Rate pressure product and its association with body mass index and blood groups in young adults

Background: Increased body mass index (BMI) and adiposity are considered a major health hazards. Overweight and obesity are associated with numerous diseases. Obesity independently can lead to the development of various health problems or can potentiate health problems in association with other risk factors. According to the scientific data available, people of different blood groups of the ABO system are susceptible to certain specific diseases. Rate pressure product (RPP) is one of the valuable markers of cardiac function. Increased RPP, an index of myocardial work stress, is an indicator of cardiovascular risk. Aim and Objective: The present study is taken up to find out the association between RPP, BMI, and ABO blood groups. Materials and Methods: A total of 143 subjects participated in the study. BMI was calculated using Quetelet’s index and categorized based on consensus for Asian population. Blood grouping was done by slide agglutination technique and subjects were grouped into A, B, AB, and O blood groups. RPP was calculated as product of systolic blood pressure and heart rate. Data collected were analyzed using suitable statistical tests. Results: There is a statistically significant difference in RPP of males and females, with males having a higher RPP (P = 0.037) and statistically significant association between gender and RPP (P = 0.044); 60% of males had a raised RPP. There is no statistically significant difference in RPP across BMI categories (P = 0.939) and no statistically significant association between BMI and RPP (P = 0.512). Although not statistically significant, RPP was higher in AB blood group in males and was lower in O blood group in females. There was no statistically significant correlation between blood groups and RPP in both male and female young adults. Conclusions: Males have higher RPP. There is no difference in RPP across BMI categories and no significant association between BMI and RPP. There is no association between blood groups and RPP in young adults.

Cardio vascular response to core stability exercises in healthy individuals

Background: Low back pain is the most common problem which is present among 60 to 80 percent of population in the world at least once in their life time. It is considered as the most influencing aspect of health of an individual as well as their daily living status. Objective: To examine the cardiovascular responses (Heart Rate, Systolic Blood pressure and Rate Pressure Product) in the abdominal techniques that are (bracing and hollowing) used in core stability exercises. Core stability exercises have been used in the management of low back pain. The cardiovascular effects of exercises that involve postural stabilization, arms and exercises in a lying position are well known. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the cardiovascular effects of 6 core stability exercises on cardiac patients which were used commonly for the treatment of low back ache. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive study which was conducted on a single group of 40 healthy males and females volunteers between age group of 18-25 years. With the mean age group of 21.12+1.042. Subjects were undergraduate students of MNR Sanjeevani College of physiotherapy, Sangareddy and were taken on the basis of convenient sampling. Prior to the participation all subjects were explained briefly about the aims and objectives of the study, health benefits of the core stability exercises and about the procedure of measuring Heart rate (HR), Systolic Blood pressure (SBP) and Rate Pressure product (RPP). All subjects were screened and a detail medical history was taken to exclude any serious illness. Health screening tool questionnaire (AACVPR) was used to identify the serious illness in the subject. One day before to the exercise session subjects were taken to the Gayathri Balakavi, Sreenivasu Kotagiri, Anup Kumar Songa, S. Purna Chandra Shekhar. Cardio vascular response to core stability exercises in healthy individuals. IAIM, 2019; 6(10): 35-42. Page 36 experimental room for familiarization of the procedure. The selected core stability exercises were demonstrated and subjects were instructed not to eat an hour before and not to wear tight clothes, Exercise protocol was designed properly and perfectly for the subjects so that they will be able to perform the exercises easily and effectively and the subjects were asked to participate in the exercise sessions after taking all the necessary measures. Pre and post exercise measurements of Systolic Blood pressure (SBP), Heart rate (HR) and Rate pressure product (RPP) values were measured. Before starting the exercise session subjects were made to relax for 15- 20 minutes, then the initial parameters of cardiovascular performance Systolic Blood pressure (SBP) were measured using automatic BP apparatus Omron M 10. BP cuff was tied to the left arm and patient was in high sitting position with arm supported at heart. Heart rate (HR) and Rate pressure product (RPP) were also measured at the same time along with (SBP). Subjects were asked to do 5 repetitions of all the exercises without any rest period. Post exercise Heart rate (HR), Systolic Blood pressure (SBP), and Rate Pressure Product (RPP) were recorded immediately after they finish the exercise. Now they were made to take rest till resting heart rate (RHR) was achieved. So for the given exercise sessions Systolic Blood pressure (SBP), Heart rate (HR) and, Rate Pressure Product (RPP) were measured for pre and post exercises. Results: There was marked increase in the cardiovascular parameters (heart rate, Systolic Blood pressure, and Rate Pressure Product). After exercise was performed, all the exercises were hemodynamically demanding. The study was done on single group of 40 healthy subjects with the mean age of 21.12 ± 1.04 in which 20 were males and 20 were female subjects. The baseline systolic blood pressure was 110.30 ±11.00 and baseline rate pressure product was 8797.15 ± 1419. The study was done with the aim to measure the acute cardiovascular responses to the core stability exercises. Repeated measures of ANOVA were used as the statistical tool. Conclusion: Core stability exercises can have cardiovascular effects in people with no cardiovascular or cardiopulmonary conditions. These cardiovascular effects may be important with respect to cardiac work, in Cardiac patients for whom these exercises are indicated. So, There was a significant increase in the cardiovascular parameters (Heart Rate, Systolic Blood Pressure, Rate Pressure Product) after the entire exercise session was performed by the subjects of the study.

