Grupo reflexivo para promoção de parentalidade e coparentalidade: um relato de experiência / Reflexive group for promotion of parenting and coparenting: an experience report / Grupo reflexivo para la promoción de la parentalidad y la coparentalidad: un relato de experiencia

Este artigo objetivou descrever uma proposta de grupo reflexivo com pais, mães e/ou cuidadores de crianças para promover práticas parentais positivas. Foram realizados dois grupos, um com cinco e outro com sete encontros e a periodicidade foi semanal. A duração foi de uma hora e meia cada encontro e foram coordenados por duas terapeutas e uma equipe reflexiva. Os eixos temáticos dos encontros foram: parentalidade, coparentalidade, características das crianças, limites e relação família-escola. Por meio da análise dos relatos dos participantes constatou-se que o grupo reflexivo foi um importante espaço de troca de experiências com outros cuidadores e uma oportunidade para refletir sobre as preocupações, desafios, expectativas e experiências de ser responsável pela criação e educação de criança.

This article describes the execution of therapeutic groups (reflexive) with parents and/or caregivers of children to promote positive parenting practices. Two groups were carried out, with five and seven meetings each and weekly periodicity. Each meeting had an hour and a half duration, which was coordinated by two therapists and a reflective team. The thematic axes of the meetings were parenting, co-parenting, children's characteristics, limits and family-school relationship. Through the analysis of the participants' reports, it was verified that the reflective group was an important space for exchanging experiences with other caregivers and an opportunity to reflect on their concerns, challenges, expectations and experiences of being responsible for raise a kid.

Este artículo objetivó describir grupos reflexivos con padres, madres y/o cuidadores de niños para promover prácticas parentales positivas. Se realizaron dos grupos semanales, con cinco y siete encuentros cada uno. La duración fue de una hora y media cada encuentro, coordinados por dos terapeutas y un equipo reflexivo compuesto por seis integrantes. Los ejes temáticos de los encuentros fueron: parentalidad, coparentalidad, características de los niños, límites y relación familia-escuela. A través del análisis de los relatos de los participantes se constató que el grupo reflexivo fue un importante espacio de intercambio de experiencias con otros cuidadores y una oportunidad para reflexionar sobre sus preocupaciones, desafíos, expectativas y experiencias de ser responsable por la creación y educación de niños.

Involucramiento Parental Basado en el Hogar y Desempeño Académico en la Adolescencia / Home-based Parental Involvement and Academic Performance during Adolescence / Envolvimento Parental Baseado no Lar e no Desempenho Acadêmico na Adolescência

Resumen El artículo analiza el involucramiento parental basado en el hogar como práctica de crianza asociada al desempeño académico de los adolescentes. A través de la revisión sistemática de estudios con resultados empíricos en seis bases de datos, se presenta la influencia multidimensional del involucramiento parental en el hogar -expresado como monitoreo, apoyo, comunicación, instrucción, socialización académica y disposición de recursos-. Los hallazgos reportados sugieren el lugar relevante de las creencias parentales, el apoyo y la comunicación, para comprender el efecto del involucramiento parental en las trayectorias de desempeño académico durante la adolescencia. De igual forma, se manifiesta la importancia de interpretar dichos efectos con la mediación de diferentes factores personales de los adolescentes.

Abstract The article analyzes home-based parental involvement as a child-rearing strategy associated with the academic performance of adolescents. Through a systematic review of studies with empirical results in six databases, this article shows the multidimensional influence of parental involvement -expressed in monitoring, support, communication, instruction, academic socialization, and availability of resources- at home. The reported findings suggest that parents' beliefs, support, and communication are relevant in order to understand the effect of parental involvement on adolescents' academic performance. It is, nevertheless, important to interpret these effects with the mediation of different adolescents' personal factors.

Resumo O artigo analisa o envolvimento parental baseado no lar como prática de criação associada ao desempenho académico dos adolescentes. Através da revisão sistemática de estudos com resultados empíricos em seis bases de dados, apresenta-se a influência multidimensional do envolvimento parental - expressado como monitoramento, apoio, comunicação, instrução, socialização académica e disposição de recursos - no lar. As descobertas reportadas sugerem o lugar relevante das crenças parentais, do apoio e da comunicação para compreender o efeito do envolvimento parental nas tra-jetórias de desempenho académico durante a adolescência. Da mesma forma, manifesta-se a importância de interpretar tais efeitos com a mediação de diferentes fatores pessoais dos adolescentes.

