Effects of rare ginsenoside on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis / 中国药科大学学报

@#To investigate whether rare ginsenosides could alleviate idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group, bleomycin (BLM)-induced IPF group, rare ginsenoside Rk1 group, rare ginsenoside Rk3 group, rare ginsenoside Rh4 group and rare ginsenoside Rg5 group.All mice except those in the control group were given bleomycin injection.The IPF model was established by BLM for 28 days.The treatment group was given ginsenoside intragastrically at the same time.After the experiment, the lung tissues of mice were collected and the pathological changes of the mice lungs were observed.The content of hydroxyproline (HYP) in mouse lung tissue was measured.The expression of IPF-related genes in mouse lung tissues was detected.In in vitro experiments, Medical Research Council cell strain-5 (MRC-5) was used to induce IPF cell model using transforming growth factor-β1 (10 ng/mL).The effects of four saponins on the expression of IPF-related genes were analyzed by MTT assay, HYP content determination and RT-qPCR.All four rare ginsenosides could effectively alleviate the pathological process such as alveolar structure destruction caused by IPF, reduce the content of HYP, and down-regulate the expression of IPF-related genes, indicating that rare ginsenosides can effectively alleviate IPF.

Explore of synthesis method of different configuration pseudo-ginsenoside Rg2, pseudo-ginsenoside Rh1, and pseudo-PPT / 中草药

Objective To explore an efficient preparation method of pseudo-ginsenoside Rg2, pseudo-ginsenoside Rh1, and pseudo-PPT, as to provide theoretical basis for the preparation of pseudo-ginsenosides and pseudo-PPT. Methods Ginsenosides Re, Rh1, and PPT as raw material, via a simple three-step called acetylation, elimination-addition and saponification achieve the preparation of 20 (E/Z)-pseudo-ginsenoside Rg2, 20 (E/Z)-pseudo-ginsenoside Rh1, and 20 (E/Z)-pseudo-PPT. The detailed structure elucidation of the compounds were obtained by NMR, HR-ESI-MS, and IR. Results The production rates of 20 (E/Z)-pseudo-ginsenoside Rg2, 20 (E/Z)-pseudo-ginsenoside Rh1, and 20 (E/Z)-pseudo-PPT were 41%/13%, 43%/11%, and 56%/15%, respectively. Among them, 20 (Z)-pseudo-PPT was identified as new triterpenoid. Conclusion The method through the price relatively cheap and easy gain reactants ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rh1, and PPT prepared active better pseudo-ginsenoside Rg2, pseudo-ginsenoside Rh1, and pseudo-PPT, the method for the preparation of other types of pseudo-ginsenoside provides a new train of thought. At the same time, the method is simple and the yield is high.

20(R)-Ginsenoside-Rh19, a novel ginsenoside from alkaline hydrolysates of total saponins in stems-leaves of Panax ginseng / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of alkaline hydrolysates of total saponins from the stems and leaves of Panax ginseng. Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by various chromatographic methods, and the chemical structures were identified by NMR and MS spectra analyses. Results: A total of 30 compounds were isolated and identified. Among them, 28 were determined as 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (1), 20(R)-protopanaxadiol (2), dammar-20(21),24-diene-3β,6α,12β-triol (3), dammar-20(22)E,24-diene-3β,6α,12β-triol (4), 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (5), 20(R)-protopanaxatriol (6), 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 (7), 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2 (8), ginsenoside Rh16 (9), isoginsenoside Rh3 (10), 20(S)-dammar-3β,6α,12β,20,25-pentol (11), 20(R)-dammar-3β,6α,12β,20,25-pentol (12), ginsenoside Rk3 (13), 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh1 (14), 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh1 (15), ginsenoside F1 (16), ginsenoside Rh19 (17), 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh19 (18), dammar-20(22)E-ene-3β,6α,12β,25-tetrol (19), notoginsenoside T2 (20), ginsenoside Rg6 (21), 20(22)E-ginsenoside F4 (22), ginsenoside Rk1 (23), 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 (24), 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 (25), 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg2 (26), 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg2 (27), and 3β,6α,12β,25-tetrahydroxy-dammar-20(22)E-ene-6-O-α-L-rhamno- pyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (28). Conclusion: Compound 18 is a new saponin. Compounds 3, 4, 11, 12, and 19 are rare dammarane-type triterpenes, and 7-10, 13-18, and 20-28 are rare ginsenosides.

