Research progress on regulatory mechanism of long non-coding RNA CYTOR in human cancer / 中国药理学通报

Cancer is difficult to cure because of its heterogeneity, drug resistance and easy recurrence and metastasis. Revealing the molecular mechanism of cancer genesis and development, identifying new diagnostic markers and molecular therapeutic targets are undoubtedly effective strategies to solve the problems of early diagnosis, treatment and improvement of prognosis of cancer patients. More and more studies have shown that long non-coding RNA (IncRNA) is specifically expressed in human cancer and is a key regulator of cancer occurrence and development. Cytoskeleton regulator RNA (CYTOR) is a carcinogenic lncRNA found in recent years. CYTOR is highly expressed in many types of cancer and regulates the development of cancer through a variety of pathways, which may be an effective biomarker for early cancer diagnosis, molecular targeted therapy and prognosis assessment. This paper reviews the molecular regulatory mechanism and related biological characteristics of CYTOR in human cancer, in order to provide new scientific reference for clinical cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Range of factors in the reduction of hyperhydricity associated with in vitro shoots of Salvia santolinifolia Bioss / Gama de fatores na redução da hiperidricidade associada a brotos in vitro de Salvia santolinifolia Bioss

Hyperhydricity is a serious physiological disorder and affects In vitro propagation of many plants and as well of Salvia santolinifolia. The donor material to initiate the in vitro culture was the callus taken from the in vitro shoots produced on Murashig and Skoogs (MS) medium at 4.0 mg/l BA. This callus formed numerous hyperhydric shoots on culturing upon the medium of the same composition. The aim was to systematically evaluate the effect of cytokinins (Benzyladnine (BA) and N6-(-2-isopentenyl) adenine (2iP), culture vessels magnitude, medium solidification, source of nitrogen and calcium chloride for the alleviation of hyperhydricity. In the tissue cultures of S. santolinifolia BA and 2iP induced severe hyperhydricity, when other factors i.e. culture vessels magnitude and a suitable concentration of agar, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), potassium nitrate (KNO3) & calcium chloride (CaCl2.2H2O) were not optimized. After 30 days' culture, we observed 83.82% hyperhydric shoots at increased level (1.5 mg/l 2iP) and 81.59% at decreased levels (1.0 mg/l 2iP). On the other hand, hyperhydricity percentage at decreased (0.4%) and at increased (0.8%) levels of agar were 72.37% and 39.08%, respectively. MS medium modification with NH4NO3 (412 mg/l), KNO3 (475 mg/l) and CaCl2.2H2O (880 mg/l) was found the best medium to reduced hyperhydricity (23.6%).

A hiperidricidade é um distúrbio fisiológico sério e afeta a propagação in vitro de muitas plantas e também da Salvia santolinifolia. O material doador para iniciar a cultura in vitro foi o calo retirado dos brotos in vitro produzidos em meio Murashig e Skoogs (MS) a 4,0 mg / l BA. Esse calo formou numerosos rebentos hiperídricos em cultura no meio da mesma composição. O objetivo foi avaliar sistematicamente o efeito das citocininas (Benziladnina (BA) e N6 - (- 2-isopentenil) adenina (2iP), magnitude dos vasos de cultura, solidificação do meio, fonte de nitrogênio e cloreto de cálcio para o alívio da hiperidricidade. culturas de tecidos de S. santolinifolia BA e 2iP induziram hiperidricidade severa, quando outros fatores, como magnitude dos vasos de cultura e uma concentração adequada de ágar, nitrato de amônio (NH4NO3), nitrato de potássio (KNO3) e cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2.2H2O), não foram otimizados. Após 30 dias de cultura, observamos 83,82% de brotos hiperídricos em níveis aumentados (1,5 mg / l 2iP) e 81,59% em níveis reduzidos (1,0 mg / l 2iP). Por outro lado, a porcentagem de hiperidricidade diminuiu (0,4%) e em níveis aumentados (0,8%) de ágar foram 72,37% e 39,08%, respectivamente. A modificação do meio MS com NH4NO3 (412 mg / l), KNO3 (475 mg / l) e CaCl2.2H2O (880 mg / l) foi encontrada melhor hiperidricidade média a reduzida (23,6%).

