Toxomerus duplicatus Wiedemann, 1830 (Diptera: Syrphidae) preying on Microtheca spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larvae / Toxomerus duplicatus Wiedemann, 1830 (Diptera: Syrphidae) predando larvas de Microtheca spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Microtheca spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) are insect pests primarily related to Brassicaceae crops. In the State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), southern Brazil, they are found on forage turnip, Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiferus Metzg., which is commonly grown during fall/winter seasons. This work reports the predation of Microtheca spp. larvae by Toxomerus duplicatus Wiedemann, 1830 (Diptera: Syrphidae) larvae, on forage turnip crop, in Santa Maria, RS. This register provides new information about Microtheca spp. natural enemies in Brazil, which might be a new option for integrate pest management of these species.

Microtheca spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) são insetos-praga relacionados principalmente às culturas da família Brassicaceae. No Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), no sul do Brasil, são encontrados no nabo forrageiro, Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiferus Metzg, comumente cultivado no outono/inverno. Este trabalho relata a predação de larvas de Microtheca spp. por larvas de Toxomerus duplicatus Wiedemann, 1830 (Diptera: Syrphidae), em nabo forrageiro, em Santa Maria, RS. Este registro oferece nova informação sobre os inimigos naturais de Microtheca spp. no Brasil os quais podem ser uma nova opção para o manejo integrado dessas espécies.

Planejamentos experimentais em nabo forrageiro semeado a lanço e em linha / Experimental designs in turnip sown to haul and in line

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o tamanho ótimo de parcela para avaliar a massa verde de nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus L.), em experimentos com semeaduras a lanço e em linha, em cenários formados por combinações de números de tratamentos, de números de repetições e de níveis de precisão. Foi realizado um ensaio de uniformidade com semeadura a lanço e outro com semeadura em linha. Em cada ensaio foi pesada a massa verde em 288 unidades experimentais básicas (UEB) de 1,00 m × 0,50 m (0,50 m2). Foi determinado o índice de heterogeneidade do solo de Smith (1938) e determinado o tamanho ótimo de parcela por meio do método de Hatheway (1961). Para avaliar a massa verde de nabo forrageiro, com mesma precisão, o tamanho ótimo de parcela em experimentos com semeadura a lanço é maior que para experimentos com semeadura em linha. Em experimentos no delineamento blocos ao acaso, com 5 a 20 tratamentos e com 4 repetições, parcelas de 5 UEB de 0,50 m2 (2,50 m2), possibilitam identificar diferenças significativas entre tratamentos, a 5% de probabilidade, de 30% e 20% da média geral do experimento, respectivamente, para o sistemas de semeadura a lanço e em linha.

The objective of this research was to determine the optimum plot size to evaluate the fresh weight of turnip (Raphanus sativus L.), in experiments with sowing to haul and in line, in scenarios formed by combinations of numbers of treatments, number of repetitions and levels of precision. Was carried out uniformity assay with sowing to haul and in line. In each assay was weighed the fresh weight in 288 basic experimental units of 1.00 m × 0.50 m (0.50 m2). It was determined soil heterogeneity index of Smith (1938) and determined the optimum plot size by the method of Hatheway (1961). To evaluate the fresh weight of turnip, with same precision, the optimum plot size in experiments with sowing to haul is greater that for experiments with sowing in line. In experiments on randomized complete block, with 5 to 20 treatments and 4 repetitions, plots of 5 UEB of 0.50 m2 (2.50 m2), possible to identify significant differences between treatments, at 5% probability, of 30% and 20% of the average experiment, respectively, seeding systems for to haul and in line.

Tamanho de amostra para a estimação da média de caracteres morfológicos e produtivos de nabo forrageiro / Sample size to estimate the average of morphological and productive traits of turnip

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o tamanho de amostra (número de plantas) para a estimação da média de caracteres morfológicos e produtivos de nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus L.). Em um experimento a campo, foram selecionadas, aleatoriamente, 300 plantas e mensurados os caracteres morfológicos (estatura de planta e número de folhas aos 21, 35, 48, 55, 62, 70, 77 e 91 dias após a semeadura) e os produtivos (massas verde e seca, de raízes, de caule, de folhas e total aos 91 dias após a semeadura). Foram calculadas medidas de tendência central e de variabilidade, verificada a normalidade e calculado o tamanho de amostra. Para estimar a média, com mesma precisão, o tamanho de amostra dos caracteres produtivos é maior que dos morfológicos. Para os caracteres morfológicos e produtivos estudados, 231 plantas são suficientes para um erro de estimação máximo de 10% da média estimada, com grau de confiança de 95%.

