Thoughts on Ethical Collaborative Review and Management of Multi-center Clinical Research / 中国医学伦理学

For multi-center clinical research, how to ensure the quality of ethical review and improve the efficiency of ethical review through cooperation among centers is an important direction for clinical research management departments and research parties to explore. By combing and analyzing the existing pattern of multi-center ethical review at home and abroad, combining the current situation of the ethical review and management development in China, taking cancer clinical research as the breakthrough point, it was advocated to establish a cooperative review led by professional institute in domestic, on the basis of extensive and in-depth training exchanges and effective communication on the same platform, collaborative review, ensure quality and efficiency, so as to promote and implement the "mutual recognition" of ethical review. Then, this paper further put forward the concept of "whole-process linkage" in the ethical management process of multi-center clinical research, and pointed out that all research parties should clarify their responsibilities, enhance their awareness and ability, and jointly and comprehensively implement the protection of subjects among clinical researchers.

Research on the Moral Responsibility of Face Recognition and Medical Diagnosis / 中国医学伦理学

The application of face recognition technology is gradually expanding to the medical field. It has been initially used in the medical diagnosis of endocrine diseases and genetic syndrome. This technology is expected to be used for the screening of genetic syndrome and endocrine diseases, shortening the delay period of disease diagnosis and helping the staging of endocrine diseases. However, this technology also has some moral risks, such as the risk of personal information security disclosure, the challenge to the future of mankind and the division of moral responsibility. This paper reflected on the dilemma of moral responsibility in the application of face recognition and medical diagnosis, and explored the two basic problems of "who is the subject of moral responsibility" and "the specific division of moral responsibility of different moral subjects" in face recognition and medical diagnosis. Finally, some suggestions on the moral responsibility in face recognition and medical diagnosis are put forward. The first is to determine the role of face recognition and medical diagnosis as an auxiliary category, and doctors are still the main medical subject; the second is to build the responsibility ethics mechanism and laws and regulations, the establishment of the responsibility system of face recognition and medical diagnosis is inseparable from the joint action of law and ethics.

Reconhecimento de emoções pela voz e expressão facial por estudantes de medicina / Recognition of emotions by voice and facial expression by medical students

RESUMO Objetivo avaliar a capacidade de estudantes de medicina para reconhecer emoções pela voz e expressão facial, por meio de avaliações de percepção emocional da entonação vocal e das expressões faciais. Métodos estudo com delineamento transversal observacional. Para avaliação do reconhecimento de emoções pelas expressões faciais, utilizou-se um teste composto por 20 vídeos de microexpressões faciais e, para avaliação do reconhecimento emocional pela voz, utilizou-se o Protocolo de Reconhecimento de Emoções Prosódicas Básicas, baseado no banco de dados de Burkhardt. Para análise estatística, foram utilizados os testes de Friedman, Shapiro-Wilk, teste t de Student ou Mann-Whitney e o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson ou Spearman. Resultados o estudo foi composto por 38 alunos, com média de idade de 20,8 (±2,5). O reconhecimento de emoções pela voz foi significativamente superior, comparado com os resultados do teste de reconhecimento de emoções pelas expressões faciais. Houve correlação positiva entre a idade e a habilidade de reconhecer emoções pelas expressões faciais. O gênero masculino apresentou taxa significativa de acertos, superior ao gênero feminino na habilidade de reconhecer emoções pela expressão facial. As emoções com maior média de acertos pela expressão facial foram surpresa, alegria e desprezo, enquanto, por meio da voz, as emoções foram raiva, medo e tristeza. Conclusão a capacidade de reconhecimento de emoções por estudantes de medicina foi maior na avaliação de percepção emocional por meio da voz.

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the ability of medical students to recognize emotions through voice and facial expression through assessments of emotional perception of vocal intonation and functional expressions. Methods Observational cross-sectional study. To evaluate the recognition of emotions by facial expressions, a test composed of 20 videos of facial microexpressions was used, and to evaluate the emotional recognition by voice, the protocol of prosodic impressions of basic emotions, based on the Burkhardt database, was used. For statistical analysis, the Friedman, Shapiro-Wilk, Student t, Mann-Whitney and Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient tests were used. Results The study consisted of 38 students, with an average age of 20.8 (±2.5). The recognition of emotions through the voice was significantly superior to the one through facial expressions. There was a positive correlation between age and the ability to recognize emotions through facial expressions. Males had a significantly higher hit rate than females in the ability to recognize emotions through facial expression. The emotions with the highest average success rates through facial expression were surprise, joy and contempt, while, through the voice, the emotions were anger, fear and sadness. Conclusion The ability to recognize emotions by medical students was greater when assessing emotional perception through the voice.