Range of factors in the reduction of hyperhydricity associated with in vitro shoots of Salvia santolinifolia Bioss

Abstract Hyperhydricity is a serious physiological disorder and affects In vitro propagation of many plants and as well of Salvia santolinifolia. The donor material to initiate the in vitro culture was the callus taken from the in vitro shoots produced on Murashig and Skoogs (MS) medium at 4.0 mg/l BA. This callus formed numerous hyperhydric shoots on culturing upon the medium of the same composition. The aim was to systematically evaluate the effect of cytokinins (Benzyladnine (BA) and N6-(-2-isopentenyl) adenine (2iP), culture vessels magnitude, medium solidification, source of nitrogen and calcium chloride for the alleviation of hyperhydricity. In the tissue cultures of S. santolinifolia BA and 2iP induced severe hyperhydricity, when other factors i.e. culture vessels magnitude and a suitable concentration of agar, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), potassium nitrate (KNO3) & calcium chloride (CaCl2.2H2O) were not optimized. After 30 days culture, we observed 83.82% hyperhydric shoots at increased level (1.5 mg/l 2iP) and 81.59% at decreased levels (1.0 mg/l 2iP). On the other hand, hyperhydricity percentage at decreased (0.4%) and at increased (0.8%) levels of agar were 72.37% and 39.08%, respectively. MS medium modification with NH4NO3 (412 mg/l), KNO3 (475 mg/l) and CaCl2.2H2O (880 mg/l) was found the best medium to reduced hyperhydricity (23.6%).

Resumo A hiperidricidade é um distúrbio fisiológico sério e afeta a propagação in vitro de muitas plantas e também da Salvia santolinifolia. O material doador para iniciar a cultura in vitro foi o calo retirado dos brotos in vitro produzidos em meio Murashig e Skoogs (MS) a 4,0 mg / l BA. Esse calo formou numerosos rebentos hiperídricos em cultura no meio da mesma composição. O objetivo foi avaliar sistematicamente o efeito das citocininas (Benziladnina (BA) e N6 - (- 2-isopentenil) adenina (2iP), magnitude dos vasos de cultura, solidificação do meio, fonte de nitrogênio e cloreto de cálcio para o alívio da hiperidricidade. culturas de tecidos de S. santolinifolia BA e 2iP induziram hiperidricidade severa, quando outros fatores, como magnitude dos vasos de cultura e uma concentração adequada de ágar, nitrato de amônio (NH4NO3), nitrato de potássio (KNO3) e cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2.2H2O), não foram otimizados. Após 30 dias de cultura, observamos 83,82% de brotos hiperídricos em níveis aumentados (1,5 mg / l 2iP) e 81,59% em níveis reduzidos (1,0 mg / l 2iP). Por outro lado, a porcentagem de hiperidricidade diminuiu (0,4%) e em níveis aumentados (0,8%) de ágar foram 72,37% e 39,08%, respectivamente. A modificação do meio MS com NH4NO3 (412 mg / l), KNO3 (475 mg / l) e CaCl2.2H2O (880 mg / l) foi encontrada melhor hiperidricidade média a reduzida (23,6%).

Drug discovery by targeting the protein-protein interactions involved in autophagy

Autophagy is a cellular process in which proteins and organelles are engulfed in autophagosomal vesicles and transported to the lysosome/vacuole for degradation. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play a crucial role at many stages of autophagy, which present formidable but attainable targets for autophagy regulation. Moreover, selective regulation of PPIs tends to have a lower risk in causing undesired off-target effects in the context of a complicated biological network. Thus, small-molecule regulators, including peptides and peptidomimetics, targeting the critical PPIs involved in autophagy provide a new opportunity for innovative drug discovery. This article provides general background knowledge of the critical PPIs involved in autophagy and reviews a range of successful attempts on discovering regulators targeting those PPIs. Successful strategies and existing limitations in this field are also discussed.

Range of factors in the reduction of hyperhydricity associated with in vitro shoots of Salvia santolinifolia Bioss / Gama de fatores na redução da hiperidricidade associada a brotos in vitro de Salvia santolinifolia Bioss

Abstract Hyperhydricity is a serious physiological disorder and affects In vitro propagation of many plants and as well of Salvia santolinifolia. The donor material to initiate the in vitro culture was the callus taken from the in vitro shoots produced on Murashig and Skoogs (MS) medium at 4.0 mg/l BA. This callus formed numerous hyperhydric shoots on culturing upon the medium of the same composition. The aim was to systematically evaluate the effect of cytokinins (Benzyladnine (BA) and N6-(-2-isopentenyl) adenine (2iP), culture vessels magnitude, medium solidification, source of nitrogen and calcium chloride for the alleviation of hyperhydricity. In the tissue cultures of S. santolinifolia BA and 2iP induced severe hyperhydricity, when other factors i.e. culture vessels magnitude and a suitable concentration of agar, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), potassium nitrate (KNO3) & calcium chloride (CaCl2.2H2O) were not optimized. After 30 days' culture, we observed 83.82% hyperhydric shoots at increased level (1.5 mg/l 2iP) and 81.59% at decreased levels (1.0 mg/l 2iP). On the other hand, hyperhydricity percentage at decreased (0.4%) and at increased (0.8%) levels of agar were 72.37% and 39.08%, respectively. MS medium modification with NH4NO3 (412 mg/l), KNO3 (475 mg/l) and CaCl2.2H2O (880 mg/l) was found the best medium to reduced hyperhydricity (23.6%).