Práticas de educação dos filhos em contexto não urbano / Child-rearing practices in non-urban context / Prácticas de educación de los hijos en contexto no urbano

Este estudo investigou as práticas de educação dos filhos, com base no relato de mães, em um contexto não urbano. Participaram 30 mães de crianças com idade entre 4 e 30 meses. Como instrumento, foi utilizada uma entrevista semiestruturada que abordava questões relativas aos cuidados diários que as mães apresentavam com os filhos, atividades desenvolvidas na interação mãe-criança e as práticas de controle do comportamento infantil. Os resultados da entrevista foram considerados por meio da análise de conteúdo. De uma forma geral, esses resultados apontaram a preocupação das mães com os cuidados básicos na educação dos filhos, interações lúdicas no cotidiano mãe-criança e o uso do diálogo como estratégia de controle do comportamento da criança. Considera-se que as práticas de educação dos filhos relacionam-se, de forma bidirecional, com as características da criança e dos pais, assim como do contexto sociocultural em que estão inseridos.

This study investigated child-rearing practices based on mothers’ reports in a non-urban context. 30 mothers of children aged from 4 to 30 months took part in this study. A semi-structured interview was applied with questions concerning the daily care mothers had with their children, activities carried out within the mother-child interaction and practices used to keep control of child behaviors. Results were studied using the analysis of content. In general, these results indicated mothers’ concern towards basic care in their child education, ludic interactions in the mother-child routine and the use of dialogue as a strategy to control the child behavior. It is considered that child-rearing practices are related, in a bidirectional way, to the child’s and parents’ characteristics, as well as to the socio-cultural context in which they live.

Este estudio investigó las prácticas de educación de los hijos, con base en los relatos de las madres en un contexto no urbano. Participaron 30 madres de niños de 4 a 30 meses. Como instrumento se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada donde se trataron temas relacionados con el cuidado diario que las madres tenían con sus hijos, las actividades desarrolladas en la interacción madre-hijo y las prácticas de control de la conducta del niño. Los resultados de las entrevistas se analizaron mediante análisis de contenido. En general, estos resultados indican la preocupación de las madres con los cuidados básicos en la educación de sus niños, interacciones lúdicas en la relación cotidiana madre-hijo y el uso del diálogo como estrategia de control de la conducta del niño. Se considera que las prácticas de educación de los hijos se relacionan bidireccionalmente con las características del niño y los padres, así como del contexto socio-cultural en el que viven

New version of the emotion socialization scale with the positive emotion of overjoy: initial validation evidence with Portuguese adolescents

Abstract There are few studies on parental socialization of positive emotions in adolescents and few instruments that measure these parental reactions. Therefore, we developed a new version of the Emotion Socialization Scale (ESS) for the positive emotion of overjoy. We further provided some evidence of validity and reliability of the Portuguese ESS, featuring overjoy, fear, anger, and sadness. Adolescents (N = 418) answered questionnaires on maternal emotion socialization and maternal rearing practices. Confirmatory factor analysis achieved good (reward, neglect, override, magnify) to acceptable (punish) levels of fit, and scales had good levels of internal consistency, except for punish (all emotions) and neglect (overjoy). Association with maternal rearing practices supported the adaptive role of reward and magnify and the less adaptive role of punish, override, neglect of positive emotion, with some exceptions. This investigation demonstrated the importance of assessing parents' reactions to adolescents' positive emotion as these may be important indicators of the parent-adolescent relationship quality.

Predictores de una interacción eficaz entre madre e hijo/a en contextos de riesgo psicosocial / Predictors of an Efficient Interaction between Mother and Child in Psychosocial Risk

RESUMEN Este estudio analiza la influencia de las prácticas, las metas, la representación materna de las propias acciones y la predictibilidad de prácticas y metas según los hijos/as sobre la interaccion madre-hijo/a observada en una tarea colaborativa. Las participantes fueron 82 diadas en riesgo psicosocial. Las madres reportaron las prácticas y las metas en situaciones hipotéticas y la representación de la propia acción en la interacción; los hijos/as, la predictibilidad de las prácticas y las metas de las propias madres. Los modelos de regresión muestran la influencia negativa de las prácticas coercitivas y restrictivas, la influencia positiva de la representación de la acción y de la predictibilidad de prácticas y metas en la dinámica de la interacción madre-hijo/a.

ABSTRACT This study investigates the influence of the practices, goals, maternal representation of their action and the child's readability of practices and goals on the mother-child interaction observed during a collaborative task. The participants were 82 dyads at psychosocial risk. The mothers reported their practices and goals in hypothetical situations and the representation of their actions in the interaction. Children reported the readability of mothers' practices and goals. The regression models showed the negative influence of the coercitive and restrictive practices, the positive influence of the maternal representation of their child-rearing actions and the child's readability of the practices and goals on the dynamic of the mother-child interaction.

Neonatal rearing and breastfeeding practices in Punjab, India.