A importância do corpo junto à função de reconhecimento / The importance of the body in the recognition function / La importancia del cuerpo en la función de reconocimiento / L'importance du corps et la fonction de reconnaissance

Resumo O reconhecimento se apresenta como via pela qual o psiquismo poderá se desenvolver e complexificar a partir de seu encontro com o outro e as afetações que este irá suscitar. Da mesma forma, o reconhecimento se apresenta enquanto movimento de afirmação de si por um elemento do meio externo com o qual o indivíduo se relaciona. Nesse contexto, vemo-nos diante de modalidades de interação da personalidade por meio de vias não-verbais, o que confere grande relevância ao corpo em nosso estudo, apresentando-se enquanto palco que torna possível a expressão e reconhecimento de determinados conteúdos psíquicos que de outra forma não poderiam ser postos em cena nas relações.

Abstract Recognition is presented as a way the psyche can develop and complexify from its encounter with the other and the affects this will arouse. Likewise, recognition is presented as a movement of affirming oneself by an element of the external environment the individual relates to. In this context, we are faced with modalities of personality interaction via non-verbal means, giving the body great relevance in our study, which presents itself as a stage that makes it possible to express and recognize certain psychic contents that could not otherwise be brought into play in relationships.

Resumen El reconocimiento se presenta como una vía por la cual la psique puede desarrollarse y complejizarse a partir de su encuentro con el otro y los afectos que este generará. Asimismo, el reconocimiento manifiesta como un movimiento de afirmación por parte de un elemento del entorno externo con el que se relaciona el individuo. En este contexto, nos encontramos ante modalidades de interacción de la personalidad a través de vías no verbales, lo que otorga gran importancia al cuerpo en nuestro estudio, presentándose como una etapa que posibilita la expresión y reconocimiento de ciertos contenidos psíquicos que de otra manera no podrían ser puestos en juego en las relaciones.

Résumé La reconnaissance est présentée comme un moyen par lequel le psychisme peut se développer et se complexifier en fonction de sa rencontre avec l'autre et des affectations que cela va susciter. De même, la reconnaissance est présentée comme un mouvement d'affirmation de soi par un élément de l'environnement extérieur avec lequel l'individu est en relation. Dans ce contexte, nous sommes confrontés à des modalités d'interaction de la personnalité par des voies non verbales, ce qui donne une grande importance au corps dans notre étude, se présentant comme une étape qui rend possible l'expression et la reconnaissance de certains contenus psychiques qui, autrement, ne pourrait pas être joué dans les relations.

Avaliação e Ensino de Emoções com Crianças e Jovens Adultos com Autismo ou Síndrome de Down Mediado pela Família / Assessment and Teaching of Emotions with Children and Young Adults with Autism or Down Syndrome Mediated by Family / Evaluación y Enseñanza de las Emociones con Niños y Jóvenes con Autismo o Síndrome de Down Mediadas por la Familia

Resumo: Este estudo avaliou o reconhecimento (imitação, identidade e identificação) e a nomeação de estímulos emocionais de valência negativa (raiva e tristeza) e positiva (alegria e surpresa) em conjunto com a influência dos tipos de estímulos utilizados (social-feminino, social-masculino, familiar e emoji) em crianças e jovens adultos com autismo ou síndrome de Down, por meio de tarefas aplicadas pela família e mediadas por recursos tecnológicos durante a pandemia de covid-19. Participaram cinco crianças e dois jovens adultos com autismo e uma criança e dois jovens adultos com síndrome de Down. Foram implementadas tarefas de identidade, reconhecimento, nomeação e imitação, com estímulos faciais de função avaliativa (sem consequência diferencial) e de ensino (com consequência diferencial, uso de dicas e critério de aprendizagem), visando a emergência da nomeação emocional por meio do ensino das tarefas de reconhecimento. Os resultados da linha de base identificaram que, para os participantes que apresentaram menor tempo de resposta para o mesmo gênero, a diferença de tempo de resposta foi em média 57,28% menor. Em relação à valência emocional, 50% dos participantes apresentaram diferenças nos acertos, a depender da valência positiva e negativa, sendo que 66,66% apresentaram diferenças para o tempo de resposta a depender da valência emocional. Após o procedimento de ensino, os participantes mostraram maior número de acertos nas tarefas, independentemente do gênero de estímulo e valência emocional, criando ocasião para generalização da aprendizagem de reconhecimento e nomeação de emoções, além de consolidar a viabilidade de estratégias de ensino mediadas por recursos tecnológicos e aplicadas por familiares.