Resumo A hiperidricidade é um distúrbio fisiológico sério e afeta a propagação in vitro de muitas plantas e também da Salvia santolinifolia. O material doador para iniciar a cultura in vitro foi o calo retirado dos brotos in vitro produzidos em meio Murashig e Skoogs (MS) a 4,0 mg / l BA. Esse calo formou numerosos rebentos hiperídricos em cultura no meio da mesma composição. O objetivo foi avaliar sistematicamente o efeito das citocininas (Benziladnina (BA) e N6 - (- 2-isopentenil) adenina (2iP), magnitude dos vasos de cultura, solidificação do meio, fonte de nitrogênio e cloreto de cálcio para o alívio da hiperidricidade. culturas de tecidos de S. santolinifolia BA e 2iP induziram hiperidricidade severa, quando outros fatores, como magnitude dos vasos de cultura e uma concentração adequada de ágar, nitrato de amônio (NH4NO3), nitrato de potássio (KNO3) e cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2.2H2O), não foram otimizados. Após 30 dias de cultura, observamos 83,82% de brotos hiperídricos em níveis aumentados (1,5 mg / l 2iP) e 81,59% em níveis reduzidos (1,0 mg / l 2iP). Por outro lado, a porcentagem de hiperidricidade diminuiu (0,4%) e em níveis aumentados (0,8%) de ágar foram 72,37% e 39,08%, respectivamente. A modificação do meio MS com NH4NO3 (412 mg / l), KNO3 (475 mg / l) e CaCl2.2H2O (880 mg / l) foi encontrada melhor hiperidricidade média a reduzida (23,6%).

Artificial pollination and use of growth regulators in atemoya 'Gefner' fruits

The objective was to study the effectiveness of the growth regulator (ANA + GA3) associated or not to the application of adjuvant and artificial pollination in 'Gefner' atemoya. The experiment was conducted in the experimental orchard at Florida's Tropical Research and Education Center. The experimental design was in a randomized block, with 14 treatments, 10 repetitions and 3 flowers per plot. The highest percentages of fixed fruits were obtained with hand pollination ­ HP and 450 NAA + 1250 GA3 mg L-1 + adjuvant and HP. The use of hand pollination for 'Gefner' atemoya tree proved to be the most efficient method so far. Applying growth regulator without artificial pollination produces parthenocarpic fruits, however with high rate of abortions, and small fruits. Growth regulators together with hand pollination produces small and uneven fruits, and cause reduction in the fruits' titratable acidity. The use of adjuvant caused low fixation and toxicity to fruits, and its use is not recommended.

Evaluación preliminar de la callogénesis y organogénesis in vitro Leptochloa crinita (lag.) p. m. peterson & n. snow / Preliminary evaluation of in vitro callogenesis and organogenesis Leptochloa crinita (Lag.) P. M. Peterson & N. Snow

RESUMEN El cambio de uso de la tierra por diversos factores socio-económicos, climáticos, tecnológicos y culturales han tenido como consecuencia en la provincia de San Luis (Argentina) la pérdida de diversidad biológica, fragmentación y destrucción de hábitat, comprometiendo la existencia de la flora nativa, como es el caso de Leptochloa crinita (Lag.) P.M. Peterson & N. Snow, una especie con buena aptitud forrajera del monte chaqueño. Bajo este contexto, el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo aplicar biotécnicas como alternativas para una propagación apropiada de este acervo genético. Se evaluó la organogénesis y callogénesis in vitro de diferentes explantos con distintos reguladores de crecimiento en un medio nutritivo Murashige y Skoog. El tratamiento con 6 mg l-1 de 2,4-D estimuló la callogénesis, mientras que los tratamientos combinados de auxinas y citocininas presentaron las mayores tasas de morfogénesis. El desarrollo de esta biotécnica permite disponer de metodologías adecuadas para iniciar ensayos de conservación in vitro, análisis de la variabilidad genética e inicio de programas de domesticación y mejoramiento genético.