Background: Faulty or lack of intranatal care can lead to a number of morbidities in the neonatal period. Newborn care in any community is influenced by cultural practices prevalent in that area apart from medical and economic causes. In India, morbidity and mortality of mother and child directly or indirectly is governed by the customs prevalent in their society. Infant feeding and rearing practices vary across communities, depending on social customs. This study was planned to give us an insight about the neonatal rearing and feeding practices among mothers and the factors influencing their practices in Punjab. Methods: This facility based one point cross sectional descriptive study was done in Pediatrics wards and postnatal wards of Guru Gobind Singh Medical College, Faridkot. The newborn rearing practices were interviewed from the families accompanying the babies with age less than four weeks using structured questionnaire. Results: 965 babies were enrolled for the study. The mean age of the mother was 28.3 ± 3.5 years and 51% of the mothers practiced exclusive breastfeeding. High proportion of neonates (70%) was given prelacteals feeding, honey being most common. Oil massage to the baby was practiced by 99% of the mothers. Bath after 24 hours of delivery was given to 74% newborns. 89% of the babies were vaccinated after birth. Conclusions: People like to follow their rituals and customs eliminating potentially harmful practices should be tried keeping those in mind. The strengthening of the information, education and the communication to improve the existing neonatal rearing practices is the need of the day.

Prácticas de crianza, temperamento y comportamiento prosocial de estudiantes de educación básica / Parenting practices, children’s temperaments and prosocial behaviour of primary education students / Práticas de criança, temperamento e comportamento prossocial de estudantes de educação básica

En este artículo presento los resultados de la investigación en la que indago por la relación entre las prácticas de crianza, el temperamento de los niños y niñas, y su comportamiento prosocial. La muestra fue de 281 padres y madres (M = 40.1 años y DS = 7.0) de familia con hijos e hijas (M = 11.3 años y DS = 0.9) que cursaban quinto y sexto grado de la educación básica, pertenecientes a diferentes estratos socioeconómicos. Apliqué tres instrumentos: el Cuestionario de Prácticas de Crianza (CPC-P) versión padres, el Inventario de Temperamento y Carácter Juvenil (JTCI) versión padres, y la Escala de Comportamiento Prosocial para adolescentes. Para el análisis de los resultados utilicé la regresión logística. Los resultados muestran que la asociación entre las variables prácticas de crianza y temperamento de los niños y niñas predicen su comportamiento prosocial.

This article presents the results of research that explores the relationship between parenting practices, children’s temperament and their prosocial behavior. The sample consisted of 281 parents (M = 40.1 years and SD = 7.0) with children (M = 11.3 years and SD = 0.9) who were in fifth and sixth grade of primary education with different socioeconomic statuses. Three instruments were used: Parenting Practices Questionnaire (CPC-P) - parent version, Youth Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI) - parent version and Prosocial Behavior Scale for adolescents. Logistic regression was used for the analysis of results, which show that the association between the variables of parenting practices and child temperament predict children’s prosocial behavior.

Neste artigo presento os resultados da investigação em que indago sobre a relação entre as práticas de criança, e o temperamento de meninos e meninas, e seu comportamento prossocial. A amostra foi de 281 pais (M = 40.1 anos y DS = 7.0) de família com filhos e filhas (M = 11.3 anos y DS = 0.9) que cursavam quinto e sexto grau da educação básica, pertencentes a diferentes estratos socioeconômicos. Apliquei três instrumentos: o Questionário de Práticas de Criança (CPC-P) versão pais, o Inventario de Temperamento e Caráter Juvenil (JTCI) versão pais, e a Escala de Comportamento Prossocial para adolescentes. Para a análise dos resultados utilizei a regressão logística. Os resultados mostram que a associação entre as variáveis práticas de criança e temperamento de meninos e meninas predizem seu comportamento prossocial.

Study of difference in child rearing practice based on sex of child among married women of reproductive age group in urban slum of Mumbai.

Background: India a vast country has left behind a number of stigmas and prejudices to move ahead as one nation. Still in a number of states, villages, cities and towns, gender bias is persistent leading to female discrimination. Objective: To study the difference in child rearing practices based on sex of child among married women of reproductive age group in urban slum of Mumbai. Methods: A community based, cross-sectional study was carried out among 900 married women of reproductive age group during a period of Jan. 2007 to Jan. 2008 at Shivajinagar urban health centre, which is field practice area of T. N. medical college, Mumbai. Participants were selected by systematic random sampling in an urban slum of Mumbai, Maharashtra. Results: In present study, a total of 900 married women with their children below five year are 1158 (male: 632 & female: 526) were analyzed. There was statistically significant difference between child rearing practices like breast feeding initiation, complimentary feeding, immunization status, nutritional status, and treatment seeking behavior. Conclusion: The findings in the present study confirm that sex based difference in child rearing practices persist in urban slum area of Mumbai.