Abstract: This study evaluated the recognition (imitation, identity, and identification) and naming of negative (anger and sadness) and positive (joy and surprise) emotional stimuli alongside the influence of the types of stimuli (social-female, social-male, family, and emoji) in children and young adults with autism and Down syndrome, via tasks applied by the family and mediated by technological resources, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Five children and two young adults with autism and one child and two young adults with Down syndrome participated. Identity, recognition, naming, and imitation tasks were planned and implemented using facial stimuli with evaluative (without differential consequence) and teaching (with differential consequence, tips, and learning criteria) functions, aiming at the emergence of emotional naming from the recognition teaching tasks. The baseline results showed that, for participants who had a shorter response time for the same gender, the response time difference was on average 57.28% lower. Regarding the emotional valence, 50% of the participants showed differences in the correct answers, depending on the positive and negative valence, and 66.66% showed differences in the response time depending on the emotional valence. After the teaching procedure, the participants showed a greater number of correct answers in the tasks, regardless of the stimulus type and emotional valence, creating an opportunity for generalizing learning of emotion recognition and naming, in addition to consolidating the feasibility of teaching strategies mediated by technological resources and applied by family members.

Resumen: Este estudio evaluó el reconocimiento (imitación, identidad e identificación) y la denominación de estímulos emocionales negativos (enfado y tristeza) y positivos (alegría y sorpresa) y la influencia de los tipos de estímulos utilizados (social-femenino, social-masculino, familiar y emoji ) de niños y jóvenes con autismo o síndrome de Down, a través de tareas aplicadas por la familia, mediadas por recursos tecnológicos durante la pandemia de la covid-19. Participaron cinco niños y dos adultos jóvenes con autismo, y un niño y dos adultos jóvenes con síndrome de Down. Se planificaron e implementaron tareas de identidad, reconocimiento, nombramiento e imitación con estímulos faciales con función evaluativa (sin consecuencia diferencial) y enseñanza (con consecuencia diferencial, uso de ayudas y criterios de aprendizaje), buscando la emergencia del nombramiento emocional después de la enseñanza de tareas de reconocimiento. Los resultados de la línea de base identificaron que para los participantes que tenían un tiempo de respuesta más corto para el mismo género, la diferencia en el tiempo de respuesta fue un 57,28% menor. En cuanto a la valencia emocional, el 50% de los participantes mostraron diferencias en las respuestas correctas, en función de la valencia positiva y negativa, y el 66,66% tuvieron diferencias en el tiempo de respuesta, en función de la valencia emocional. Después del procedimiento de enseñanza, los participantes mostraron mayor número de aciertos en las tareas evaluadas, independientemente del tipo de estímulo o valencia emocional, lo que genera una oportunidad para la generalización del aprendizaje de reconocimiento y denominación de emociones, además de consolidar la viabilidad de estrategias de enseñanza mediadas por recursos tecnológicos y aplicadas por la familia.

Registros políticos do sofrimento: identidade, trauma e transformação / Political registers of suffering: Identity, trauma, and transformation / Registres politiques de la souffrance: identité, trauma et transformation / Registros políticos del sufrimiento: identidad, trauma y transformación

Neste artigo apresentaremos algumas incidências sociais do sofrimento psíquico, suas valências políticas, formas de resistência e potencialidades transformativas. Distintas expressões e produções sociais de sofrimento no contexto brasileiro contemporâneo ligadas a gênero, sexualidade, raça e violência serão mobilizadas para uma análise a partir dos registros lacanianos de Real, Simbólico e Imaginário. Discutiremos a identitarização do sofrimento como uma estratégia de denúncia que tem na fixação traumática seu limite; a banalização da contingência no silenciamento de violências como efeitos de colonizações entre os eixos imaginário e real; e, por fim, a apresentação da espessura sintomática do sofrimento permitirá a utilização do registo simbólico como matriz de um horizonte de transformação social que se valha do passado para a construção de um futuro de liberdade ligado ao desejo.

Resumos In this paper, we will present some social occurrences of psychological suffering, their political implications, means of resistance, and transformative potentials. Different expressions and social productions of suffering in the contemporary Brazilian context related to gender, sexuality, race, and violence are mobilized for an analysis based on Lacanian registers of the Real, the Symbolic, and the Imaginary. We will discuss the identitarization of suffering as a denunciation strategy that has traumatic fixations as its limit; the banalization of contingency in the silencing of violence as effects of the colonization between the imaginary and the real axes; and finally, a presentation of the symptomatic structure of suffering will allow the use of the symbolic register as the matrix for a horizon of social transformation that articulates history and desire.