Preparation of rare ginsenoside by transformation of ginsenoside Re catalyzed with aspartic acid / 中草药

Objective: A new, environment-friendly and efficient method for the preparation of rare ginsenoside Rg6, F4, Rk3, and Rh4 was established, which provides a theoretical basis for preparing rare ginsenosides. Methods: Rare ginsenoside was prepared by hydrolyzing ginsenoside Re using aspartic acid as the catalyst, through semi preparative HPLC, the target compounds Rg6, F4, Rk3, and Rh4 were rapidly separated from the degradation products, quantitative analysis, and structure identification by HPLC and NMR. Results: Ginsenoside Re was hydrolyzed by aspartic acid according to the ratio 10∶1 at 120℃ for 1 h, the conversion rate of ginsenoside Re was 100%, the yields of rare ginsenoside Rg6, F4, Rk3, and Rh4 were 11.2%, 13.1%, 20.6%, and 24.3%, respectively, and the purity of the four compounds were all above 99%. Conclusion: The method is simple, low-cost, and non-pollution for environment, the research has important application value for the development of green environmental protection of rare ginsenosides drugs and health food.

20(S)-Ginsenoside-Rf2, a novel triterpenoid saponin from stems and leaves of Panax ginseng / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of saponins in the stems and leaves of Panax ginseng. Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by various chromatographic methods, and the chemical structures were identified by NMR and MS data analyses. Results: A total of 39 compounds were isolated and identified. Among them, 17 compounds were determined as ginsenoside Re (1), 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh1 (2), 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh1 (3), ginsenoside Rh5 (4), 20(E)-ginsenoside F4 (5), ginsenoside F2 (6), 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 (7), 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 (8), 20(S)-ginsenoside Rf2 (9), 20(R)-ginsenoside Rf2 (10), 20(S)- protopanaxadiol (11), 20(R)-protopanaxadiol (12), 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 (13), 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2 (14), 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (15), 20(R)-protopanaxatriol (16), and ginsenoside Rd (17). Conclusion: Compound 9 is a new saponin. Compounds 2-10, 13, and 14 are rare ginsenosides.

Transformation of rare ginsenoside Compound K from ginsenoside Rb1 catalyzed by snailase immobilization onto microspheres / 中草药

Objective: To prepare snailase immobilization onto microspheres and to optimize the process conditions for the transformation of rare ginsenoside Compound K (CK) from ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) catalyzed by snailase immobilization onto microspheres. Methods: Considering the recovery rate of enzyme activity as the target, crosslink-embedding method was used for preparing the snailase immobilization onto microspheres and optimizing the preparation technology by orthogonal test. Furthermore, the enzyme characterization of temperature, enzymatic properties of pH value, thermal stability, pH stability, and storage stability was studied, and the effectiveness of temperature, concentration reaction time, and transformational times on the bioconversion rate was studied to optimize the preparation conditions. Results: The best process was achieved at 2% sodium alginate, 2% CaCl2, SiO2 and snail enzyme mass ratio of 1:1, with the above conditions, the enzyme activity recovery rate was 81.94%, immobilization snailase and free snailase exhibit different properties about thermal stability and pH stability, the optimum temperature was 60℃, and the optimum pH was 5.0. Under these conditions, the snailase immobilization onto microspheres remained 55.17% enzyme activity when storaged at 15℃ for 30 d. The best process was achieved at 55℃, the substrate concentration was 1.0 mg/mL, the conversion time was 36 h, the effective continuous transformational times were five rounds and the average transformational ratio for rare ginsenoside CK was up to 36.79%. Conclusion: The results concluded from the experiments indicate that the immobilization procedure could promote the resistance of enzyme against temperature, pH shift, and some other tough reaction conditions, meanwhile prolong the enzymatic lifetime for storage. The bioconversion rate is impoved and it is feasible to prepare rare ginsenoside CK by enzymolysis with snailase immobilization onto microspheres. Besides, the condition is moderate and it is suitable for industrialization.