Prácticas de Crianza Positiva: Entrenamiento a padres para reducir Bullying / Positive Child Rearing Practices: Parents training for reduce bullying

El estudio buscó evaluar la eficacia de un programa de prácticas de crianza positiva dirigido a padres para reducir el bullying y aumentar la conducta pro-social de sus hijos. Participaron ocho parejas y dos padres solteros de 10 niños identificados como bullies. La mitad de los padres conformó el grupo control y se entrenó a la otra mitad para identificar la conducta agresiva y pro-social de sus hijos, sus antecedentes y consecuentes. Durante ocho sesiones semanales se entrenó a los padres a establecer límites, reforzar la conducta pro-social y las alternas a las agresivas, a sobre-corregir, desaprobar levemente, castigar y extinguir la conducta agresiva. Padres y maestros registraron durante tres semanas de línea base y ocho de tratamiento, la frecuencia de emisión de conductas pro-sociales (hacer la tarea, ayudar con tareas domésticas y recoger sus juguetes) y de conducta agresiva física y verbal. Los resultados mostraron una reducción significativa de la conducta agresiva y un aumento de la pro-social respecto tanto a la línea base como a la frecuencia de emisión de esas conductas por los niños del grupo control. Notablemente, la conducta también cambió en la escuela. Se discute la efectividad de las intervenciones con padres para reducir la conducta de bullying en diferentes contextos.

The study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of a positive child rearing program with parents for reducing bullying and incrementing pro-social behavior of their children. Participants were eight couples and two single parents of 10 children identified as bullies. Half of the parents were assigned to a control group and the other half were trained to identify aggressive and pro-social behaviors of their children, as well as their antecedents and consequences. During eight weekly sessions parents were trained to set limits, reinforce both pro-social behavior and alternative responses to the aggressive ones, to correct, slightly disapprove, punish and extinguish aggressive behavior. Frequency of emission of specific pro-social behaviors (doing homework, helping in domestic chores and picking up toys) and of physical and verbal aggression was registered by parents and teachers during three weeks of base line and during eight weeks of treatment. Results showed a significant reduction of aggressive behavior and an increase of pro-social behavior compared both to base line and to the frequency of the same behaviors by children of the control group. Notably, behavior also changed at school. Results are discussed regarding the usefulness of interventions with parents in reducing bullying behavior by their children in different contexts.

Herpetogramma bipunctalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) biology and techniques for rearing on leaves of the blackberry (Rubus spp., Rosaceae) / Biologia e técnica de criação de Herpetogramma bipunctalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) em folhas de amoreira-preta (Rubus spp., Rosaceae)

The larvae of the southern beet webworm Herpetogramma bipunctalis (Fabricius, 1794) damage the leaves of species in the plant genus Rubus. The present study investigated the biology of H. bipunctalis and developed a protocol for raising H. bipunctalis under laboratory conditions. On the basis of the biological data, we devised a life table. In order to develop the rearing procedures, we determined which oviposition substrate and blackberry cultivar were the most appropriate for larval development. The mean durations of the egg, larval, and pupal stages were 5.59 days, 26.37 days, and 13.37 days, respectively, and the corresponding survival rates were 80.83%, 49.07%, and 83.23%. The mean pupal weight was 0.0491 g for males and 0.0536 g for females. The mean life cycle (egg-to-adult) period was 45.33 days, and overall survival to adulthood was 33.01%. H. bipunctalis females laid a mean of 252.63 eggs over a mean of 13.60 days of oviposition; the mean pre-oviposition period was 2.67 days. Mean female and male life spans were 17.51 and 19.25 days, respectively, and the sex ratio was 0.51. The life-table data indicated that H. bipunctalis can reproduce 57.9 times per generation. Each cage contained one blackberry leaf placed on a paper towel. This method allowed us to obtain the greatest number of eggs. The larval stage was shorter for insects reared on leaves of the Guarani cultivar than for those reared on leaves of the Xavante cultivar (22.63 vs. 26.37 days). These basic data can aid in establishing strategies for the management of H. bipunctalis on blackberry farms.

Lagartas de Herpetogramma bipunctalis (Fabricius, 1794) causam danos nas folhas da amoreira-preta (Rubus spp.). O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar sua biologia e desenvolver uma técnica de criação, em condições de laboratório. Com os dados de biologia, foi elaborada uma tabela de vida de fertilidade. Para o estudo da técnica de criação, foram determinados o substrato para obtenção de ovos e a cultivar de amoreira-preta mais adequada para o desenvolvimento larval. A duração dos estágios de ovo, lagarta e pupa foram de 5,59, 26,37 e 13,37 dias, com sobrevivência de 80,83, 49,07 e 83,23%, respectivamente. O peso das pupas foi 0,0491 g para machos e 0,0536 g para fêmeas. O ciclo biológico (ovo-adulto) foi de 45,33 dias, com sobrevivência total de 33,01%. As fêmeas colocaram, em média, 252,63 ovos durante 13,60 dias, com um período de pré-oviposição de 2,67 dias. A longevidade média de fêmeas e machos foi de 17,51 e 19,25 dias, respectivamente, e a razão sexual, de 0,51. Por meio da tabela de vida de fertilidade, determinou-se uma capacidade de aumento de 57,9 vezes a cada geração. Gaiolas revestidas com papel toalha e com a presença de folhas de amoreira-preta propiciaram a obtenção de uma maior quantidade de ovos. A duração do estágio larval para os insetos alimentados com folhas de amoreira-preta cv. Guarani (22,63 dias) foi menor do que aqueles alimentados com folhas da cv. Xavante (26,37 dias). Estas informações são básicas e auxiliarão em futuros estudos, visando ao estabelecimento de estratégias de manejo de H. bipunctalis em amoreira-preta.