Dans cet article, nous présenterons quelques incidences sociales de la souffrance psychique, leurs dimensions politiques, formes de résistance et potentiel de transformation. Différentes expressions et productions sociales de la souffrance dans le contexte brésilien contemporain, liées au genre, à la sexualité, à la race et à la violence, seront mobilisées pour être analysées à partir des registres lacaniens du Réel, du Symbolique et de l'Imaginaire. Nous discuterons la tournant identitaire de la souffrance comme stratégie de dénonciation qui trouve ses limites dans la fixation traumatique; de la banalisation de la contingence dans le silence sur les violences comme effets de la colonisation entre les axes imaginaire et réel; finalement, la presentation de l'épaisseur symptomatique de la souffrance permettra l'utilisation du registre symbolique comme matrice pour un horizon de transformation sociale qui s'appuie sur le passé pour construire un avenir de liberte lié au désir

En este artículo presentaremos algunas manifestaciones sociales del sufrimiento psicológico, sus implicaciones políticas, modos de resistencia y potencialidades transformadoras. Se examinarán diferentes expresiones y producciones sociales del sufrimiento en el contexto contemporâneo de Brasil relacionadas con género, sexualidad, raza y violencia utilizando los registros lacanianos de lo real, lo simbólico y el imaginario. Discutiremos la identitarización del sufrimiento como una estrategia de denuncia que tiene como límite la fijación traumática; la banalización de la contingencia en el silenciamiento de la violencia como efectos de colonización entre los ejes imaginario y real; y, por último, la presentación de la espesura sintomática del sufrimiento permitirá la utilización del registro simbólico como matriz para un horizonte de transformación social que toma el pasado para construir un futuro de libertad articulado al deseo.

Face, facial recognition technology and personal privacy

The privacy problem of facial recognition technology is that commercial companies obtain people's facial information without the consent of individuals and use facial information to infringe on the privacy of individuals. The importance of human privacy in facial recognition technology is reflected through facial ethics, which requires others to perform corresponding obligations to individuals, such as oral care. Through the analysis of the privacy issues of facial recognition technology, it is found that the two elements of "without personal informed" and "without personal consent" together form the basis for commercial companies to violate personal privacy. The principle of informed consent includes the principle of informed and the principle of consent, which is derived from the principle of informed consent in medical ethics. This paper improves the principles of informed consent in medicine and ethics to better address facial recognition privacy issues.

El problema de la privacidad en la tecnología de reconocimiento facial es que las empresas comerciales obtienen información facial de las personas sin el consentimiento de éstas y utilizan la información facial para vulnerar la privacidad de las personas. La importancia de la privacidad de las personas en la tecnología de reconocimiento facial se refleja a través de la ética facial, que exige que otros cumplan las obligaciones correspondientes con los individuos, como el cuidado bucal. A través del análisis de los problemas de privacidad de la tecnología de reconocimiento facial se descubre que los dos elementos de "sin información personal" y "sin consentimiento personal" juntos forman la base para que las empresas comerciales violen la privacidad personal. El principio de consentimiento informado incluye el de información y el de consentimiento, que se deriva del principio de consentimiento informado de la ética médica. Este artículo mejora los principios del consentimiento informado en medicina y ética para abordar mejor los problemas de privacidad del reconocimiento facial.

A questão da privacidade na tecnologia de reconhecimento facial é que as companhias comerciais obtém informações faciais das pessoas sem seu consentimento e usam informação facial para infringir sua privacidade. A importância da privacidade humana na tecnologia de reconhecimento facial é refletida através da ética facial, que exige que se cumpram obrigações correspondentes para com os indivíduos, da mesma forma como com cuidados orais. Através da análise de aspectos de privacidade na tecnologia de reconhecimento facial, encontrou-se que os dois elementos "sem informação pessoal" e "sem consentimento pessoal" juntos, formam a base para companhias comerciais violarem a privacidade pessoal. O princípio do consentimento informado inclui o princípio de informação e o princípio de consentimento, os quais derivam do princípio do consentimento informado em ética médica. Esse artigo melhora os princípios do consentimento informado em medicina e ética para melhor incluir aspectos de privacidade no reconhecimento facial.

