Histamine 1 receptor agonist inhibits LPS-induced immune responses in astrocytes via Akt/NF-KB signaling pathway / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the effect of histamine H, receptor (HjR) on the immune responses in astrocytes induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the regulatory mechanism of its signaling pathway. Methods LPS was used to establish an in vitro astrocyte inflammation model. Rat primary astrocytes were divided into the control group, LPS group, LPS + Hj R agonist group (2-pyridylethlamine, Pyri), and HjR agonist group. Astrocytes were treated with Pyri 100 p,mol • L~ for 1 h, then stimulated with LPS at 100 p,g • L~ for 24 h. Cell viability was measured using the CCK-8 assay. The expression of GFAP and HjR was detected by immunofluorescence. Glial morphological changes were observed under a microscope. The levels of proinflammatory mediators (TNF-a and IL-6) were detected by ELISA. The protein expressions of p-Akt, Akt, p-NF-KB p65, and NF-KB p65 were detected by Western blot. Results Compared with the control group, more activated astrocytes with fewer cell processes and branches were observed in the LPS group. Besides, LPS enhanced the GFAP expression level, reduced the H,R expression level and stimulated the production of TNF-a and IL-6 from astrocytes. Pre treatment with Pyri for 1 h ameliorated the glial morphological changes stimulated by LPS, inhibited LPS-induced upregulation of GFAP level and the inflammatory factors secretion. In addition, LPS stimulated astrocytes showed a higher phosphorylation of Akt and NF-KB p65, which was also ameliorated by Pyri. Conclusions H, R agonist can inhibit LPS-induced astrocyte activation and inflammatory factor secretion, and the Akt/NF-KB signaling pathway may be an important pathway for the involvement of H,R in immune regulation.

Advances on BTB protein ubiquitination mediated plant development and stress response / 生物工程学报

The BTB (broad-complex, tramtrack, and bric-à-brac) domain is a highly conserved protein interaction motif in eukaryotes. They are widely involved in transcriptional regulation, protein degradation and other processes. Recently, an increasing number of studies have shown that these genes play important roles in plant growth and development, biotic and abiotic stress processes. Here, we summarize the advances of these proteins ubiquitination-mediated development and abiotic stress responses in plants based on the protein structure, which may facilitate the study of this type of gene in plants.

Cell-to-Cell Communications of cGAS-STING Pathway in Tumor Immune Microenvironment / 浙江大学学报·医学版

Targeting cGAS-STING pathway is a promising strategy in tumor treatment. The pattern recognition receptor cGAS identifies dsDNA and catalyzes the formation of the second messenger 2'3'-cGAMP, activating the downstream interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines through the adaptor protein STING. Notably, in tumor immune microenvironment, key components of cGAS-STING pathway are transferred among neighboring cells. The intercellular transmission under these contexts serves to sustain and amplify innate immune responses while facilitating the emergence of adaptive immunity. The membrane-based system, including extracellular vesicles transport, phagocytosis and membrane fusion transmit dsDNA, cGAMP and activated STING, enhancing the immune surveillance and inflammatory. The membrane proteins, including specific protein channel and intercellular gap junctions, transfer cGAMP and dsDNA, which are crucial to regulate immune responses. And the ligand-receptor interactions for interferons transmission amplifies the anti-tumor response. This review elaborates on the regulatory mechanisms of cell-to-cell communications of cGAS-STING pathway in tumor immune microenvironment. We further explore how these mechanisms modulate immunological processes and discuss potential interventions and immunotherapeutic strategies targeting these signaling cascades.