Relações entre o temperamento infantil aos oito meses e as práticas educativas maternas aos 18 meses de vida da criança / Relations between the child's temperamental characteristics at eight months old and maternal childrearing practices at 18 months old

Este estudo investigou as relações entre características do temperamento infantil, avaliadas aos oito meses de vida do bebê, e as práticas educativas maternas, avaliadas aos 18 meses da criança. Participaram 28 díades mãe-criança, com bebês saudáveis do sexo masculino e de nível socioeconômico baixo, residentes em Salvador. Foram aplicados o Questionário de Temperamento Infantil Revisado e a Entrevista Estruturada sobre Práticas Educativas Maternas. A análise de conteúdo permitiu a classificação das práticas educativas maternas em práticas facilitadoras e não facilitadoras do desenvolvimento social. Embora tenham sido encontradas correlações moderadas entre as dimensões limiar de resposta e aproximação-retraimento e o escore total de temperamento e as práticas educativas maternas, a análise de regressão não confirmou nenhuma dessas relações. Discute-se a relevância de variáveis moderadoras e mediadoras e, ainda, particularidades do instrumento utilizado para a avaliação do temperamento.

This study investigated the relations between the child's temperamental characteristics assessed when the infant was eight months old and maternal childrearing practices assessed when the child was 18 months old. Participants were 28 mother-child dyads consisting of healthy, male infants and their mothers of low socioeconomic status living in the city of Salvador. The Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire and the Structured Interview about Maternal Childrearing Practices were used. Content analysis allowed the maternal childrearing practices to be classified into practices facilitating social development and non-facilitating practices. There were moderate correlations between the threshold of response and the approach-withdrawal dimensions and the total score of temperament and maternal childrearing practices. However, regression analysis did not confirm any of these relationships. The relevance of moderator and mediator variables in this relationship and the peculiarities of the instrument used for assessing temperament are discussed.

Otras prácticas de crianza en algunas culturas étnicas de colombia: 1 un diálogo intercultural / Alternate rearing practices in some ethnic cultures in colombia: an intercultural dialog

En el presente artículo se opta por construir una ruta descriptiva de análisis que permitiera poner en consideración el concepto de “Pautas de Crianza” y su contenido, puesto que para hablar de prácticas de crianza alternas, es decir, de los grupos indígenas y afro, es preciso aclarar que en aras del eurocentrismo se han privilegiado los saberes de la ciencia occidental moderna y se han excluido los saberes creados y reproducidos en el interior de los grupos étnicos mencionados, olvidando que también forman parte del dogma de los saberes válidos. Por lo tanto, para comprender la riqueza de otras formas de conocimiento y/o hacer una decolonialidad del saber, es necesario conocer y respetar las cosmovisiones de las voces acalladas, ya que sus discursos han sido subalternizados y/o mediatizados por otros sin permitirles darlos a conocer desde su propia voz, desde sus lugares epistémicos, éticos y políticos. Entonces, la idea es complementar la episteme occidental con otras epistemes.

In this article, the authors opt for building a descriptive route of analysis dealing with the concept of "Rearing guidelines" and its content, since in order to talk about alternate rearing practices, that is to say, relating to indigenous and afro groups, it is necessary to clarify that in the interest of Eurocentrism, the knowledge of modern Western science has been privileged, and the created and reproduced knowledge by the aforementioned groups has been excluded, forgetting that they are also part of the dogma of valid knowledge. Therefore, in order to understand the wealth of others forms of knowledge and/or decolonization of knowledge, it is necessary to know and to respect the worldviews of the silenced voices, since their speeches have been subordinated and/or mediatized by others without allowing them to make them known from their own voice, from its epistemic, ethical, and political places. Then, the idea is to supplement the Western episteme with other episteme.

Práticas educativas parentais, problemas de comportamento e competência social de crianças em idade pré-escolar / Parental child-rearing practices, behavior problems and pre-school children's social competence

O estudo investigou a relação das práticas educativas parentais, problemas de comportamento e a competência social de crianças pré-escolares. Participaram 48 mães e 33 pais, cujos primogênitos tinham seis anos de idade, que responderam a uma entrevista sobre práticas educativas e ao Sistema de Avaliação das Competências Sociais, o qual também avalia problemas de comportamento. Correlações de Spearman revelaram associações positivas entre práticas coercitivas maternas e problemas de comportamento infantil, especialmente os de externalização. Foram encontradas correlações positivas entre práticas coercitivas paternas e problemas de internalização, bem como entre as práticas indutivas e de não interferência paternas com a cooperação e a assertividade infantil, respectivamente. Mães de meninas referiram mais comportamentos de autocontrole e a competência social do que mães de meninos, enquanto aquelas de NSE baixo relataram mais práticas coercitivas e as de NSE alto, mais as indutivas. Os achados indicaram que as práticas indutivas paternas associaram-se com aspectos da competência social, enquanto as práticas coercitivas maternas e paternas aos problemas de comportamento infantil.