A study on rate pressure product in south Indian pregnant women with anaemia

Background: Anaemia is a cause of serious concern and contributes to a significantly higher maternal mortality. Rate Pressure Product (RPP) is a major determinant of myocardial oxygen consumption and blood flow. There is an increase in oxygen demand in anemia. Thus, in the present study, we have compared the difference in RPP between a normal pregnant women and pregnant women with anemia.Methods: A total of 180 pregnant women (normal pregnant woman - 90 and pregnant woman with anaemia - 90) belonging to different trimesters of pregnancy were included in the study. Age, height, and weight were recorded, and their body mass index was calculated. The systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate was recorded and RPP was calculated.Results: There was a significant increase in RPP in pregnant woman with anaemia in all three trimesters of pregnancy, but the significant increase was more in the third trimester.Conclusions: The present study shows that there is an increase in RPP in pregnant woman with anaemia and they are more prone to hemodynamic stress and cardiovascular risks, especially in their third trimester of pregnancy. This hemodynamic change may be taken into account to prevent the cardiovascular complications associated with anemia in pregnancy. Thus, RPP can be used as a sensitive non-invasive simple marker for early diagnosis of cardiovascular disease in pregnant woman.

Hemodynamic responses during and after multiple sets of stretching exercises performed with and without the Valsalva maneuver

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the acute hemodynamic responses to multiple sets of passive stretching exercises performed with and without the Valsalva maneuver. METHODS: Fifteen healthy men aged 21 to 29 years with poor flexibility performed stretching protocols comprising 10 sets of maximal passive unilateral hip flexion, sustained for 30 seconds with equal intervals between sets. Protocols without and with the Valsalva maneuver were applied in a random counterbalanced order, separated by 48-hour intervals. Hemodynamic responses were measured by photoplethysmography pre-exercise, during the stretching sets, and post-exercise. RESULTS: The effects of stretching sets on systolic and diastolic blood pressure were cumulative until the fourth set in protocols performed with and without the Valsalva maneuver. The heart rate and rate pressure product increased in both protocols, but no additive effect was observed due to the number of sets. Hemodynamic responses were always higher when stretching was performed with the Valsalva maneuver, causing an additional elevation in the rate pressure product. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple sets of unilateral hip flexion stretching significantly increased blood pressure, heart rate, and rate pressure product values. A cumulative effect of the number of sets occurred only for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, at least in the initial sets of the stretching protocols. The performance of the Valsalva maneuver intensified all hemodynamic responses, which resulted in significant increases in cardiac work during stretching exercises. .

Estudo comparativo de respostas cardiovasculares para dois intervalos de recuperação entre exercícios resistidos em circuito em mulheres normotensas / A comparative study of cardiovascular responses to two rest intervals between circuit resistance exercises in normotensive women

INTRODUÇÃO: A hipertensão é uma desordem cardiovascular que acomete aproximadamente um bilhão de indivíduos no mundo e representa um importante fator de risco para doença cardiovascular. OBJETIVO: Comparar as respostas cardiovasculares durante recuperação após dois protocolos de exercícios resistidos em circuito (ERC) com diferentes intervalos de recuperação (IR). Doze mulheres normotensas (idade 21,3 ± 1,3, anos; altura 163,5 ± 5,9 cm e peso 57,5 ± 8,9 kg) executaram dois ERC com IR de 30 (IR30s) e 40 (IR40s) segundos entre os exercícios, aleatoriamente. MÉTODOS: Os protocolos consistiram de três circuitos de seis exercícios com 10 repetições máximas (10RM) e dois minutos de recuperação entre os circuitos, seguidos por um período de recuperação ode 60 minutos. As medidas foram tomadas antes do exercício, ao fim do último exercício (R1) e a cada 10 minutos de recuperação pós-exercício (R10, R20, R30, R40, R50 e R60). Análise de variância de medidas repetidas (ANOVA) (grupo x tempo) foi utilizada para analisar os dados, seguida pelo teste post-hoc de Bonferroni, para p ≤ 0,05. RESULTADOS: Em comparação com os valores de recuperação, pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD), frequência cardíaca (FC) e produto da taxa de pressão (PTP) em R1 após as tentativas de exercício com IR30s e IR40s aumentaram significativamente. Hipotensão pós-exercício (HPE) de PAS foi observada após ERC com IR30s (em R20, R30, R40, R50 e R60) e IR40s (em R30, R40, R50 e R60), enquanto HPE de PAD foi observada somente após ERC com IR30s em R60. Exceto por tempo após ERC com IR30s em R10, nenhuma alteração significativa de FC foi observada em todos os momentos medidos durante os períodos de recuperação das tentativas. PTP retornou aos valores de repouso após as tentativas de exercício em R10, diminuindo significativamente após ERC com IR30s em R60 e após ERC com IR40s em R40, R50 e R60. CONCLUSÃO: Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada entre as sessões experimentais em níveis pós-exercício de PAS, PAD, FC e PTP em quaisquer dos momentos de medição. Podemos concluir que ERC com IR30s e IR40s entre exercícios pode levar à ocorrência de HPE semelhante à magnitude e duração e fornece respostas cardiovasculares aproximadamente similares após exercício. Nossos achados sugerem um possível benefício para a saúde do treinamento de força.

