Bio-efficacy of Long Lasting Insecticidal Mosquito Nets (LLINs) on Malaria Vector Anopheles Mosquitoes in Malaria-Endemic Areas of Myanmar

Sixty used Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) from six malaria endemicareas of States and Regions of Myanmar were assessed for their bio-efficacy againstAnopheles mosquitoes. Total ten nets were collected from the randomly selectedhousehold of each area. Insecticide susceptibility and bio-efficacy test were doneaccording to WHO testing method. Results revealed that a total of 4470 mosquitoes of 12Anopheles species including main vector and secondary vectors were collected in highdensity in Beelin, Taungoo, Pyin Oo Lwin, Kamamaung and Hpa-an. All collectedmosquitoes were found susceptible to insecticides as recommended by the WHO. Bioefficacy of PermaNet 2.0, DAWA TANA, Yorkool, BASF, Net protect and Yahe LLINs netswere 12(100%), 11/12(91.67%), 4(100%), 8(100%), 5(100%) and 19(100%)respectively. The DAWA TANA net had 20% sensitivity after repetitive washing. Thesensitivity of LLINs nets was higher for all selected areas of States and Regions inMyanmar. The study suggested that there is need to distribute a large number of effectiveLLINs nets in malaria endemic areas as well as the replacement of expired, less effectiveand very old LLINs nets with a new one is also necessary. LLINs nets are very effectiveAnopheles mosquitoes control tools and it can reduce the human-vector contact effectively.Moreover, research on bio-efficacy evaluations of the LLINs nets is required regularly tomaintain and control the transmission of malaria through Anopheles mosquitoes.

Description of fourth instar larva and pupa of Atrichopogon delpontei Cavalieri and Chiossone (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Brazilian Amazonia

ABSTRACT The fourth instar larva and pupa of Atrichopogon delpontei Cavalieri and Chiossone are described for the first time. The immatures were collected from stream margins in the northern Brazilian states Rondônia and Piauí, and subsequently reared to adults. Larvae and pupae are illustrated and photomicrographed. Details on the rearing process and feeding behavior in laboratory, bionomics and notes on habitats are also provided.

A New Generic Synonymy for Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera) from Patagonia, and Descriptions of Female and Subimagos of Dactylophlebia carnulenta Pescador & Peters

Specimens of Dactylophlebia carnulenta Pescador & Peters, only known from nymphal stage, were collected and reared in situ. From the material obtained, Archethraulodes spatulus Pescador & Peters, known from male imago and the only known species for the genus, is proposed as junior synonymy with D. carnulenta. Additionally, female imago and subimagos of D. carnulenta are described.