The study examined associations between parents' childrearing practices, behavior problems and pre-school children's social competence. A total of 48 mothers and 33 fathers, when their firstborn children were aged six, completed an interview about child-rearing practices and the Social Skills Rating System that also assesses behavior problems. Spearman correlations indicated positive associations between maternal coercive practices and children's behavior problems, especially those related to externalizing. Positive correlations were also found between fathers' coercive practices and internalizing problems, as well as among fathers' inductive and non-interference practices with children's cooperation and assertiveness, respectively. Girls' mothers reported higher levels of self-control and social competence than did boys' mothers. Moreover, lower SES mothers referred more coercive practices while higher SES mothers reported more inductive practices. Findings underscore the relationship between fathers' inductive practices and children's social competence. In addition, results suggested associations among both mothers' and fathers' coercive practices and children's behavior problems.

Práticas educativas maternas e paternas aos 24 e aos 72 meses de vida da criança / Child-rearing practices of mothers and fathers with 24- and 72-month-old children

Este estudo investigou as práticas educativas indutivas, coercitivas e de não interferência maternas e paternas aos 24 e 72 meses de vida da criança. Participaram 24 mães e pais de um único filho/a, que responderam uma entrevista para avaliação dessas práticas. Análises estatísticas revelaram que as mães foram significativamente mais indutivas que os pais aos 24 meses, mas aos 72 meses não houve diferenças. Enfatiza-se que as mães tendem a conversar mais com seus filhos/as, expressar sentimentos, opiniões, estabelecer limites e elogiar comportamentos adequados. As mães também apresentaram médias mais elevadas no total de práticas relatadas, o que pode ser explicado pelo papel predominante que ainda exercem na socialização infantil, embora os pais venham participando mais da educação dos filhos/as.

The present study investigated mothers' and fathers' inductive, coercive and non-interference child-rearing practices with 24- and 72-month-old children. Twenty-four mothers and fathers with an only child were interviewed about their child-rearing practices. Statistical analyses revealed that the mothers described significantly more inductive practices than did the fathers at 24 months, but at 72 months there were no differences. These results indicate that the mothers talked, expressed feelings and opinions, established limits and praised appropriate behaviors more with their children. The mothers, on average, also used a greater total of child-rearing practices than did fathers, which can be explained by the predominant role that they still exercise in the children's socialization, although fathers are participating more in their children's education.

Estabilidade e mudança nas práticas educativas maternas e paternas ao longo dos anos pré-escolares da criança / Stability and changes in mothers and fathers' child-rearing practices along child's pre-school years

O presente estudo teve como objetivo examinar a estabilidade e mudança nas práticas educativas maternas e paternas, em particular o uso de práticas indutivas, coercitivas e de não interferência aos 24, 36 e 72 meses de vida da criança. Participaram 24 mães e pais que tinham um único filho e residiam na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Quando as crianças completaram 24 e 72 meses de vida, os participantes responderam a uma entrevista para a avaliação das práticas educativas. Já aos 36 meses, as famílias foram observadas durante o almoço, quando as práticas educativas também foram investigadas. ANOVAs de medidas repetidas indicaram diferenças quanto às práticas indutivas maternas entre os 24 e 36 meses, bem como entre as práticas de não interferência entre os 24 e 36 meses e também entre os 36 e 72 meses. Quanto aos pais, as diferenças foram encontradas entre as práticas indutivas aos 24 e 72 meses e entre as práticas de não interferência aos 24 e 36 meses e aos 36 e 72 meses. Os resultados sugerem que tanto estabilidade quanto mudanças estão presentes nas práticas educativas parentais ao longo do desenvolvimento da criança. Isto pode estar associado ao fato de que à medida que ela cresce, expectativas e comportamentos parentais acabam sendo adaptados às novas habilidades e demandas infantis.

The present study had as its main objective to examine stability and change in mothers and fathers' childrearing practices, in particular the use of inductive, coercive and non-interference practices with 24, 36 and 72 month-old children. Twenty four mothers and fathers who had an only child and lived in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre/RS participated in the study. When the children were 24 and 72 months old, the participants were interviewed about their child-rearing practices. When the children were 36 months old, they and their families were observed during lunch time, with focus on child-rearing practices. Repeated measures of ANOVA indicated differences in maternal inductive practices between 24 and 36 months old and differences in non-interference practices both between 24 and 36 as well as 36 and 72 months old. Concerning the fathers, differences were found between inductive practices at 24 and 72 months old and among non-interference practices at 24 and 36 months old as well as at 36 and 72 months old. The results suggest that both stability and change are found in parents' child-rearing practices over the course of children's development. Changes are related to the fact that parents' expectations and behaviors reflect their children's new abilities and demands.