Propiedades psicométricas de una tarea computarizada Stroop emocional caras y palabras

Objetivo: Determinar las propiedades psicométricas de una tarea computarizada de Stroop de reconocimiento emocional de caras y palabras en población colombiana. Método: La investigación fue de naturaleza cuantitativa, con un diseño de investigación instrumental de tipo psicométrico y de desarrollo tecnológico. La muestra se seleccionó por conveniencia, estuvo conformada por 1172 participantes (56,6 % mujeres, 43,4 % hombres), con edades entre 18 a 25 años quienes ingresaban a un dominio para contestar la tarea después de leer y aceptar el consentimiento. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos demuestran una consistencia interna favorable con un KR-20=0,853 y un coeficiente Omega de McDonald=0,859, una validez de constructo, a partir de un análisis factorial exploratorio y análisis factorial confirmatorio, que presenta una estructura de seis factores y explica un 50,32 % de la varianza; además, de una validez convergente con un coeficiente de correlación Spearman positivo de 0,522 %; los índices de confiabilidad y validez obtenidos en el presente estudio hacen de esta versión computarizada una prueba que puede ser usada en el ámbito de la evaluación de procesos de atención, memoria de trabajo e inhibición en población adulta colombiana no clínica. Conclusiones: En conclusión, se observó efectivamente que la configuración del instrumento psicológico en un software informático optimiza la recolección de datos, pues hay más precisión en la medición de latencias de respuestas, así mismo facilita el análisis de los datos.

Objective: To determine the psychometric properties of a computerized Stroop task of emotional recognition of faces and words in a Colombian population. Method: The research was quantitative in nature with an instrumental design of a psychometric type and technological development. The sample was selected for convenience. It was made up of 1172 participants (56,6 % women, 43 % men) between 18 and 25 years of age. They entered a domain to answer the task after reading and giving consent. Results: The results showed a favorable internal consistency with a KR-20=0,853 and a McDonald's Omega coefficient=0,859. A construct validity was obtained from an exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis which presents a structure of six factors and explains 50,32 % of variance. In addition, it presents a convergent validity with a positive Spearman correlation coefficient of 0,522. The reliability and validity indices obtained in the present study make this computerized version a test that can be used in the field of evaluation of processes of attention, working memory and inhibition in non-clinical Colombian adult population. Discussions: In conclusion, it was effectively observed that the configuration of the psychological instrument in computer software optimizes data collection since there is more precision in the measurement of response latencies, as well as facilitating data analysis.

Objetivo: Determinar as propriedades psicométricas de uma tarefa Stroop computadorizada de reconhecimento emocional de rostos e palavras em uma população colombiana. Metologia: A pesquisa era de natureza quantitativa, com um projeto de pesquisa instrumental de tipo psicométrico e de desenvolvimento tecnológico. A amostra foi selecionada por conveniência e consistiu de 1172 participantes (56,6 % mulheres, 43,4 % homens), com idades entre 18 e 25 anos, que entraram em um domínio para responder à tarefa após a leitura e aceitação do termo de consentimento. Resultados: Os resultados obtidos mostram uma consistência interna favorável com um coeficiente KR-20=0,853 e McDonald's Omega = 0,859, A validade da construção foi obtida a partir de uma análise exploratória de fatores e análise confirmativa de Fatores, que apresenta uma estrutura de seis fatores e explica 50,32 % da variação, e validade convergente com um coeficiente de correlação Spearman positivo de 0,522. Os índices de confiabilidade e validade obtidos no presente estudo fazem desta versão computadorizada um teste que pode ser usado na avaliação da atenção, memória de trabalho e processos de inibição na população adulta colombiana não-clínica. Conclusões: Em conclusão, foi realmente observado que a configuração do instrumento psicológico em um software de computador otimiza a coleta de dados, pois há maior precisão na medição das latências de resposta, além de facilitar a análise dos dados.

CONTEXTUAL LEARNING APPROACH FOR SYNDROME DISEASE NAMED ENTITY RECOGNITION

The groundwork for extracting a significant amount of biomedical information from unstructured texts into structured formats is the difficult research area of biological entity recognition from medical documents. The existing work implemented the named entity recognition for diseases using the sequence labelling framework. The performance of this strategy, however, is not always adequate, and it frequently cannot fully exploit the semantic information in the dataset. The Syndrome Diseases Named Entity problem is presented in this work as a sequence labelling with multi-context learning. By using well-designed text/queries, this formulation may incorporate more previous information and to decode it using decoding techniques such conditional random fields (CRF). We performed experiments on three biomedical datasets, and the outcomes show how effective our methodology is on the BC5CDR-Disease, JNLPBA and NCBI-Disease, compared with other techniques our methodology performs with accuracy levels of 96.70%,98.65 and 96.72% respectively.

