Mitos y realidades sobre la obesidad en el síndrome de ovario poliquístico / Myths and realities about obesity in polycystic ovary syndrome

Introducción: La asociación entre la obesidad y el síndrome de ovario poliquístico es importante porque amplifica los trastornos metabólicos, reproductivos, psicológicos o de la calidad de vida. Sin embargo, es común que se sobrevalore o se emplee como criterio diagnóstico, lo que denota una definición no clara de esta relación. Objetivo: Analizar lo que, en opinión de los autores, pudieran ser "mitos" sobre la obesidad en el síndrome de ovario poliquístico y su coherencia con la evidencia disponible. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión del estado del arte en este tema. Se localizaron 230 artículos en las bases PubMed, Medline, Scielo y Google Académico, y se contrastó con los criterios propios. Conclusiones: Algunas creencias generalizadas sobre la obesidad en el síndrome de ovario poliquístico, aunque tienen cierto grado de certidumbre, se malinterpretan o magnifican, por lo que pueden considerarse "mitos". Entender que las mujeres con síndrome de ovario poliquístico pueden no tener obesidad y, aún así, tener adiposidad abdominal y los efectos que de ella derivan, no niega la evidencia indiscutible de que la obesidad, si está presente, agrava el síndrome. Polemizar sobre el tema pretende contribuir a que se diagnostique el síndrome no solo en mujeres con obesidad y que se considere factor de riesgo para la obesidad. Debe entenderse que la obesidad asociada al síndrome puede revertirse y que se pueden incorporar estilos de vida saludable y un control del peso corporal como pilares del tratamiento en todas las mujeres que padezcan este(AU)

Introduction: The association between obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome is important because it amplifies metabolic, reproductive, psychological, or quality of life disorders. However, it is commonly overestimated or used as a diagnostic criterion, which denotes an unclear definition of this relationship. Objective: To analyze what, in the authors' opinion, could be "myths" about obesity in polycystic ovary syndrome and their consistency with the available evidence. Methods: A state-of-the-art review on this subject was performed and contrasted with own criteria. Conclusions: Some widespread beliefs about obesity in polycystic ovary syndrome, although they have some degree of certainty, are misinterpreted or magnified, so they can be considered "myths". Understanding that the patients may not suffer from obesity and still have abdominal adiposity and the effects that derive from it, does not deny the indisputable evidence that, if present, it aggravates the syndrome. Discussing the subject intends to contribute to diagnose the syndrome not only in women with obesity. The aim is to consider it as a risk factor for obesity and to prevent it, to understand that obesity can be reversed, and to incorporate counseling on healthy lifestyles and body weight control as pillars of treatment in all women with the syndrome, with or without obesity(AU)

Association of reproductive risk factors and comorbidities among molecular subtypes of Breast cancer in a Tertiary care Hospital

The reasons for the recently observed increase in the incidence of breast cancer in the Indian population are not clearly understood, but thought to be largely explained by westernization of lifestyles and changes in reproductive behavior, which characterize exposure to hormones. Our aim is to review the reproductive risk factors and comorbidities and evaluate the association between molecular subtypes of breast cancer. A hospital-based analytical case-control study was conducted among the breast cancer cases with controls in a multispecialty teaching hospital for a period of one year. Totally, 130 subjects were recruited and an interview was conducted using a structured questionnaire to obtain demographic and risk factor data, including tissue marker status (ER, PR and HER-2) obtained from case files. Data were analyzed with SPSS-20 version. Results: The highest age group reported in this study was 51- 60 years which has a 3.8 times increased risk compared to other age and the age group of 31- 40 have a decrease risk of 0.33. In this study, the percentage of post menopause (68%) and mothers not breastfeeding (10%) was higher in cases compared to controls and a noted increase in the risk of breast cancer with odds ratio (OR) of 2.745 (p= <0.0001) and 9.08 (p=0.01) respectively. Duration of breastfeeding showed significantly (p=<0.0001)) moderate positive correlation (r=0.549, 0.457, 0.418 and 0.636) for luminal A, luminal B, HER+, and triple negative respectively. This study found that all the reproductive risk factors do not have correlation with a molecular subtype of breast cancer except breastfeeding. Post menopause and breastfeeding were common factors associated with all people and could be modifiable to prevent the occurrence of breast cancer through lifestyle change

