Résumé
La docencia exige una estrecha relación entre el profesor y los estudiantes que requiere para su perfeccionamiento una adecuada explicitación y reflexión por parte de los docentes. Algunas investigaciones señalan la importancia que la forma de relacionarse tiene en el desarrollo de los alumnos y sus logros. El objetivo del trabajo que se informa fue evaluar la validez y fiabilidad del Cuestionario sobre la Relación Docente (QTI, Wubbels, Brekelmans & Hooymayers, 1991), adaptado al ámbito universitario por Soerjaningsih, Fraser y Aldridge. Dicho instrumento está compuesto por 48 ítems y permite identificar la tipología de comportamiento predominante en el docente a partir de dos dimensiones: proximidad (cooperación - oposición) e influencia (dominación - sumisión). El cuestionario fue administrado a 256 estudiantes de primero y segundo año de carreras relacionadas con las Ciencias Naturales y las Ciencias de la Salud de universidades privadas y públicas de la Provincia de San Juan (República Argentina). Para evaluar la fiabilidad se aplicó el Alpha de Cronbach y se realizó un análisis factorial para estudiar la validez de constructo. Los resultados indican la existencia de una estructura bidimensional: el factor 1 está compuesto por ítems que evalúan la proximidad en la relación docente e incluye ítems positivos que corresponden a la subdimensión cooperación e ítems negativos que corresponden a la subdimensión oposición. El factor 2 está compuesto por ítems que evalúan la influencia con respecto a la dimensión dominación. Se obtuvo para el factor 1, un Alpha de Cronbach igual a.92 para cooperación y un Alpha de Cronbach igual a .84 para oposición. En el factor 2, el Alpha es igual a .61. El autoinforme muestra globalmente un nivel de fiabilidad aceptable.
As regards the education action, teaching is not only a merely technical activity, or an action without communication, bonds or social contact. On the contrary, it requires a close relationship between the teacher and the students, which -in order to be effectively developed- needs the teachers to be adequately conscious and reflective about the aims they want to achieve through the communicative action. During the last decades, relationships between teachers and students have become a central focus for theories and investigation, and many aproaches show the importance that the relationship has as regards the students' development and their accomplishments (Cohen & Amidon, 2004; Páramo, 2008). Indeed, it has been stated that the best education is a product of the best relationship or pedagogical bond. Teaching demands a close relationship between the teacher and the students, which requires an adequate explicitness and reflection on the part of the teacher for its effective development. Some research highlights the importance this relationship has for the students' development and achievements. This work aims at evaluating the validity and reliability of the Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction (QTI) applied in higher education by Soerjaningsih, Fraser and Aldridge. This instrument includes 48 items and enables the identification of the teacher's predominant behavior according to two dimensions: proximity (cooperation-opposition) and influence (domination-submission). The questionnaire was applied to 256 students attending the first two years of courses of study related to Natural Science and Health Science at both public and private universities in the province of San Juan (Argentina). To evaluate the reliability, the Cronbach Alpha was applied, and the validity of the construct was studied by making a factorial analysis. The results indicate the existence of a two-dimensional structure: factor 1 is constituted by items that evaluate the proximity of the student-teacher relationship; it includes positive items that correspond to the cooperation subdimension and negative items that correspond to the opposition subdimension. Factor 2 is constituted by items that evaluate the influence in relation to domination. As regards reliability, when studying Factor 1, a Cronbach Alpha of .92 was obtained for cooperation and a Cronbach Alpha of .84 for opposition. Factor 2 had an Alpha of .61. The self-report globally shows an acceptable level of reliability. Summarising, favorable evidence was obtained about the discrimination of the items: factorial validity and the instrument's reliability. These results are important to understand the dynamics of the processes implied in the student-teacher relationship. Taking into account these results, it is considered that the QTI can be used as a guide to improve the interpersonal relationships and to help teachers in their professional development. Using this instrument can be a valuable tool, both for investigation and intervention and prevention programs. Good teachers should be able of empathizing with students, listening to them better and understanding their world. In this sense, there should be training plans for teachers to be conscious of the relational dimension of their education action and for them to receive the necessary courses to be able to optimize the great educational force that their practice has on students'development. Indeed, incorporating strategies to develop and strengthen relational capabilities in teachers during the teachers' training course will contribute to students, interpersonal relationships which will favor the academic performance, and it will enable teachers' accomplishments and professional success.
Résumé
Introducción: la relación moral docente-alumno en medicina determina el vínculo que se entable con el paciente. Objetivo: comparar si los estudiantes de primero y tercer año de medicina de una universidad percibieron incidentes moralmente incorrectos realizados por educadores. Materiales y métodos: encuesta semiestructurada con ítems cerrados y abierto: narrar un incidente moralmente incorrecto, clasificado en seis categorías. Resultados: 80,7 % de tercero y 30,4 % de primero percibieron incidentes que fueron en su mayoría con auxiliares y en evaluación. Categorías más señaladas: maltrato verbal y evaluación injusta. Discusión: un incidente moralmente incorrecto es un concepto general, difiriendo de otros estudios, donde se analiza específicamente el maltrato, manifestado también en este. Conclusión: la falta de respeto y justicia podrían indicar la carencia de compromisos morales.