The aim of this research was to determine the sample size to estimate the average of morphological and productive traits of turnip (Raphanus sativus L.). In a experiment, 300 plants were randomly selected and measured for morphological traits (plant height and number of leaf at 21, 35, 48, 55, 62, 70, 77 and 91 days after sowing) and productive (fresh and dry matter of roots, stem, leaf and total of 91 days after sowing). Measures of central tendency and variability were calculated, normality was checked and the sample size was calculated. The sample size of productive traits is greater than morphological to estimate average and it has the same precision. For the morphological and productive traits studied 231 plants are enough to predict the average, with an estimation error maximum of 10% of estimated average, with a degree confidence of 95%.

Relações lineares entre caracteres de nabo forrageiro e de tremoço branco / Linear relations among characters of forage turnips and of white lupine

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as relações entre caracteres de nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus L.) e de tremoço branco (Lupinus albus L.), e identificar caracteres para a seleção indireta. Foi conduzido um experimento com nabo forrageiro e outro com tremoço branco, em Santa Maria, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (latitude 29°42'S, longitude 53°49'W e 95m de altitude). Na colheita, foram mensurados a altura de planta, o diâmetro de caule, o número de folhas e as massas verde e seca de parte aérea em 300 plantas de nabo forrageiro e a altura de planta, o diâmetro de caule, o número de vagens e as massas verde e seca de parte aérea em 400 plantas de tremoço branco. Foi investigada a relação entre os caracteres por meio de diagramas de dispersão e análises de correlação e de trilha. Na cultura de nabo forrageiro, o diâmetro de caule tem relação linear positiva com as massas verde e seca e pode ser utilizado para seleção indireta. Na cultura de tremoço branco, o número de vagens por planta tem relação linear positiva com as massas verde e seca e pode ser utilizado para seleção indireta.

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the relationships among characters in forage turnips (Raphanus sativus L.) and white lupine (Lupinus albus L.), and identify character for indirect selection. An experiment was conducted with forage turnips and another with white lupine, in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil (latitude 29°42'S, longitude 53°49'W and 95m altitude). At harvest, were measured plant height, stem diameter, leaf number and fresh and dry masses of shoots in 300 plants of forage turnips and plant height, stem diameter, number of pods and the fresh and dry masses of shoots in 400 plants of white lupine. It was studied the relationship among the traits by scatter plots, correlation and path analysis. In the culture of forage turnips the stem diameter has a positive linear relationship with the fresh and dry masses of shoots and can be used for indirect selection. In the culture of white lupine the number of pods has a positive linear relationship with the fresh and dry masses of shoots and can be used for indirect selection.

Análise de crescimento de plantas de rabanete submetidas a doses de adubação nitrogenada / Growth analysis of radish plants subjected to doses of nitrogen

O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, na Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Capão do Leão, RS, com o objetivo avaliar comparativamente o crescimento de plantas de rabanete Comprido de Ponta Branca submetido a diferentes doses de nitrogênio (0,15 e 30 kg ha-1 de N). As plantas foram coletadas a intervalos regulares de três dias a partir dos 13 dias após a semeadura até o final do ciclo da cultura. Determinaram-se a massa seca total, taxa de produção de matéria seca, taxa de crescimento relativo, taxa assimilatória líquida, índice de área foliar, taxa de crescimento relativo de área foliar, razões de área foliar e massa foliar e a área foliar específica. O tratamento de 15 kg ha-1 de N proporcionou melhores características de crescimento e maior acúmulo de matéria seca quando comparada aos demais tratamentos.

The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Capão do Leão, RS. In order to evaluate comparatively the growth of radish plants Comprido de Ponta Branca under different nitrogen levels (0, 15 e 30 kg ha-1 de N). Plants were collected at regular intervals of three days, from 13 days after sowing until the end of the crop cycle. The total dry matter production, dry matter production rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, leaf area index, relative growth rate of leaf area, leaf area ratio, leaf mass and specific leaf area were determined. The treatment of 15 kg ha-1 de N provided better growth characteristics and higher dry matter accumulation when compared to other treatments.