INTRODUCTION: Hypertension is a cardiovascular disorder which occurs in approximately one billion individuals worldwide and represents an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE: Compare the cardiovascular responses during recovery after two protocols of circuit resistance exercises (CRE) with different rest intervals (RI). Twelve normotensive females (aged 21.3 ± 1.3, yrs; height 163.5 ± 5.9 cm and weight 57.5 ± 8.9 kg) performed two CRE with RI of 30 (RI30s) and 40 (RI40s) seconds between the exercises, randomly. METHODS: The protocols consisted of three circuits of six exercises with 10 repetition maximum (10RM) and 2 minute rest between circuits, followed by a 60 minute recovery period. Measurements were taken before exercise, at the end of last exercise (R1) and each 10 min of post-exercise recovery (R10, R20, R30, R40, R50 and R60). The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Repeated Measures (group × time) was used to analyze of data, followed by post-hoc Bonferroni test, for p≤0.05. RESULTS: In comparison of rest values, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR) and rate pressure product (RPP) at R1 after exercise trials with RI30s and RI40s increased significantly. Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) of SBP was observed after CRE with RI30s (at R20, R30, R40, R50 and R60) and RI40s (at R30, R40, R50 and R60), whereas PEH of DBP observed only after CRE with RI30s at R60. Except for time after CRE with RI30s at R10, no significant change of HR was observed in all measured moments during recovery period of trials. RPP returned to the rest values after exercise trials at R10 and then decreased significantly after CRE with RI30s at R60 and after CRE with RI40s at R40, R50 and R60. CONCLUSION: In all measured moments, there were no significant differences between experimental sessions in post-exercise levels of SBP, DBP, HR and RPP. In conclusion, CRE with RI30s and RI40s between the exercises can lead to occurrence of PEH similarly in magnitude and duration and approximately provides same cardiovascular responses after exercise. Our findings suggest a potentially positive health benefit of strength training.

Cardiovascular responses between post myocardial infarction patients with different levels of ST segment depression during exercise / 中国康复医学杂志

Objective: To investigate selected cardiovascular responses of post myocardial infarction patients(PMIP)during exercise within the context of different levels of ST segment depression. Method: Forty-six male recent PMIP performed a graded exercise test on a motorized treadmill during which time blood pressure and heart rate were measured and a 12 lead electrocardiogram (ECG) was monitored continuously. They were then subdivided into those ST segment depression ＜1.0 mm at exercise stage Ⅱ (group 1) and those who had ST segment depression ＞1.0 mm at this stage (group 2). Result: The results showed that the patients with a larger degree of ST segment depression at the given work load exhibited higher a value of rate-pressure product (RPP).Conclusion: RPP may be of particular value in estimating the clinical response to exercise when ECG monitoring is not available.

The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on the Cardiovascular System in the Early Stoke Patients

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise training on the cardiovascular system in the early stroke patients by bicycle ergometer exercise test. METHOD: 16 stroke patients without cardiac disease were randomly assigned to exercise training group (8 patients) and control group (8 patients). The time interval between the onset of stroke and exercise training was within 90 days. Exercise tests by bicycle ergometer using Astrand-Ryhming protocol were performed twice before and after training. Exercise training was consisted with the intensity of 60~70% of maximal heart rate, 30 minutes per day, 3 times per week for 6 weeks using bicycle ergometer. Modified Barthel Index (MBI) score and blood lipid profile were recorded before and during training. Blood pressure and heart rate were checked before and during exercise test. RESULTS: In a training group, maximal systolic blood pressure and rate pressure product were decreased immediately after exercise test after 6-weeks exercise training (p<0.05). The MBI score and lipid profile were not changed after training. CONCLUSION: Early exercise training in the stroke patients for 6 weeks have beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system.