ABSTRACT In San Luis (Argentina), land-use change due to a variety of socioeconomic, climatic, technological and cultural factors has caused the loss of biological diversity, fragmentation and habitat destruction, compromising the existence of native flora, such as in the case of Leptochloa crinita (Lag.) PM Peterson & N. Snow, a species with good forage aptitude from the Chaco forest. In this context, the present work aimed to apply biotechniques as an alternative for an appropriate propagation of this gene pool. In vitro organogenesis and callogenesis of several explants were evaluated with different growth regulators on a Murashige and Skoog nutrient medium. Treatment with 6 mg l-1 of 2,4-D stimulated callogenesis, while combined auxin and cytokinin treatments presented the highest rates of morphogenesis. The development of this biotechnique makes it possible to have adequate methodologies to initiate in vitro conservation trials, analysis of genetic variability and the initiation of domestication and breeding programs.

In vitro establishment and multiplication of Echynochloa polystachya

The objective of this work was to carry out the in vitro establishment of Echynochloa polystachya aiming at obtaining a micropropagation protocol for works involving the selection of superior genotypes and the cultivation of the species. E. polystachya stems were collected in the municipality of Manaus-AM. Explants were inoculated in test tubes containing Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Thirty days after in vitro establishment, the rate of sprouting and contamination were evaluated. Experiments were also carried out to assess the effects of sucrose and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentrations on the tillering rate of explants. It was found that during the successive subcultures there was a decrease in internodes and the consequent loss of vigor. There were responses in the multiplication rate at concentrations starting from 45 g L-1 sucrose. In addition, BAP and sucrose interfered the development and in vitro multiplication. Sucrose in conjunction with BAP was harmful and shortened internodes. The physiological state of the explants for the species under study was intrinsically linked to the concentrations of sucrose used for the culture medium and the concentrations of BAP. However, the sucrose and BAP concentrations suggested for in vitro cultivation of E. Polystachya must be adjusted during successive subcultures. Absence of contamination in the in vitro establishment occurred at concentrations 15, 30 and 60 g L-1 sucrose. The combination of 1.5 mg L-1 BAP and 30 g L-1 sucrose promoted greater induction of sprouts. In addition, the in vitro rooting of E. polystachya was 45%.

Expression of silent information regulator 1 and 3 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma tissues and cells / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To determine the expression of silent information regulator 1 (Sirt1) , Sirt3 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) tissues and cells, and to explore their role in the occurrence and development of CSCC.Methods:From January 2019 to December 2020, 30 lesional skin tissues were obtained from patients with histopathologically confirmed poorly-, moderately- or well-differentiated CSCC, and 30 normal skin tissues were obtained from patients with non-cancerous diseases in Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University. A CSCC cell line A431 and a human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT were cultured. Immunohistochemical study, Western blot analysis and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) were performed to determine the protein and mRNA expression of Sirt1, Sirt3 and HIF-1α in CSCC tissues of different grades of differentiation and normal skin tissues, cytochemical and immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR were conducted to determine the protein and mRNA expression of Sirt1, Sirt3 and HIF-1α in A431 and HaCaT cells, respectively. Comparisons of measurement data among multiple groups were performed by using one-way analysis of variance, and comparisons between two groups by using t test. Results:Immunohistochemical study showed that the expression level of Sirt3 (expressed as the average optical density) was 100 ± 12.12, 117.72 ± 26.23, 127.32 ± 24.45, 132.71 ± 31.61 in the normal skin tissues and well-, moderately- and poorly-differentiated CSCC tissues respectively, and there was a significant difference among these groups ( F = 20.14, P < 0.001) ; the expression of Sirt1 and HIF-1α increased in turn from the normal skin tissues to the well-, moderately- and poorly-differentiated CSCC tissues, and significantly differred in these groups ( F = 174.50, 225.00, respectively, both P < 0.001) . As Western blot analysis revealed, the expression level of Sirt3 significantly differed among the normal skin tissues, well-, moderately- and poorly-differentiated CSCC tissues (expressed as relative gray value: 1.000 ± 0.132, 1.403 ± 0.411, 1.387 ± 0.393, 1.677 ± 0.683, respectively; F = 34.97, P < 0.001) , and so did the expression levels of Sirt1 and HIF-1α ( F = 69.29, 199.90, respectively, both P < 0.00l) , with a gradually increasing trend in their expression levels from the the normal skin tissues to well-, moderately- and poorly-differentiated CSCC tissues. RT-PCR showed that the mRNA expression of Sirt3, Sirt1 and HIF-1α was sequentially increased from the normal skin tissues to well-, moderately- and poorly-differentiated CSCC tissues, and significant differences were observed among these groups ( F = 113.00, 174.50, 50.33, respectively, all P < 0.001) . The protein expression levels of Sirt3, Sirt1 and HIF-1α were significantly higher in the A431 cells than in the HaCaT cells ( t = 16.75, 18.34, 27.76, respectively, all P < 0.001) , and so were their mRNA expression levels ( t= 14.22, 9.62, 16.86, respectively, all P < 0.001) . Conclusion:Increased expression of Sirt3, Sirt1 and HIF-1α was observed in CSCC tissues and cells, which may promote the occurrence and development of CSCC.