Intervención neuropsicológica para la modificación de la conducta de riesgo sexual y de la función reproductiva en adolescentes / Neuropsychological intervention for the modification of sexual risk behavior and reproductive function in adolescents / Intervenção neuropsicológica para a modificação do comportamento sexual de risco e função reprodutiva em adolescentes

RESUMEN Se realizóuna revisión sobre el objeto de estudio: los métodos de modificación de la conducta de riesgo sexual y de la función reproductiva en adolescentes. A juzgar por la cantidad de publicaciones en este campo, se podría afirmar engañosamente que este tópico ha sido exhaustivamente estudiado, sin embargo, sólo hay limitada información sobre las intervenciones neuropsicológicas, por lo que los investigadores se propusieron diseñar y validar un modelo de intervención neuropsicológica para la modificación de la conducta de riesgo sexual y de la función reproductiva en adolescentes. Para ello se modeló una intervención original mediante el condicionamiento operante, que se someterá a evaluación de expertos, y luego se validará experimentalmente en el policlínico No 3 de Manzanillo, en el período comprendido desde enero del 2021 hasta enero del 2023. El universo estará formado por adolescentes entre las edades de 15 a 17años con conducta de riesgo sexual y de la función reproductiva, las unidades muestrales se seleccionarán por el método aleatorio simple. La prueba estadística a usar será el Cross over y la prueba de los signos para probar los cambios en variables relevantes de la conducta antes y después de intervenir. El método de análisis histórico lógico permitió identificar un problema científico trascendente: Existen insuficiencias en los métodos para la modificación de la conducta de riesgo sexual y la función reproductiva en adolescentes. Se expone el modelo de intervención neuropsicológica y la metodología integral de validación.

ABSTRACT A review was carried out on the object of study: The methods of modifying sexual risk behavior and reproductive function in adolescents. Judging from the number of publications in this field, it could be misleadingly stated that this topic has been extensively studied, however, there is only limited information on neuropsychological interventions. Therefore, the researchers set out to design and validate a neuropsychological intervention model for modifying sexual risk behavior and reproductive function in adolescents. For this, an original intervention was modeled through operant conditioning, which will be subject to expert evaluation, and then will be experimentally validated at the Manzanillo polyclinic No. 3, in the period from January 2021 to January 2023. The universe will be made up of adolescents between the ages of 15 to 17 years with sexual risk behavior and reproductive function, the sample units will be selected by the simple random method. The statistical test to be used will be the Cross over and the test of the signs to test the changes in relevant variables of the behavior before and after the intervention. The logical historical analysis method allowed the identification of a transcendent scientific problem: There are shortcomings in the methods for modifying sexual risk behavior and reproductive function in adolescents. The neuropsychological intervention model and the comprehensive validation methodology are exposed.

RESUMO Foi realizada uma revisão sobre o objeto de estudo: Os métodos de modificação do comportamento sexual de risco e da função reprodutiva em adolescentes. A julgar pelo número de publicações neste campo, pode ser erroneamente declarado que este tópico foi extensivamente estudado, no entanto, há apenas informações limitadas sobre intervenções neuropsicológicas. Portanto, os pesquisadores se propuseram a projetar e validar um modelo de intervenção neuropsicológica para modificar o comportamento sexual de risco e a função reprodutiva em adolescentes. Para isso, foi modelada uma intervenção original por meio de condicionamento operante, que será submetida à avaliação de especialistas, e a seguir será validada experimentalmente na policlínica de Manzanillo nº 3, no período de janeiro de 2021 a janeiro de 2023. O universo será formado por adolescentes de 15 a 17 anos com comportamento sexual de risco e função reprodutiva, as unidades amostrais serão selecionadas pelo método aleatório simples. O teste estatístico a ser utilizado será o Cross over e o teste dos sinais para testar as alterações nas variáveis ​​relevantes do comportamento antes e depois da intervenção. O método lógico de análise histórica permitiu a identificação de um problema científico transcendente: Existem lacunas nos métodos para modificar o comportamento sexual de risco e a função reprodutiva em adolescentes. O modelo de intervenção neuropsicológica e a metodologia de validação abrangente são expostos.

