight 2) were used in this study. Power density of light curing units with infection control barriers covering the fiberoptic bundle was measured with a hand held dental radiometer (Cure Rite). Wavelength of light curing units fixed on a custom made optical breadboard was measured with a portable spectroradiometer (CS-1000). Light diffusion of light curing units was photographed with DSLR (Nikon D70s) as above. RESULTS: Power density decreased significantly as the layer thickness of the infection control barrier increased, except the one-fold and two-fold in halogen light curing unit. Especially, when the barrier was four-fold and more in the halogen light curing unit, the decrease of power density was more prominent. The wavelength of light curing units was not affected by the barriers and almost no change was detected in the peak wavelength. Light diffusion of LED light curing unit was not affected by barriers, however, halogen light curing unit showed decrease in light diffusion angle when the barrier was four-fold and statistically different decrease when the barrier was eight-fold (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It could be assumed that the infection control barriers should be used as two-fold rather than one-fold to prevent tearing of the barriers and subsequent cross contamination between the patients.

Evaluación de l degradación y mineralización dl malatión usando fotocatálisiss mediante un colecto ssolar / Evalution of deggradation and mineralization of the mlathion using pphotocatalysis with a solar collector / Avaliação dadegrradação e mineralização da fotocatálise utilzando malationaa comum coletor solar

Se empleó un colector solar para evaluar la degradación del malatión en una solución acuosa de 15 µg/L del plaguicida, usando tres concentraciones diferentes de dióxido de titanio (100, 200 y 250 mg/L) y peróxido de hidrógeno (H2O2) al 30% como agente oxidante. La disminución de la concentración del malatión se determinó por cromatografía de gases con detector de microcaptura de electrones (CG-µECD), previa extracción de las muestras con discos C18, y la mineralización se determinó mediante análisis de carbono orgánico total (COT). El proceso de degradación se evaluó durante 16 horas, durante las cuales, se registró la energía solar incidente mediante un radiómetro (Kipp & Zonen, modelo CUV 3). En la fotolisis se alcanzó un porcentaje de degradación de 58,8% y en la fotocatálisis, con 250 mg/L de TiO2 y 10 mL/h de H2O2, se obtuvo 98,7% de degradación. El porcentaje de mineralización alcanzado durante la fotocatálisis fue de 73%.

A solar panel was used to evaluate malat-hion degradation. A solution of 15 µg/L of malathion, three different concentrations of titanium dioxide (100, 200 y 250 mg/L) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)to 30% like a oxidant agent. Malathion concentration was determined by gas chromatography with CG-µECD previous preparation of sample using octadecyl (C18) extraction disks. The mineralization was determined by analysis of total organic carbon (TOC). The degradation process was evaluated for 16 hours, period during which the incident solar irradiation was registered by a radiometer (Kipp & Zonen, model CUV 3). 58,8% of degradation in photolysis and 98,7% of degradation in photocatalysis with 250 mg/L TiO2 and 10 mL/h H2O2 were reached. The percentage of mineralization reached during photocatalysis was 73%.

Um painel solar foi usado para avaliar malation degradação. Uma solução de 15 mg/L de malation, três diferentes concentrações de dióxido de titânio (100, 200 y 250 mg/L) e peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) a 30% como um agente oxidante. Malathion concentração foi determinada por anterior preparação da amostra utilizando cromatografia gasosa com CG-DCE octadecílico (C18) extração discos. A mineralização foi determinada por análise de carbono orgânico total (COT). O processo de degradação foi avaliado durante 16 horas, período durante o qual a radiação solar incidente foi registrada por um radiômetro (Kipp & Zonen, modelo CUV 3). 58,8% dedegra-dação em fotólise e 98,7% de degradação em fotocatálise com 250 mg/L TiO2 e10 mL/h H2O2 foram atingidos. A percenta-gem de mineralização atingido durante photocatalysis foi de 73%.

Relação entre medidas de refletância e área foliar sadia, severidade da ferrugem asiática e produtividade da cultura da soja / Relationships between measures of reflectance and health leaf area, soybean rust severity and soybean yield

O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar se as medidas de refletância detectavam variações na área foliar sadia a fim de serem utilizadas como parâmetros para estimar danos na produção decorrentes da ferrugem asiática, bem como determinar a influência da doença na eficiência fotossintética das plantas em condições de campo. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental pertencente à Embrapa Soja, no município de Londrina, PR, utilizou-se a cultivar de soja BRS 154. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com oito tratamentos (diferentes estádios de início da aplicação do fungicida) comquatro repetições O produto utilizado foi azoxistrobin + ciproconazole (60+24 g i.a./ha) + óleo mineral (0,5%). As leituras de refletância foram feitas em oito comprimentos de onda, de 460 a 810 nm, em intervalos de 50 nm. Calculou-se o Índice Vegetativo de Diferença Normalizada (NDVI), onde NDVI=(810- 660)/(810+660). A produção apresentou incremento linear (P<0,01) com a Duração da Área Foliar Sadia (HAD) (r2=37,7%), com a Absorção da Radiação Solar pela Área Foliar Sadia (HAA) (r2=21,6%), com aÁrea Abaixo da Curva de Progresso da Doença (AUDPC) (r2=25,4%) e com a Integral da Diferença Normalizada (AURNDVI) (r2=54,8%). Verificou-se diferença significativa (P<0,05) na Eficiência Fotossintética (RUE) entre a testemunha e o tratamento que recebeu três aplicações de fungicida (primeira em R4), sendo esse também o único tratamento que diferiu significativamente (P<0,05) da testemunha em produtividade. Apesar dos baixos valores para os coeficientes de determinação, a sensibilidade dasmedidas de NDVI e RUE apresentaram potencial para captar variações entre os tratamentos. Sugerem-se novos estudos para verificar e eliminar possíveis interferências decorrentes da calibração do radiômetro e dos demais parâmetros antes dessas medidas poderem ser utilizadas no processo de tomada de decisão para controle da ferrugem asiática.

The aim of this research was to verify if some measures of reflectance could detect variations in the healthy leaf area which could be used as parameter to estimate damages in the production due to soybean rust, and to determine the influence of the disease on photosinthetic efficiency of plants underfield conditions. The experiment was lead in the experimental area of Embrapa, in Londrina, PR. The experimental design was randomly blocks, with eight treatments (different fungicide application times) with four replications. The fungicide used was azoxistrobin + ciproconazole (60+24 g i.a./ha) + mineral oil (0.5%). The reflectance readings were made at eight wave lengths, between 460 and 810 nm, with intervals of 50 nm. It was estimated the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), where NDVI=(810-660)/ (810+660). The yield presented linear increments (P<0.01) with Healthy Leaf Area Duration (HAD)(r2=37.7%), with Healthy Area Absorption (HAA) (r2=21.6%), with Area Under Disease Progress Curve(AUDPC) (r2=25.4%) and with Integral of Normalized Difference (AURNDVI) (r2=54.8%). Significant difference in Photosynthetic Efficiency (RUE) (P<0.05) was observed between the control plot and the treatment with three fungicide applications (first at R4), which was the only treatment that differed significantly (P<0.05) in production from untreated control. The sensitivity of the measures NDVI andRUE presented a potential to detect variations among the treatments. However additional studies are still needed to verify and eliminate some possible interferences, such as the calibration of the radiometer and other parameters before it can be used for taking of decisions.