Structure and character analysis of cotton response regulator genes family reveals that GhRR7 responses to draught stress

BACKGROUND: Cytokinin signal transduction is mediated by a two-component system (TCS). Two-component systems are utilized in plant responses to hormones as well as to biotic and abiotic environmental stimuli. In plants, response regulatory genes (RRs) are one of the main members of the two-component system (TCS). METHOD: From the aspects of gene structure, evolution mode, expression type, regulatory network and gene function, the evolution process and role of RR genes in the evolution of the cotton genome were analyzed. RESULT: A total of 284 RR genes in four cotton species were identified. Including 1049 orthologous/paralogous gene pairs were identified, most of which were whole genome duplication (WGD). The RR genes promoter elements contain phytohormone responses and abiotic or biotic stress-related cis-elements. Expression analysis showed that RR genes family may be negatively regulate and involved in salt stress and drought stress in plants. Protein regulatory network analysis showed that RR family proteins are involved in regulating the DNA-binding transcription factor activity (COG5641) pathway and HP kinase pathways. VIGS analysis showed that the GhRR7 gene may be in the same regulatory pathway as GhAHP5 and GhPHYB, ultimately negatively regulating cotton drought stress by regulating POD, SOD, CAT, H2O2 and other reactive oxygen removal systems. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to gain insight into RR gene members in cotton. Our research lays the foundation for discovering the genes related to drought and salt tolerance and creating new cotton germplasm materials for drought and salt tolerance.

Callus Induction, Proliferation, Enhanced Secondary Metabolites Production and Antioxidants Activity of Salvia moorcroftiana L. as Influenced by Combinations of Auxin, Cytokinin and Melatonin

Abstract: Tissue culture technique is one of the best methods to reproduce salvia plant Therefore, the aim of this research was to enhance the in-vitro callus proliferation and production of secondary metabolites of S. moorcroftiana using different combinations of auxin, cytokinin and melatonin. Initially, callus induction was optimized using indole acetic acid (IAA), 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) applied at different concentrations in combination with 1 mg L-1 of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). The results indicates that earliest days to callus induction (14.67 days) was occurred in the media fortified with 2, 4-D+BAP (2.0+1.0 mgL-1). Whereas the highest callus initiation (100%) was induced on MS medium incorporated with 2,4-D+BAP (1+1mgL-1). Furthermore, maximum fresh weight was obtained when 2,4- D + BAP at the rate of (1+ 1mg L-1) was incorporated and dry weight was attained when 2,4- D + BAP at the rate of (2+1 mg L-1) was added to MS media. The maximum fresh and dry weight was obtained when melatonin at rate of 1.5 mg L-1 was supplemented with MS media including 2,4-D + BAP (1+1mg L-1), moreover the maximum DPPH scavenging activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content was noted when supplemented with melatonin at rate of 1.5 mg L-1. In conclusion, among various concentrations of plant growth regulators, 2,4- D + BAP at the rate of (1+ 1mg L-1) along with 1.5 g L-1 melatonin was the best for callus growth and production of secondary metabolites of S. moorcroftiana.

Organogenesis on apical buds in common fig (Ficus carica) var. Black Jack

BACKGROUND Plant tissue culture involves the use of explants obtained from plants to induce organogenesis with the help of plant growth regulators (PGRs). Micropropagation techniques provide a faster and economical solution to the limitations associated with traditional methods of plant cultivation. The present study focuses on the multiple shoot induction and proliferation of Ficus carica var. Black Jack. Factors that influence the growth of in vitro multiple shoots on the apical buds, which include growth media and PGRs, were investigated in this study. Different concentrations of cytokinins like 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), Thidiazuron (TDZ), and Kinetin (Kin) were used on woody plant medium (WPM) for the optimization of media for multiple shoot induction and proliferation. RESULTS Apical buds of Ficus carica var. Black Jack growing in WPM supplemented with BAP produced the healthiest plantlets, with the highest number of multiple shoots. The most efficient medium composition which produced the highest number of multiple shoots (37.8) per growing explant was WPM supplemented with 20 mM BAP. Proliferated multiple shoots were efficiently rooted using WPM + 20 mM BAP + 8 mM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). This optimized medium composition significantly enhanced the production of multiple, disease-free plantlets using single apical bud explants of Ficus carica var. Black Jack. CONCLUSIONS In the present study the observations indicate that WPM supplemented with 20 mM BAP is the best-suited medium for organogenesis and multiple shoot culture of Ficus carica var. Black Jack, and this technique can be potentially applied for commercialization of the plant