Jacinto Lang y la atención preconcepcional a la mujer con diabetes mellitus en Cuba / Jacinto Lang and preconception care for women with diabetes mellitus in Cuba

RESUMEN El doctor Jacinto Lang Prieto fue uno de los pioneros de la atención preconcepcional a la mujer con diabetes en Cuba, la cual inició a principios de la década de los años 90 del siglo pasado en el Centro de Atención al Diabético del Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología. Junto a su tutor, el Dr. Antonio Márquez Guillén, creó en esta institución una consulta con la finalidad de ofrecer este tipo de atención. Gracias a la labor de estos galenos comenzó, en 2007, la expansión de la atención preconcepcional a todo el país y en 2012, esta actividad estaba establecida a nivel nacional. En el presente, la atención preconcepcional forma parte de la atención al riesgo reproductivo de la mujer con diabetes, labor en la que deben desempeñar un papel preponderante los profesionales de la atención primaria de salud. Lograr la mejoría de este aspecto de la actividad nacional de diabetes y embarazo constituye uno de los retos actuales en este campo en Cuba(AU)

ABSTRACT Dr. Jacinto Lang Prieto was one of the pioneers of preconception care for women suffering from diabetes in Cuba, which began in the early 1990s at the Center for Diabetic Care of the National Institute of Endocrinology. Together with his tutor, Dr. Antonio Márquez Guillén, he created a consultation at this institution in order to offer this care. Thanks to the work of these doctors, in 2007, the expansion of preconceptional care throughout the country began and this activity was established nationwide in 2012. At present, preconception care is part of the risk management to the diabetes reproductive women. Primary health care professionals should play a leading role in providing this care. Improving preconceptional care for diabetes women as part of national strategy of is one of the current challenges in this field in Cuba(AU)

Atención al riesgo reproductivo de la mujer con diabetes mellitus en un municipio de la capital de Cuba / Care to the reproductive risk of women with diabetes mellitus in a municipality of the Cuban capital

Introducción: en Cuba, menos de la mitad de las mujeres diabéticas que se embarazan reciben atención preconcepcional. Objetivo: describir aspectos relacionados con la atención al riesgo reproductivo de la mujer diabética, y el papel que juega el médico de familia en esta actividad en un municipio de la capital cubana. Métodos: primera etapa: estudio transversal descriptivo, que incluyó a 132 diabéticas en edad fértil (entrevista); y, segunda etapa: estudio exploratorio, que implicó a 57 médicos de familia (aplicación de cuestionario sobre cuidados preconcepcionales), realizado en el municipio Plaza de la Revolución, La Habana, durante 2012-2016. Se utilizó el porcentaje y chi cuadrado para describir y comparar respectivamente variables categóricas. Se consideró p< 0,05. Resultados: el antecedente de complicaciones gestacionales fue más frecuente en las mujeres sin atención preconcepcional. El 68,9 pre ciento (91/132) de estas utiliza anticonceptivo, mayormente métodos de barrera (51,6 por ciento), y 61,5 por ciento (16/26) de las que desean embarazo acuden a consulta de atención preconcepcional, lo que se relaciona con su nivel de educación terapéutica. Los médicos de familia tienen insuficientes conocimientos sobre cuidados preconcepcionales, y no juegan un papel preponderante en prodigarlos. Conclusiones: la mayoría de las diabéticas en edad fértil están recibiendo cuidados preconcepcionales; no obstante, los médicos de familia tener insuficientes conocimientos sobre estos y no ejercen un papel preponderante en la atención al riesgo reproductivo de estas mujeres(AU)