Crenças e práticas de cuidado entre mães residentes em capitais e pequenas cidades Brasileiras / Beliefs and care practices of mothers living in Brazilian capital cities and small towns

Na presente pesquisa foram comparadas crenças e práticas de cuidado de mães de cidades pequenas e capitais brasileiras. Participaram do estudo 307 mães de cidades pequenas e 299 de capitais, as quais responderam a uma escala que avalia cuidados primários e estimulação. Os resultados indicaram que mães das cidades pequenas afirmaram realizar significativamente mais práticas de cuidados primários do que mães das capitais e estas afirmaram realizar e valorizar significativamente mais práticas de estimulação. Uma maior idade da criança e maior nível educacional da mãe explicaram significativamente a estimulação. Conclui-se que existe certa similaridade nas práticas e crenças das mães, que são independentes do lugar onde elas residem, assim como diferentes ênfases nas práticas de cuidado, dependendo da influência de variáveis sociodemográficas em cada contexto.

This study aimed to compare both beliefs and care practices of mothers living in capital cities and small towns. Three hundred seven mothers living in capital cities and 299 in small towns answered a scale that assesses primary care and stimulation. A sociodemographic questionnaire has also been used. The results indicated that mothers from small towns reported developing significantly more practices of primary care than the ones who live in the capitals. Mothers from the capitals value and practice more stimulation than primary care. The age of the child and the educational level of the mother explained significantly the stimulation results. Therefore, it seems there is some similarity in the practices and beliefs of mothers which are independent of the context where they live. There are also different emphases on health care practices, but these are influenced by sociodemographic variables depending on each context.

Autoconcepto y percepción de pautas de crianza en niños escolares: Aproximaciones teóricas / Self concept and rearing practices perceived by school-age children: Theoretical approaches

En este trabajo se presentan aspectos referidos al marco teórico del proyecto de investigación "Autoconcepto y percepción de pautas parentales de crianza por parte de los niños", enmarcado en el proyecto UBACyT P003 "Las prácticas parentales de crianza desde la perspectiva de los niños", dirigido por la profesora consulta María Julia García. El objetivo central de esta investigación es explorar las relaciones entre los modos en que los niños se perciben y autovaloran, y la percepción que poseen de las pautas de crianza de sus padres o cuidadores. Como instrumentos de indagación se emplearán: 1) la versión española del PEPPE ("Practiques Éducatives Parentales Perçues par I'Enfant") de Fortín, Cyr y Chénier (1997), adaptación a su vez del cuestionario PPI ("Parental Perception Inventory") de Hazzard, Christensen y Margolin (1983), a fin de indagar la percepción de los niños acerca de las pautas de crianza de sus padres; 2) la escala "Piers-Harris Children's Self Concept Scale" de Piers (1984), adaptada y validada al castellano por Gorostegui (1992) en Chile, con el objetivo de abordar el autoconcepto.

The objective of the present paper is to present aspects of the theoretical framework of the research project "Self concept and parents' rearing practices perceived by children", which is linked to the research project UBACyT P 003 "Parents' rearing practices from the children's perspective" under the direction of full professor María Julia García. The research discussed here has as main objective to explore the relations between children's self perception and self evaluation and children's perception of parents' rearing practices. The Spanish version of PEPPE ("Pratiques Éducatives Parentales Perçues par I'Enfant") by Fortin, Cyr y Chénier (1997), which is an adaptation of the PPI questionnaire ("Parental Perception Inventory") by Hazzard, Chsristensen y Margolin (1983) is employed to inquire about children's perception of parental rearing practices; the Spanish version of the "Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale" (1984), adapted and validated in Chile by Gorostegui (1992), is employed to explore children's self-concept.

Relação família-escola: práticas educativas utilizadas por pais e professores / Family-school relationship: parents and teacher’s educative practices / Relación familia-escuela: prácticas educativas usadas por padres y profesores

Este estudo analisa as continuidades e descontinuidades na relação família-escola frente aos problemas de comportamento da criança, investigando a utilização e as percepções sobre as práticas educativas de pais e professores em ambos os contextos, bem como a existência de ações conjuntas. Participaram do estudo 4 progenitores e 4 professoras de escolas privadas de Porto Alegre, respondendo, cada um deles, a duas entrevistas cujos dados sofreram análise de conteúdo. Os resultados apontaram heterogeneidade das práticas educativas parentais e diferentes níveis de conhecimento entre os participantes acerca das práticas utilizadas, revelando fronteiras rígidas entre a família e a escola. Identificou-se a supremacia do saber das professoras sobre os pais, reforçada pelo fato das atitudes conjuntas enfocarem o caráter curativo e orientador da escola sobre a família. A discussão dos dados propõe alternativas para uma intervenção conjunta família-escola frente aos problemas de comportamento das crianças.