Enfrentamiento de la anafilaxia en el servicio de urgencia / Approach of Anaphylaxis in the emergency room

La anafilaxia es una reacción en su mayoría de hipersensibilidad tipo I, que estimula la activación generalizada de mastocitos, y provoca un cuadro clínico multisistémico que puede ser fatal. Se estima que tiene una incidencia de 0,03-0,1% y una prevalencia de vida de 0,5-2% en la población general. Generalmente, la reacción inmunológica ocurre posterior a la ingesta de alimentos, uso de medicamentos o picaduras de insectos, pero también se han descrito mecanismos no inmunológicos (no IgE) que actúan directamente sobre los mastocitos, llamadas en la literatura "reacciones anafilactoideas". La anafilaxia fue descrita por Paul Portier y Charles Robert Richet en 1902 en perros, los cuales desarrollaban esta reacción posterior a la inyección repetida de veneno de anémonas (medusas). Sin embargo, esta entidad no tuvo criterios diagnósticos ni pilares de manejo estructurado hasta el año 2006. En ese año en se publicó el segundo simposio de manejo de la anafilaxia, en donde se definieron criterios diagnósticos clínicos claros y el rol fundamental de la adrenalina en su manejo; la única droga que cambia el pronóstico del paciente.

Anaphylaxis is mainly a type I hypersensitivity reaction. It triggers a widespread activation of mast cells, causing a multisystemic clinical scenario that can be fatal. It is estimated to have an incidence of 0.03-0.1% and a lifetime prevalence of 0.5-2%. Most immunological reactions occur after food ingestion, medication, or insect stings, but non-immunological (non-IgE) mechanisms that act directly on mast cells, called Anaphylactoid Reactions, have been also described. Anaphylaxis was described by Paul Portier and Charles Robert Richet in 1902 in dogs, that developed this disease after repeated injections of anemones (jellyfish) venom. However, this entity didn't have established diagnostic criteria or an standarized management until 2006. In this year, the second anaphylaxis management sym-posium took place and clear clinical diagnostic criteria were defined. The fundamental role of adrenaline in its management was also established. The former is the only drug that has demonstrated to improve prognosis of the patient

Effect of pupil dilation on biometric iris recognition systems for personal authentication

Purpose: To study the effect of pupil dilation on a biometric iris recognition (BIR) system for personal authentication and identification. Methods: A prospective, non?randomized, single?center cohort study was conducted on patients who reported for a routine eye check?up from November 2017 to November 2019 (2 years). An iris scanning device “IRITECH?MK2120U” was used to initially enroll the undilated eyes. Baseline scans were taken after matching with the enrolled database. All eyes were topically dilated and matched again with the enrolled database. The Hamming distance (a measure of disagreement between two iris codes) and recognition status were recorded from the device output, and eyes were evaluated by slit?lamp ophthalmoscopy with special emphasis on pupil shape, size, and texture. Results: All 321 enrolled eyes matched after topical dilation. The pupil size had a significant effect on Hamming distance with a P value <0.05. There were no false matches. A correct recognition rate of 100% was obtained after dilation. No loss of iris texture or pupil shape was observed after dilation. Conclusion: A BIR system is a reliable method for identification and personal authentication after pupil dilation. Topically dilated pupils are not a cause for non?recognition of iris scans.

Association between Sleep Quality and Different Aspects of Memory along with Assessment of Post Exercise and Post Meditation Effects

Background and Aims : Sleep is a highly conserved behaviour across animal evolution. The functions of sleep include restoration, memory processing, dreaming etc. Memory is informational processing system with explicit and implicit functioning made up of sensory processor, short term memory and long term memory. The present study was designed to analyse the impact of sleep quality on memory and effect of exercise and meditation on same. Material and Method : The present study was performed on 110 subjects chosen randomly with no gender bias. In first phase, baseline values were assessed for different sub tests of sleep quality and different aspects of memory. Subjects were divided into two groups with each group including 27 males and 27 females. One group was required to perform moderate intensity exercise and other meditation for one month duration. In the second phase, parameters were again assessed. Statistical analysis : Paired t-test was used for comparison of memory and sleep components between males and females. Independent t-test was used between baseline and post intervention values of exercise, meditation. Correlation studies were also carried out between sleep quality and different aspects of memory using Pearson correlation coefficient. Result : Significant and non significant results were obtained on comparison of memory and sleep components in males and females. Total memory score was better in females. Exercise and meditation exhibited statistically significant result on memory and sleep quality. Conclusion : Good sleep quality is associated with better memory. There is improvement across domains of memory and sleep with meditation and exercise.