Introduction: in Cuba, less than half of diabetic women who get pregnant receive preconception care. Objective: to describe aspects related to the attention to the reproductive risk of the diabetic woman, and the role played by the family doctor in this activity in a municipality of the Cuban capital. Methods: first stage: descriptive cross-sectional study, which included 132 diabetic women in childbearing age (interview); and, second stage: exploratory study, which involved 57 family doctors (application of preconception care questionnaire conducted in Plaza de la Revolución municipality, Havana, from 2012 to 2016). Percentage and chi square methods were used to describe and compare categorical variables, respectively. It was considered p< 0.05. Results: the history of gestational complications was more frequent in women without preconception care. 68.9 percent (91/132) of these used contraceptives, mostly barrier methods (51.6 percent), and 61.5 percent (16/26) of those who want to get pregnant attend to a preconception care consultation, which it is related to their level of therapeutic education. Family doctors have insufficient knowledge about preconception care, and do not play a preponderant role in delivering it. Conclusions: the majority of diabetics of childbearing age are receiving preconception care; nevertheless, family doctors have insufficient knowledge about these and do not play a preponderant role in the attention to the reproductive risk of these women(AU)

Calidad del proceso en la ejecución del programa de riesgo reproductivo preconcepcional / Process quality in the implementation of the program of preconceptional reproductive risk

Se realizó una investigación en sistemas y servicios de salud para evaluar la calidad del proceso de ejecución del Programa de Riesgo Preconcepcional a través de la competencia profesional de 45 médicos y enfermeras del Policlínico Ramón López Peña de Santiago de Cuba, desde abril hasta noviembre del 2016. Un comité de expertos preestableció criterios, indicadores y estándares de evaluación. Hubo dificultades en el conocimiento sobre criterios de control, salida y fallo del programa, en el seguimiento de las parejas, así como en lo concerniente a las historias clínicas y la interconsulta con obstetra u otros especialistas afines al factor de riesgo. La calidad en la ejecución del programa no fue la mejor; las dificultades detectadas pudieran incidir en los resultados negativos del Programa de Atención Materno-Infantil en el área de salud. Resulta necesario evaluar otras dimensiones de la calidad y capacitar a los profesionales en los aspectos con dificultades

An investigation in health systems and services was carried out to evaluate the process quality in the implementation of the Preconceptional Risk Program by means of the professional competence of 45 doctors and nurses of Ramón López Peña Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba, from April to November, 2016. An experts committee prestablished evaluation approaches, indicators and standards. There were difficulties in the knowledge about control, emission and failure of the program approaches, in the follow up of couples, as well as in everything concerning the medical records and the consultation with the obstetrician or other specialists related to the risk factor. The quality in the implementation of the program was not the best; the difficulties detected could impact in the negative results of the Maternal and Child Care Program in the health area. It is necessary to evaluate other dimensions of the quality and qualify the professionals in the aspects with difficulties

Programa de Planificación Familiar y Riesgo Reproductivo sensible al género / Program for family planning and reproductive risk gender sensitive

Introducción: la escasa asistencia masculina a la consulta de planificación familiar es reconocida en las publicaciones científicas como una problemática que imposibilita, entre otros factores, el acceso equitativo a ese servicio, dificulta la distribución y manejo de recursos en función de necesidades de atención femeninas y masculinas. Los hombres se encuentran en desventaja con respecto a las mujeres en cuanto a: prestación de servicios de planificación familiar enfocados a ellos como población diana, beneficios de las acciones o estrategias de salud sexual y salud reproductiva plasmadas en planes, programas o políticas de salud y esto constituye, en términos de derechos reproductivos, una limitación al momento de garantizarlos a cada persona sin distinción alguna. Objetivo: identificar en el Programa de Planificación Familiar y Riesgo Reproductivo la contemplación de las necesidades de atención relativas a salud sexual y reproductiva de los hombres. Método: se realizó un análisis de contenido cualitativo de tipo temático al Programa de Planificación Familiar y Riesgo Reproductivo por el que se guían los servicios de planificación familiar en Cuba. Resultados: el Programa de Planificación familiar y Riesgo reproductivo carece de propuestas concretas para lograr la identificación y satisfacción de las necesidades de los hombres; situación que repercute en la escasa participación masculina en el servicio de Planificación Familiar. Conclusiones: el Programa de Planificación familiar y Riesgo reproductivo solo responde de manera explícita a una única necesidad de atención masculina: la falta de orientación y educación sexual de los hombres(AU)