Tamanho de amostra para a estimação da média de duração dos períodos larval, pupal e larval mais pupal de Microtheca spp. por bootstrap / Sample size for estimating the average duration of larval, pupal and larval stage plus pupal periods in Microtheca spp. by bootstrap

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o tamanho de amostra (número de insetos) para a estimação da média de duração dos períodos larval, pupal e larval + pupal de Microtheca ochroloma e de Microtheca semilaevis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Foram coletados adultos dessas espécies em uma área experimental de 0,25ha de nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus L.) e foi estabelecida uma criação em laboratório (temperatura de 25±2°C, umidade relativa de 60±10 por cento e fotoperíodo de 12 horas). Após, foram mensurados os períodos larval, pupal e larval + pupal, em dias, de 119 e 81 insetos, respectivamente, de M. ochroloma e de M. semilaevis. Foram calculadas medidas de tendência central e de variabilidade. Foi determinado o tamanho de amostra por meio de bootstrap, com reposição de 10.000 amostras. Para a estimação da média dos períodos larval, pupal e larval + pupal, com intervalo de confiança de bootstrap de 95 por cento de um dia, 42 e 35 insetos são suficientes, respectivamente, para M. ochroloma e M. semilaevis.

The objective of this research was to determine the sample size (number of insects) to estimate the average duration for larval, pupal and larval + pupal periods for M. ochroloma and M. semilaevis. Adults of both species were collected at a 0.25ha experimental area of forage turnip (Raphanus sativus L.) and for laboratory rearing (temperature 25±2°C, relative humidity 60±10 percent and photoperíod 12 hours). Afterwards larval, pupal and larval + pupal periods were measured, in days, of 119 and 81 insects, respectively, M. ochroloma and M. semilaevis. It was calculated measures of central tendency and variability and determined the sample size using bootstrap with replacement of 10000 samples. For estimating the average larval, pupal and larval + pupal periods, with amplitude of bootstrap confidence interval of 95 percent, equal a day, 42 and 35 insects are sufficient, respectively for both M. ochroloma and M. semilaevis.

The antihypertensive effect of ethyl acetate extract of radish leaves in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a cruciferous vegetable, and its leaves have antioxidant and anticancer properties. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of ethyl acetate extracts from radish leaves on hypertension in 11-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The SHRs were randomly divided into 3 groups of 6 rats each on the basis of initial systolic blood pressure (SBP) and were treated with oral administration of radish leaf extract (0, 30, or 90 mg/kg body weight [bw], respectively) for 5 weeks. Six Wistar rats were used as normotensive controls. The amount of the radish leaf extract had no effect on body weight. The SBP of the SHRs showed a decreasing trend with the consumption of the radish leaf extract. In the third week, the SBP of the group fed 90 mg extract/kg bw reduced from 214 mmHg to 166 mmHg and was significantly lower than that of the normotensive and hypertensive controls. The extract did not show a significant effect on the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in the serum, kidney, and lung. The extract increased the concentration of NO in serum and the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase and catalase in red blood cells (RBCs). The serum concentrations of Na+ and K+ were not significantly different between all groups. However, the fecal concentrations of Na+ and K+ increased; the fecal concentrations of Na+ and K+ for the normotensive and hypertensive controls were not different. Urinary excretion of Na+ was higher in the normotensive Wistar rats than in the SHRs, while that of K+ was not significantly different. These findings indicate that consumption of radish leaves might have had antihypertensive effects in SHRs by increasing the serum concentration of NO and fecal concentration of Na+ and enhancing antioxidant activities.

Radish (Raphanus sativus L. leaf) ethanol extract inhibits protein and mRNA expression of ErbB2 and ErbB3 in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells

In this study, we investigated the effects of the ethanol extract of aerial parts of Raphanus sativus L. (ERL) on breast cancer cell proliferation and gene expression associated with cell proliferation and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. The MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured in the presence or absence of various concentrations (100, 200, or 300 microg/mL) of ERL. ERL significantly decreased cell proliferation after 48 h of incubation (P < 0.05). The protein and mRNA expression of ErbB2 were decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The protein expression of ErbB3 was decreased significantly at an ERL concentration of 300 microg/mL (P < 0.05), and mRNA expression of ErbB3 was decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The protein expression of Akt was decreased significantly at the ERL concentration of 200 microg/mL (P < 0.05), and the protein expression of pAkt was decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of Akt was decreased significantly at the ERL concentration of 200 microg/mL ERL (P < 0.05). The protein and mRNA expression of Bax were increased significantly at ERL concentrations of 200 microg/mL or higher (P < 0.05). The protein expression of Bcl2 was increased significantly at ERL concentrations of 100 microg/mL or higher (P < 0.05), and mRNA expression of Bcl2 was increased significantly at an ERL concentration of 300 microg/mL (P < 0.05). In conclusion, we suggest that Raphanus sativus, L. inhibits cell proliferation via the ErbB-Akt pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells.

Effect of antioxidants in fresh cut radishes during the cold storage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of antioxidants in the cold storage of fresh cut radishes. The shredded roots were submerged in the respective treatments during 3 min (ascorbic acid or citric acid) and stored at 5ºC and 90 percent RH during 10 days. The radish treated with ascorbic acid showed the higher respiratory rate in the first 4 h after the processing during the storage. The content of total soluble solids (TSS) was significantly higher in the treatment with citric acid. There was an increase in the content of ascorbic acid after two day of storage in the treatments with this antioxidant. The values of lightness (L*) were decreasing along the storage. Citric acid treatments caused strongly red coloration in the minimally processed roots. None of the treatments avoided the browning of the shredded radishes during the cold storage.

O presente experimento objetivou testar o uso de antioxidantes na conservação de rabanetes minimamente processados. Os rabanetes minimamente processados foram submersos nos tratamentos por 3 minutos (ácido ascórbico ou ácido cítrico) e armazenados a 5ºC (±1ºC) e 90 por cento (±5 por cento) UR durante 10 dias. O tratamento com ácido ascórbico gerou a maior taxa respiratória nas 4 primeiras horas após o processamento e durante o armazenamento. O teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST) foi significativamente maior no tratamento com ácido cítrico. Quanto ao teor de ácido ascórbico, para os tratamentos com ácido ascórbico houve um aumento significativo no 2º dia. Os valores de luminosidade (L*) apresentaram redução durante o armazenamento. Os tratamentos com ácido cítrico provocaram uma forte coloração vermelha nas raízes minimamente processadas. Nenhum dos tratamentos evitou o escurecimento das raízes de rabanete minimamente processadas.

Crescimento e produtividade do coentro e rabanete em função da época de estabelecimento do consórcio / Growing and yield of coriander and radish in function of intercropping establishment times

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o rendimento de coentro (Coriandrum sativum L.) e rabanete (Raphanus sativus L.) em função da época de estabelecimento do consórcio. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados completos, com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos analisados corresponderam a monocultura do coentro e às consorciações deste com o rabanete aos 0, 7 e 14 dias após a semeadura do coentro e as monoculturas do rabanete nas mesmas épocas de estabelecimento dos cultivos consorciados. As cultivares de coentro e rabanete foram respectivamente, Verdão e Crimson Gigante. Avaliaram-se a altura de plantas, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea e produtividade do coentro, e, altura de planta, massa seca da parte aérea, massa fresca e produtividade de raiz comercial e não comercial, massa seca de raiz comercial de rabanete e o índice de uso eficiente da área. Com base na produtividade e no índice de uso eficiente da área, pode-se concluir que o cultivo consorciado do coentro com rabanete é viável, sendo que as melhores respostas foram obtidas nos consórcios estabelecido aos 7 e 14 DAS do coentro.

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the yield of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) in function of intercropping establishment times. The experimental design used was of randomized complete blocks with seven treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of intercrops of coriander with radish established at 0, 7 and 14 days after coriander sowing, as well as coriander in sole crop and radish in sole crop planted at the same times of intercrop establishment. The cultivates of coriander and radish planted were Verdão and Crimson Gigante, respectively. One evaluated height of plants, fresh and dry mass of the aerial plant and productivity commercial and not commercial productivity, fresh and dry mass of the commercial radish root and the land equivalent ratio. Based in the productivity and ration of efficient land usage, one may conclude that the cultivation of intercropping coriander and radish is viable and the best responses were obtained in the intercropping established at 7 and 14 DAS of the coriander.