Targeted muscle reinnervation: a surgical technique of human-machine interface for intelligent prosthesis / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To review targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) surgery for the construction of intelligent prosthetic human-machine interface, thus providing a new clinical intervention paradigm for the functional reconstruction of residual limbs in amputees.@*METHODS@#Extensively consulted relevant literature domestically and abroad and systematically expounded the surgical requirements of intelligent prosthetics, TMR operation plan, target population, prognosis, as well as the development and future of TMR.@*RESULTS@#TMR facilitates intuitive control of intelligent prostheses in amputees by reconstructing the "brain-spinal cord-peripheral nerve-skeletal muscle" neurotransmission pathway and increasing the surface electromyographic signals required for pattern recognition. TMR surgery for different purposes is suitable for different target populations.@*CONCLUSION@#TMR surgery has been certified abroad as a transformative technology for improving prosthetic manipulation, and is expected to become a new clinical paradigm for 2 million amputees in China.

Recognition of motor imagery electroencephalogram based on flicker noise spectroscopy and weighted filter bank common spatial pattern / 生物医学工程学杂志

Due to the high complexity and subject variability of motor imagery electroencephalogram, its decoding is limited by the inadequate accuracy of traditional recognition models. To resolve this problem, a recognition model for motor imagery electroencephalogram based on flicker noise spectrum (FNS) and weighted filter bank common spatial pattern ( wFBCSP) was proposed. First, the FNS method was used to analyze the motor imagery electroencephalogram. Using the second derivative moment as structure function, the ensued precursor time series were generated by using a sliding window strategy, so that hidden dynamic information of transition phase could be captured. Then, based on the characteristic of signal frequency band, the feature of the transition phase precursor time series and reaction phase series were extracted by wFBCSP, generating features representing relevant transition and reaction phase. To make the selected features adapt to subject variability and realize better generalization, algorithm of minimum redundancy maximum relevance was further used to select features. Finally, support vector machine as the classifier was used for the classification. In the motor imagery electroencephalogram recognition, the method proposed in this study yielded an average accuracy of 86.34%, which is higher than the comparison methods. Thus, our proposed method provides a new idea for decoding motor imagery electroencephalogram.

Applications and challenges of wearable electroencephalogram signals in depression recognition and personalized music intervention / 生物医学工程学杂志

Rapid and accurate identification and effective non-drug intervention are the worldwide challenges in the field of depression. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals contain rich quantitative markers of depression, but whole-brain EEG signals acquisition process is too complicated to be applied on a large-scale population. Based on the wearable frontal lobe EEG monitoring device developed by the authors' laboratory, this study discussed the application of wearable EEG signal in depression recognition and intervention. The technical principle of wearable EEG signals monitoring device and the commonly used wearable EEG devices were introduced. Key technologies for wearable EEG signals-based depression recognition and the existing technical limitations were reviewed and discussed. Finally, a closed-loop brain-computer music interface system for personalized depression intervention was proposed, and the technical challenges were further discussed. This review paper may contribute to the transformation of relevant theories and technologies from basic research to application, and further advance the process of depression screening and personalized intervention.

A bio-inspired hierarchical spiking neural network with biological synaptic plasticity for event camera object recognition / 生物医学工程学杂志

With inherent sparse spike-based coding and asynchronous event-driven computation, spiking neural network (SNN) is naturally suitable for processing event stream data of event cameras. In order to improve the feature extraction and classification performance of bio-inspired hierarchical SNNs, in this paper an event camera object recognition system based on biological synaptic plasticity is proposed. In our system input event streams were firstly segmented adaptively using spiking neuron potential to improve computational efficiency of the system. Multi-layer feature learning and classification are implemented by our bio-inspired hierarchical SNN with synaptic plasticity. After Gabor filter-based event-driven convolution layer which extracted primary visual features of event streams, we used a feature learning layer with unsupervised spiking timing dependent plasticity (STDP) rule to help the network extract frequent salient features, and a feature learning layer with reward-modulated STDP rule to help the network learn diagnostic features. The classification accuracies of the network proposed in this paper on the four benchmark event stream datasets were better than the existing bio-inspired hierarchical SNNs. Moreover, our method showed good classification ability for short event stream input data, and was robust to input event stream noise. The results show that our method can improve the feature extraction and classification performance of this kind of SNNs for event camera object recognition.