Introduction: the low male attendance to family planning consultation is recognized in the scientific literature as a problem which precludes, inter alia, equal access to that service, it makes the distribution and management of resources according to needs of female and maleassistance. Men are at a disadvantage with respect to women regarding: provision of family planning services aimed at them as a target population benefits of actions or strategies of sexual and reproductive health reflected in plans, programs and policies on health and this is, in terms of reproductive rights, a limitation on the time of guaranteeing to every person without distinction. Objective: Identify care needs on sexual and reproductive health of men in the Program for Family Planning and Reproductive Risk. Method: A qualitative analysis was made on thematic content of theProgram for Family Planning and Reproductive Risk by which family planning services are guided in Cuba. Results: Program for Family Planning and Reproductive Risk lacks concrete proposals for identifying and meeting the needs of men, which affects the low male participation in family planning service. Conclusions: Family Planning Program and reproductive risk only responds to a sole need for male assistance: the lack of guidance and sex education for men(AU)

Reproductive risk factors and Breast cancer: a case control study from rural India.

Background: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women and is influenced by reproductive factors perceived by women worldwide. Aims: To identify the reproductive risk factors of breast cancer in newly diagnosed cases and to find out the strength of association of the risk factors with the breast cancer. Material and Methods: A hospital based case-control study was conducted in Satara district, India during year 2009 to 2011 among newly diagnosed cases of breast cancer and matched controls. A total of 434 participants including 217 cases and 217 controls were enrolled by purposive sampling technique from selected hospitals of study area. The information was collected by employing pre-tested questionnaire by utilizing interview method. Statistical Analysis used: Descriptive statistics, Odds ratio and Chi-square test was used to find out strength of association and statistical significant difference. Results: Highest proportion [31.80%] breast cancer cases was in age group 40-49 years with lowest age of 25 years at diagnosis of the disease. A very high proportion of both cases [88.02%] and controls [67.28%] were Hindu by religion and were from rural residence. Maximum proportion of breast cancer cases were housewives [63.59%], literate [71.42%] and from upper economic class [56.68%]. The proportions of cases were higher as compared to the controls with respect to risk factors like unmarried status, nulliparity, history of abortion, post menopausal status, absence of breast feeding and the history of exposure to hormonal contraceptives. The risk of getting breast cancer as indicated by Odds ratio was 8 times higher in unmarried women, 2.8 times in nulliparous women, 2.4 times with post menopausal status, 10.4 times with absence of breast feeding, 1.5 times with exposure to hormonal contraceptives and 4.5 times with history of ovarian disease respectively. Conclusion: The reproductive risk factors such as unmarried status of women, nulliparity, menopause, absence of breast feeding, history of ovarian disease and use of contraceptives were strongly associated with breast cancer

Repercusión de los factores de riesgo reproductivos del hombre sobre la salud reproductiva de la mujer y su descendencia / Impact of man's reproductive risk factors on the woman's reproductive health and their descendant

Se efectuó un estudio cuantitativo y cualitativo, de serie de casos, de 9 parejas pertenecientes al área de salud del Policlínico "30 de Noviembre" de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 2010 hasta diciembre de 2012, con vistas a identificar los factores de riesgo reproductivos preconcepcionales del hombre y su repercusión sobre la salud reproductiva de la mujer y su descendencia. En la casuística, los hábitos tóxicos, la violencia intrafamiliar, el no uso del condón, así como las relaciones extramatrimoniales influyeron negativamente en la salud reproductiva de la pareja; en tanto, el conocimiento que poseían los hombres sobre el Programa de Riesgo Reproductivo Preconcepcional fue inadecuado.