Optimization of callus cultures at Echinacea purpurea L. for the amount of caffeic acid derivatives

BACKGROUND: In order to produce an effective callus in Echinacea purpurea L.; determination of the explant type and growth regulators that best respond to callus induction and the optimization of the culture conditions to increase the amount of caffeic acid derivatives (CADs) in the obtained callus. CADs contents of callus cultures of E. purpurea were evaluated by establishing an effective callus induction system in vitro. RESULTS: Various medium containing different growth regulators were tested using leaf, petiole, cotyledon and root as the explants. The best callus development was achieved in MS medium with 1.0 mg l 1 2,4- D + 2.0 mg l 1 BAP in leaf, 1.0 mg l 1 NAA + 0.5 mg l 1 TDZ in petiole, 2.0 mg l 1 NAA + 1.0 mg l 1 TDZ in cotyledon and 0.5 mg l 1 NAA + 0.5 mg l 1 BAP in roots. Upon optimisation of callus growth, each type of explant was cultured for 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks in medium for the analyses of caftaric acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and chicoric acid contents. The highest amounts of caftaric acid (4.11 mg/g) and chicoric acid (57.89 mg/g) were found from petiole explants and chlorogenic acid (8.83 mg/g) from root explants at the end of the 10-week culture time. CONCLUSIONS: As a result of the present study, the production of caffeic acid derivatives was performed by providing the optimization of E. purpurea L. callus cultures. Effective and repeatable protocols established in this study may offer help for further studies investigating the production of caffeic acid derivatives in vitro.

Application methods of biostimulants affect the production and postharvest conservation of yellow melon

Worldwide, Brazil holds the fifth position in melon fruits exportation, further expanding its products to provide for the growing demand. This expansion is the result of the development and application of new technologies, including the management of the use of biostimulants. However, for melon crops, the information in the literature on the use of biostimulants remains limited to the effects of different doses on fruit quality at the time of harvest. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of different methods of pre-harvest application of two biostimulants on the production and postharvest conservation of fruits of yellow melon cv. Iracema. The treatments consisted of a combination of three factors: two plant biostimulants (Crop Set® and Spray Dunger®), two application methods of the products (fertigation and spraying), and five times of postharvest storage (0, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days). An additional control treatment corresponded to plants without biostimulant application. The fruits were evaluated for production and physicochemical attributes: average mass, yield, flesh firmness, titratable acidity, soluble solids content, SSC/TA ratio, pH, total soluble sugars, and weight loss. Fertigation is the recommended application method of biostimulants for yellow melon due to its effect on the increase of average mass, yield, flesh firmness, soluble solids content, and total soluble sugars of the fruits in relation to the spraying method.

Research progress on whitening of brown adipose tissues / 中国药理学通报

Brown adipose tissues can consume energy by generating heat. The whitening of BAT will damage its thermogenic function and cause diseases related to obesity and metabolic disorders. It is of great significance to slow down or inhibit the process of BAT whitening. This article reviews the inducing factorsand the key regulators of brown adipose tissue whitening, hoping to provide some ideas for the prevention and treatment of obesity and metabolic disorders.

Improvement of natural product production in Streptomyces by manipulating pathway-specific regulators / 生物工程学报

Streptomyces are major sources of bioactive natural products. Genome sequencing reveals that Streptomyces have great biosynthetic potential, with an average of 20-40 biosynthetic gene clusters each strain. However, most natural products from Streptomyces are produced in low yields under regular laboratory cultivation conditions, which hamper their further study and drug development. The production of natural products in Streptomyces is controlled by the intricate regulation mechanisms. Manipulation of the regulatory systems that govern secondary metabolite production will strongly facilitate the discovery and development of natural products of Streptomyces origin. In this review, we summarize progresses in pathway-specific regulators from Streptomyces in the last five years and highlight their role in improving the yields of corresponding natural products.