This article aims to analyze the family-school relationship and its continuity and discontinuity towards child behavior problems. We investigate the perception and use of child-rearing practices by parents and teachers, within both contexts. We also investigate whether there were some planned joint activities towards child behavior problems. Four parents and four teachers from Porto Alegre private schools have participated in this study by answering two interviews. These interviews were analyzed according to their content. The results indicated heterogeneity in the parents’ educative practices, distinct levels of knowledge about educative practices among the participant subjects. They reveal a clear boundary between family and school. It was identified the supremacy of teacher´s knowledge over parents´ knowledge. This was reinforced by the fact that joint activities focused on the family orientation by the school. The results were discussed and we proposed alternatives to a family-school integrative intervention towards child behavior problems.

Este estudio analiza las continuidades y discontinuidades en la relación familia-escuela frente a los problemas de comportamiento del niño, investigando la utilización y las percepciones sobre las prácticas educativas de padres y profesores en ambos contextos; así como la existencia de acciones conjuntas. Participaron del estudio cuatro progenitores y cuatro profesoras de escuelas privadas de Porto Alegre, respondiendo cada uno de ellos a dos entrevistas; cuyos datos fueron sometidos a Análisis de Contenido. Los resultados indicaron heterogeneidad de las prácticas educativas parentales y diferentes niveles de conocimiento entre los participantes acerca de las prácticas utilizadas, revelando fronteras rígidas entre la familia y la escuela. Se identificó la supremacía del saber de las profesoras sobre los padres, reforzada por el hecho de que las actitudes conjuntas enfocan el carácter curativo y orientador de la escuela sobre la familia. La discusión de los datos propone alternativas para una intervención conjunta familia-escuela frente a los problemas de comportamiento de los niños.

Estabilidade e mudanças nas práticas educativas de mães e pais dos 18 para os 24 meses de vida da criança / Stability and change in mothers' and fathers' child-rearing practices from the 18 to the 24 month

O presente estudo investigou a estabilidade e as mudanças nas práticas educativas de mães e pais entre os 18 e os 24 meses de seus filhos. Além disso, foram comparadas as práticas educativas maternas e paternas aos 24 meses. Participaram do estudo 18 famílias. As mães e os pais responderam separadamente uma entrevista estruturada sobre práticas educativas parentais envolvendo seis situações de conflito do dia a dia da criança. Os resultados indicaram um aumento significativo no relato de práticas indutivas maternas dos 18 para os 24 meses. Aos 24 meses, diferenças significativas entre mães e pais foram encontradas em algumas da práticas indutivas ("explica" e "organiza ambiente") e no total de práticas coercitivas, com maior frequência de relatos maternos do que paternos. Discute-se o maior envolvimento das mães nos cuidados com as crianças e o impacto das mudanças no comportamento infantil características deste período do desenvolvimento sobre as práticas educativas maternas.

The present study investigated stability and changes in mothers’ and fathers’ child-rearing practices from their children’s 18th to 24th month. In addition, maternal and paternal child-rearing practices were compared at 24 months. Eighteen families took part in the study. Mothers and fathers completed, individually, a structured interview on child-rearing practices involving six everyday conflictsituations. The results indicated a significant increase in maternal report of inductive practices from 18 to 24 months. At 24 months, we found significant differences between mothers and fathers in some inductive practices (“explains” and “organizes environment”) and in the total number of coercive practices. Mothers reported more child-rearing practices, overall, than did fathers. Mothers’ greaterinvolvement in child care and the impact of changes in children’s behavior during this developmental period on child-rearing are discussed.

Práticas educativas maternas e indicadores do desenvolvimento social no terceiro ano de vida / Child-rearing practices and social development indicators in three-year-old children

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as relações entre as práticas educativas maternas e indicadores dos problemas de externalização e da competência social em crianças aos 30 meses de vida. Participaram do estudo 23 díades mãe-criança. No 30º mês de vida da criança foi realizada uma observação da interação mãe-criança para a avaliação das práticas educativas maternas, dos problemas de externalização e da competência social das crianças. Os resultados apóiam a literatura que relaciona práticas de orientação, controle assertivo e envolvimento parental positivo à competência social, e práticas coercitivas e permissivas aos problemas de externalização. Discute-se a relevância das práticas educativas parentais para a compreensão do desenvolvimento social, enfatizando a importância de práticas menos referidas na literatura, como a autorização de autonomia, a intrusividade e o controle ambíguo.

The present work aimed at investigating relations between maternal child-rearing practices, externalizing behavior problems and social competence indicators of thirty-month-old children. The study involved 23 child-mother dyads. In the child's thirtieth month after birth, an observation of mother-child interaction was performed in order to evaluate maternal child-rearing practices, externalizing behavior problems and child social competence. The results support the literature about social development that relates child-rearing practices such as guidance, assertive control and positive parental involvement to social competence, and coercive and permissive practices to externalizing behavior problems. The work discusses the relevance of parental child-rearing practices for the comprehension of the social development, emphasizing the importance of child-rearing practices, such as autonomy authorization, intrusiveness and ambiguous control.