A quantitative and qualitative case series study of 9 couples belonging to the health area of "30 de Noviembre" Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba was carried out from January, 2010 to December, 2012, with the aim of identifying the man's preconcepcional reproductive risk factors and their impact on the woman's reproductive health and their descendant. In the case material, the toxic habits, intrafamily violence, not using condom, as well as the extramarital relationships influenced negatively in the couple's reproductive health; while, the knowledge that men had on the Preconcepcional Reproductive Risk Program was inadequate.

Effect of prolonged oral administration of aqueous ficus sycomorus stem-bark extract on testicular size of growing albino rat / Efecto de la administración oral prolongada de extracto acuoso de la corteza de ficus sycomorus en el tamaño testicular de rata albina en crecimiento

Decoction of Ficus sycomorus stem bark is used to treat infertility involving low sperm counts, but the reproductive risk associated with its use is uncertain. The aqueous stem-bark extract was orally administered at 200-600 mg/kg for 30 days to post-pubertal growing albino rats. Within the period, the live body weights, scrotal diameters and testicular size parameters were estimated. The mean live body weight, scrotal diameter of the control and treated rats significantly (p<0.05) increased as the animals grew, but the treatment did not significantly (p>0.05) affect the parameters. There were no significant (p>0.05) variations in mean testicular size parameters in treated and control rats, and no dose-dependent nor time-dependent effects occurred. Sections of the testes of the treated animals showed active spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules with no apparent histological lesions. It is concluded that the use of the crude extract of the Ficus sycomorus within our dose range portends minimal male reproductive risk and underscores the need to study its pro-spermatic effect.

La decocción de la corteza del tallo de Ficus sycomorus se usa para tratar la infertilidad relacionada al bajo conteo de espermatozoides, pero es incierto el riesgo reproductivo asociado con su uso. El extracto acuoso de la corteza se administró, en ratas albinas, por vía oral, en una dosis de 200-600 mg/kg, durante 30 días post-crecimiento puberal. Durante el período, fueron controlados los siguientes parámetros: peso corporal in vivo, diámetro escrotal y tamaño testicular. El promedio de peso corporal in vivo y diámetro escrotal de las ratas control y tratadas, tuvieron un incremento significativo (p<0,05) en los animales, pero el tratamiento no afectó significativamente (p> 0,05) esos parámetros. No hubo variaciones significativas (p> 0,05) en la media de los parámetros tamaño testicular en las ratas tratadas y control, ni tampoco se produjeron efectos dependientes de la dosis, ni en función del tiempo. Las secciones de los testículos de los animales tratados mostraron una espermatogénesis activa a nivel de los túbulos seminíferos, sin lesiones histológicas aparentes. Se concluye, que el uso del extracto crudo de Ficus sycomorus, dentro de una dosis de 200-600 mg/kg, presenta mínimo riesgo en la reproducción masculina, sin embargo, se hace necesario estudiar su efecto pro-espermático.

Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study / 한국유방암학회지

A hospit based case-control study was carried out to identify reproductive risk factors for breast cancer. Four-hundred-eighty-one breast cancer patients and 491 age-matched control patients examined between 1988 and 1994 were included in this study. Eleven reproductive risk factors were selected for comparison using cross tabulation and chi-square method, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the odds ratios for the risk of breast cancer. The mean age of the breast cancer patients in this study was 47.5 years. Analyses demonstrated that nulliparous women had a higher risk for breast cancer (odds ratio 3.46, p=0.03) than women with 1-4 live births, and women who had an abortion during their first pregnancy had a slightly increased risk (odds ratio 1.86, p<0.01) than women who had normal deliveries, but the age at menarche and menopause did not have any influence on the risk of developing breast cancer. Although there were similarities in risk factors between Western women and women in this study, such as a higher risk for nulliparous women, two key factors were found to contrast with those of Western women. First the mean age of breast cancer patients in this study was only 47.5 years. Second, the age of menarche and menopause of these women did not have any influence on the risk of breast cancer.