Introduction: The teacher-student relationship in medicine determines the bond established with the patient. Objective: This study was designed to compare if first and third year medical students at a university perceived incidents perpetrated by teachers as morally wrong. Materials and methods: A semi-structured survey was used with open and closed items; specifically, participants were asked to relate a morally wrong incident, classified to six categories. Results: 80.7% in the third-year students and 30.4% of the first-year students perceived incidents that involved mostly auxiliary personnel and evaluations. Verbal abuse and unfair assessment were the categories mentioned the most. Discussion: A morally wrong incident is a general concept, differing from other studies that specifically analyze abuse, also evident in this concept. Conclusion: A lack of respect and justice could indicate a lack of moral commitment.
Introdução: a relação moral docente-aluno em medicina determina o vínculo que se estabelece com o paciente. Objetivo: comparar se os estudantes de primeiro e terceiro ano de medicina de uma universidade perceberam incidentes moralmente incorretos realizados por educadores. Materiais e métodos: pesquisa semiestruturada com itens fechados e aberto: narrar um incidente moralmente incorreto, classificado em seis categorias. Resultados: 80,7 % de terceiro e 30,4 % de primeiro perceberam incidentes que foram em sua maioria com auxiliares e em avaliação. Categorias mais sinalizadas: maltrato verbal e avaliação injusta. Discussão: um incidente moralmente incorreto é um conceito geral, que difere de outros estudos, em que se analisa especificamente o maltrato, manifestado também neste. Conclusão: a falta de respeito e a justiça poderiam indicar a carência de compromissos morais.
Sujets)
Humains , Patients , Enseignement médical , Éthique , Respect , MoralRésumé
Introducción La relación docente-alumno en medicina podría determinar el vínculo que entable el estudiante con el paciente. En la actualidad se encuentra deteriorada por causas propias de la institución y de la educación en general, pero también por la falta de honestidad de alumnos y maltrato de docentes. Los estudiantes pueden considerar el maltrato como un incidente moralmente incorrecto, pero pueden tener en cuenta otras acciones. Objetivo Analizar qué consideraban los alumnos del último año de medicina como incidentes moralmente incorrectos. Material y métodos Se efectuó una encuesta semiestructurada a alumnos del último año de medicina, con ítems cerrados (variables: sexo y edad del alumno; aspectos: cargo y sexo del docente, ciclo e instancia) y abierto: narrar el incidente. Se construyeron categorías para este último. Se comprobó si existía una relación significativa entre variables y aspectos con la prueba de chi cuadrado (p < 0,05). Resultados Completaron la encuesta 80 alumnos; 6 no manifestaron incidentes. El promedio de edad fue de 26,83 años (EEM 0,47). El 59,4% eran mujeres. El mayor número de incidentes se produjo en el ciclo clínico, en evaluaciones orales y con profesores hombres. Se encontró una relación significativa entre edad de alumno y sexo del docente, por un lado, y ciclo (básico y clínico) e instancia (enseñanza-aprendizaje y evaluación), por otro. Las categorías más mencionadas fueron maltrato y criterios de evaluación injustos. Conclusiones A diferencia de los estudios que analizan el maltrato, se interrogó a los estudiantes sobre un concepto general, pero a pesar de ello el incidente moralmente incorrecto más indicado fue el maltrato. A diferencia también, señalaron la evaluación como conflictiva. Estos aspectos indican la falta de compromisos morales por parte de los docentes: respeto y justicia.
Background The relationship teacher-student might determine the link between the student and the patient. Currently, this relationship has been spoilt by causes typical of the institution and of the education in general, but also by the lack of honesty among students and by teachers' abuse. The students may consider abuse as a morally incorrect incident, but they may take into account other actions. Objective To analyze which incidents are considered morally incorrect by final year medical students. Material and Methods A semi-structured survey was conducted on students of the final year of the School of Medicine, with closed items (variables: student's gender and age; aspects: teacher's position and gender, cycle and instance) and an opened item: reporting the incident. Categories were constructed for the latter item. The significance of the relation between variables and aspects was analyzed using the chi square test (p <0.05). Results The survey was responded by 80 students; 6 did not report any incident. Average age was 26.83 years (MSE 0.47); 59.4% were women. The greatest number of incidents occurred during the clinical cycle, in oral examinations and with male professors. We found a significant relation between student's age and teacher´s gender on the one hand, and cycle (basic and clinical) and instance (teaching-learning and evaluation) on the other. Abuse and unfair evaluation criteria were the categories most frequently mentioned. Conclusions Unlike the studies analyzing abuse, this study asked the students about a general concept; however, abuse was the morally incorrect incident most reported, together with unfair evaluation criteria. These aspects show the lack of moral commitments among teachers: respect and justice.