Research progress on natural cannabinoid receptor type 2( CB2R)regulators and their effects on bone metabolism / 中国中药杂志

Cannabinoid receptor type 2( CB2 R),a member of the G protein-coupled receptor( GPCR) superfamily,has a variety of biological activities,such as regulating pain response,resisting inflammation and fibrosis,and mediating bone metabolism. Some CB2 R regulators exhibit a good regulatory effect on bone metabolism. Cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa can cause psychoactive effects despite various pharmacological actions they exerted by targeting CB2 R. Therefore,it is of great significance to discover CB2 R regulators in non-Cannabis plants for finding new lead compounds without psychoactive effects and elucidating the action mechanism of plant drugs. The present study clarifies the discovery,structure,and physiological functions of CB2 R,especially its regulatory effects on bone metabolism,summarized CB2 R regulators extracted from non-Cannabis plants,and systematically analyzes the regulatory effects of CB2 R regulators on bone metabolism in animals,osteoblasts,and osteoclasts,to provide a scientific basis for the discovery of new CB2 R regulators and the development of anti-osteoporotic drugs.

Effects of biopesticides in Tetragonisca angustula latreille (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae) pollinators / Efeitos de biopesticidas em polinizadores Tetragonisca angustula latreille (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae) / Efectos de los bioplaguicidas sobre los polinizadores Tetragonisca angustula latreille (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae)

Stingless bees Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae) are pollinators of native and cultivated plants and are therefore in contact with areas contaminated by pesticides. These native bees were evaluated for changes in gene expression of esterase isoenzymes (EST) and peptides after contamination by contact with growth regulators from insecticides Gallaxy® EC 100, Natuneem and Azamax after 48, 120, 168 hours, 30 and 60 days. EST-4 presented an increase in relative activity after contamination with Gallaxy® EC 100 at 6.2 × 10-2 g a.i./mL; Natuneem at 7.5 × 10-5 g a.i./mL; and Azamax at 1.2 × 10-3 g a.i/mL after 60 days, 48 h, and 60 days, respectively. Inhibition of the relative activity of EST-4 was detected after contamination by Natuneem at 1.5 × 10-5 g a.i./mL and Azamax at 1.2 × 10-3 g a.i./mL after 48 h and 30 days, respectively. The insecticide growth regulators promoted changes in protein synthesis of T. angustula adult workers resulting in an increase or decrease in the relative intensity of bands, and the appearance of new peptides when compared with controls. Changes in protein synthesis have been identified mainly after long period of contamination, 120 and 168 h with the IGRs Gallaxy® EC 100 (at 0.78 and 1.25 g a.i./mL), Azamax (at 1.2 × 10-3 and 6 × 10-3 g a.i./mL), and Natuneem (at 7.5 × 10-5 and 3 × 10-3 g a.i./mL), and at 60 days with Natuneem (at 1.5 × 10-5 g a.i./mL).(AU)

Abelhas sem ferrão Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae) são polinizadores de plantas nativas e cultivadas e, portanto, estão em contato com áreas contaminadas por biopesticidas. Essas abelhas nativas foram avaliadas quanto a alterações na expressão gênica de isoenzimas esterases (EST) e peptídeos após contaminação por contato com reguladores de crescimento de inseticidas Gallaxy® EC 100, Natuneem e Azamax após 48, 120, 168 horas, 30 e 60 dias. A EST-4 apresentou um aumento na atividade relativa após a contaminação com Gallaxy® 100 EC em 6,2 × 10-2 g i.a./mL, Natuneem em 7,5 × 10-5 g i.a./mL e Azamax em 1,2 × 10-3 g i.a./mL após 60 dias, 48 h e 60 dias, respectivamente. A inibição da atividade relativa de EST-4 foi detectada após contaminação pelo Natuneem a 1,5 × 10-5 g i.a./mL e Azamax a 1,2 × 10-3 g i.a./mL após 48 he 30 dias, respectivamente. Os reguladores de crescimento de inseticidas promoveram alterações na síntese protéica de trabalhadores adultos de T. angustula, resultando em um aumento ou diminuição da intensidade relativa das bandas e no aparecimento de novos peptídeos em comparação com os controles. Alterações na síntese de proteínas foram identificadas principalmente após um longo período de contaminação, 120 e 168 h com o IGRs Gallaxy® EC 100 (0,78 e 1,25 g i.a./mL), Azamax (1,2 × 10-3 e 6 × 10-3 g i.a./mL) e Natuneem (7,5 × 10-5 e 3 × 10-3 g i.a./mL) e 60 dias com Natuneem (1,5 × 10-5 g i.a./mL).(AU)