Role of Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor in Object Recognition Memory Impairment in Chronically Rapid Eye Movement Sleep-deprived Rats / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

Objective We aimed to investigate whether antagonism of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) could affect novel object recognition (NOR) memory in chronically rapid eye movement sleep-deprived (RSD) rats.Methods The animals were examined for recognition memory following a 7-day chronic partial RSD paradigm using the multiple platform technique. The CB1R antagonist rimonabant (1 or 3 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered either at one hour prior to the sample phase for acquisition, or immediately after the sample phase for consolidation, or at one hour before the test phase for retrieval of NOR memory. For the reconsolidation task, rimonabant was administered immediately after the second sample phase.Results The RSD episode impaired acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval, but it did not affect the reconsolidation of NOR memory. Rimonabant administration did not affect acquisition, consolidation, and reconsolidation; however, it attenuated impairment of the retrieval of NOR memory induced by chronic RSD.Conclusions These findings, along with our previous report, would seem to suggest that RSD may affect different phases of recognition memory based on its duration. Importantly, it seems that the CB1R may, at least in part, be involved in the adverse effects of chronic RSD on the retrieval, but not in the acquisition, consolidation, and reconsolidation, of NOR memory.

A method of mental disorder recognition based on visibility graph / 生物医学工程学杂志

The causes of mental disorders are complex, and early recognition and early intervention are recognized as effective way to avoid irreversible brain damage over time. The existing computer-aided recognition methods mostly focus on multimodal data fusion, ignoring the asynchronous acquisition problem of multimodal data. For this reason, this paper proposes a framework of mental disorder recognition based on visibility graph (VG) to solve the problem of asynchronous data acquisition. First, time series electroencephalograms (EEG) data are mapped to spatial visibility graph. Then, an improved auto regressive model is used to accurately calculate the temporal EEG data features, and reasonably select the spatial metric features by analyzing the spatiotemporal mapping relationship. Finally, on the basis of spatiotemporal information complementarity, different contribution coefficients are assigned to each spatiotemporal feature and to explore the maximum potential of feature so as to make decisions. The results of controlled experiments show that the method in this paper can effectively improve the recognition accuracy of mental disorders. Taking Alzheimer's disease and depression as examples, the highest recognition rates are 93.73% and 90.35%, respectively. In summary, the results of this paper provide an effective computer-aided tool for rapid clinical diagnosis of mental disorders.

A multi-behavior recognition method for macaques based on improved SlowFast network / 生物医学工程学杂志

Macaque is a common animal model in drug safety assessment. Its behavior reflects its health condition before and after drug administration, which can effectively reveal the side effects of drugs. At present, researchers usually rely on artificial methods to observe the behavior of macaque, which cannot achieve uninterrupted 24-hour monitoring. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a system to realize 24-hour observation and recognition of macaque behavior. In order to solve this problem, this paper constructs a video dataset containing nine kinds of macaque behaviors (MBVD-9), and proposes a network called Transformer-augmented SlowFast for macaque behavior recognition (TAS-MBR) based on this dataset. Specifically, the TAS-MBR network converts the red, green and blue (RGB) color mode frame input by its fast branches into residual frames on the basis of SlowFast network and introduces the Transformer module after the convolution operation to obtain sports information more effectively. The results show that the average classification accuracy of TAS-MBR network for macaque behavior is 94.53%, which is significantly improved compared with the original SlowFast network, proving the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method in macaque behavior recognition. This work provides a new idea for the continuous observation and recognition of the behavior of macaque, and lays the technical foundation for the calculation of monkey behaviors before and after medication in drug safety evaluation.

8-Hydroxyquinolylnitrones as multifunctional ligands for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases

We describe the development of quinolylnitrones (QNs) as multifunctional ligands inhibiting cholinesterases (ChEs: acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase-hBChE) and monoamine oxidases (hMAO-A/B) for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. We identified QN 19, a simple, low molecular weight nitrone, that is readily synthesized from commercially available 8-hydroxyquinoline-2-carbaldehyde. Quinolylnitrone 19 has no typical pharmacophoric element to suggest ChE or MAO inhibition, yet unexpectedly showed potent inhibition of hBChE (IC50 = 1.06 ± 0.31 nmol/L) and hMAO-B (IC50 = 4.46 ± 0.18 μmol/L). The crystal structures of 19 with hBChE and hMAO-B provided the structural basis for potent binding, which was further studied by enzyme kinetics. Compound 19 acted as a free radical scavenger and biometal chelator, crossed the blood-brain barrier, was not cytotoxic, and showed neuroprotective properties in a 6-hydroxydopamine cell model of Parkinson's disease. In addition, in vivo studies showed the anti-amnesic effect of 19 in the scopolamine-induced mouse model of AD without adverse effects on motoric function and coordination. Importantly, chronic treatment of double transgenic APPswe-PS1δE9 mice with 19 reduced amyloid plaque load in the hippocampus and cortex of female mice, underscoring the disease-modifying effect of QN 19.