Las abejas sin aguijón Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae) son polinizadores de plantas nativas y cultivadas y, por lo tanto, están en contacto con áreas contaminadas por bioplaguicidas. Estas abejas nativas fueron evaluadas para detectar cambios en la expresión génica de isoenzimas esterasa (EST) y péptidos después de la contaminación por contacto con los reguladores del crecimiento insecticidas Gallaxy® EC 100, Natuneem y Azamax después de 48, 120, 168 horas, 30 y 60 días. EST-4 mostró un aumento en la actividad relativa después de la contaminación con Gallaxy® 100 EC a 6.2 × 10-2 g i.a./mL, Natuneem a 7.5 × 10-5 g i.a./mL y Azamax a 1.2 × 10-3 g i.a./mL después de 60 días, 48 hy 60 días, respectivamente. La inhibición de la actividad relativa de EST-4 se detectó después de la contaminación por Natuneem a 1.5 × 10-5 g i.a./mL y Azamax a 1.2 × 10-3 g i.a./mL después de 48 hy 30 días. respectivamente. Los insecticidas reguladores del crecimiento promovieron cambios en la síntesis de proteínas de trabajadores adultos de T. angustula, resultando en un aumento o disminución de la intensidad relativa de las bandas y en la aparición de nuevos péptidos en relación a los controles. Los cambios en la síntesis de proteínas se identificaron principalmente después de un largo período de contaminación, 120 y 168 h con IGRs Gallaxy® EC 100 (0.78 y 1.25 g i.a./mL), Azamax (1.2 × 10-3 y 6 × 10-3 g i.a./mL) y Natuneem (7.5 × 10-5 y 3 × 10-3 g i.a./mL) y 60 días con Natuneem (1.5 × 10-5 g i.a./mL).(AU)

Comparison of novaluron, pyriproxyfen, spinosad and temephos as larvicides against Aedes aegypti in Chiapas, Mexico / Comparación de novaluron, piriproxifeno, spinosad y temefos como larvicidas contra Aedes aegypti en Chiapas, México

Abstract: Objective: To compare the efficacy of three modern larvicides with the organophosphate temephos for control of Aedes aegypti in water tanks in Chiapas. Materials and methods: Trials were performed to compare the efficacy of pyriproxyfen, novaluron, two formulations of spinosad (granules and tablets) and temephos in oviposition traps and domestic water tanks. Results: Pyriproxyfen and temephos provided 2-3 weeks of complete control of larvae in oviposition traps, whereas spinosad granules and novaluron provided 7-12 weeks of control. Treatment of water tanks resulted in a significant reduction in oviposition by Ae. aegypt in houses (p<0.001). Higher numbers of larvae were present in temephos and pyriproxyfen-treated water tanks compared to novaluron and spinosad tablet treatments during most of the study. Conclusion: Spinosad formulations and novaluron were effective larvicides in this region. The poor performance of temephos may be indicative of reduced susceptibility in Ae. aegypti populations in Chiapas.

Resumen: Objetivo: Comparar la eficacia de tres larvicidas modernos para el control de Aedes aegypti en tanques de agua doméstica en Chiapas. Material y métodos: Se comparó la eficacia de piriproxifeno, novalurón, dos formulaciones de spinosad (gránulos y tabletas) y temefos en ovitrampas y tanques domésticos de agua. Resultados: El piriproxifeno y el temefos proporcionaron de 2 a 3 semanas de control de larvas en ovitrampas, mientras que los gránulos de spinosad y novaluron proporcionaron de 7 a12 semanas. Los tanques de agua tratados produjeron una reducción significativa en la oviposición por Ae. aegypti en las casas (p<0.001). Se encontró gran cantidad de larvas en los tanques tratados con temefos y piriproxifeno en comparación con los tratados con novaluron y tabletas de spinosad durante la mayor parte del estudio. Conclusión: Las formulaciones de spinosad en tabletas y novaluron fueron larvicidas efectivos en esta región. El bajo desempeño de temefos puede indicar una susceptibilidad reducida en poblaciones de Ae. aegypti en Chiapas.

Callus induction, Indirect Organogenesis and Plantlet Regeneration from different explants of Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd

Present study was conducted to standardize callus development and indirect organogenesis from differentexplants of Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. Among, the various hormonal combinations tested: IndoleAcetic Acid (IAA) and BA and IAA and Kinetin combinations were found to be optimum for inducing callusingwithin a time span of 10 days. Best callus response was observed in 1.5 mg l−1 IAA and 1.5 mg l−1 BA,which produced white friable callus. Best indirect shoot organogenesis was observed in 4 mg l−1 BA and6 mg l−1 kinetin. Elongated shoots when transferred on to half strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) Mediumsupplemented with Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), rooting was observed. MS medium fortified with 2 mg l−1 IBAshowed better rooting than all other concentrations tested. This concentration produced maximum number ofroots and maximum percentage of rooting. Plantlets developed by indirect organogenesis of V. anthelminticawere successfully acclimatized to field conditions