Escala de Respuestas Emocionales por Estrés al Traslado en Transporte Público / Scale of Emotional Responses due to Commuting Stress in Public Transport

Resumen El traslado cotidiano entre la casa y el trabajo demanda un importante uso de recursos personales y puede llegar a ser estresante. El objetivo fue construir y evaluar una escala de respuestas emocionales por el estrés en el traslado en transporte público para la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México de manera exploratoria. Método: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo a través de entrevistas semi estructuradas con el propósito de identificar emociones asociadas a la experiencia de estrés por el traslado para desarrollar los reactivos de acuerdo con el contexto. Posteriormente, dos estudios cuantitativos permitieron evaluar las propiedades psicométricas. Participaron 196 y 298 personas respectivamente. La aplicación de la escala se realizó en línea en septiembre de 2020 y abril de 2021. Resultados: la escala incluyó 26 respuestas emocionales asociadas al estrés. En el Análisis Factorial Exploratorio se redujo a nueve emociones negativas (X2=1183, gl=36, p=.001, KMO=.94, 60% de varianza explicada, Alfa ordinal=.93), corroboradas en el Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (X2=41.87, gl=26, X2/gl=1.61, p=.025; RMR=.036, SRMR=.036, RMSEA=.045; GFI=.997, CFI=.999, TLI=.998). Conclusión: la propuesta exploratoria de la escala para evaluar las respuestas emocionales por el estrés en el traslado presenta valores adecuados para aplicarse en la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México.

Abstract The stress in urban settings is related to a greater request for personal resources to face situations of daily life, such as the commuting, since in big cities, people spend a lot of time on it, and sometimes is uncomfortable and annoying, which can cause stress. Commuting stress has been assessed, through commuting daily hassles, commuting stressful features and physiological responses, but it is possible assess it through emotional responses. The aim of this study was to develop and assess an exploratory scale of emotional responses for the study of commuting stress by public transport in an urban area of México that is densely populated. Method, a cross sectional design was used, in which a qualitative exploratory study was carried out through 23 individual semi-structured interviews and two focus group, where it was identified the main emotions experienced during the commuting stress to develop the items in the language of the population. Subsequently, those emotions were compared with emotions proposed in previous studies to complement the scale. Thus, 26 emotions were included to assess the commuting stress through emotional responses. Finally, two quantitative studies were carried out to assess the psychometric properties of the scale, in which 196 and 298 people participated, respectively. The scale was applied online in September 2020 and in April 2021. Results, from the 26 emotional stress responses were reduced to nine negative emotions in an Exploratory Factor Analysis (X2=1183, df=36, p=.001, KMO= .94, 60% variance, Alfa ordinal=.93). This solution was corroborated with a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (X2=41.87, d.f.=26, X2/d.f.=1.61, p=.025; RMR= .036, SRMR=.036, RMSEA=.045; GFI=.997, CFI=.999, TLI=.998). Conserve only nine negative emotions is due to statistical analysis but also because some emotions referred to conditions of physical exhaustion or body energy level. On the other hand, positive emotions were related with pleasant commuting situations, not with the commuting stress experience. Conclusion, the exploratory scale to assess the commuting stress through emotional responses presents acceptable values to be applied in this urban area of Mexico.

The immunogenic involvement of miRNA-492 in mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in pediatric patients

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the role of miRNA-492 in the progression of mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection in pediatric patients. Methods: Forty-six children admitted to the present study's hospital and diagnosed with mycoplasma pneumonia were recruited as the study group from March 2018 to August 2019, and 40 healthy children were selected as the control group. Results: The expression levels of miRNA-492, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-18 in the study group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between miRNA-492 and most of the immune-correlated indicators in the study group, except for IL-6, IL-18 and HMGB1. Meanwhile, overexpression of miRNA-492 increased IL-6 secretion in PMA-activated monocytes (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The present study's results suggested that miRNA-492 might play a role in the pathogenesis of mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children by regulating the secretion of immune-inflammatory factors such as IL-6 and IL-18 in the mononuclear macrophages.

Attenuation of hemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and intubation by pre-operative oral melatonin

Background: Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation are usually associated with tachycardia and hypertension. Pre-administration of melatonin has anxiolytic and sedative property which can reduce the tachycardia and hypertension during the surgical procedures. Aims and Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the melatonin effect on hemodynamic changes during laryngoscopy and intubation. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was done in the department of anesthesia, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka. Total 80 patients were included in the study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients were divided into two groups. Group-A treated with placebo and Group-B treated with melatonin (6 mg) and demographic, clinical, and hemodynamic parameters were recorded. The data were analyzed with unpaired t-test with the use SPSS (20.0) version software. Results: Comparison of number and percentage of age, gender, and blood groups between the Group-I and Group-II not showed any significant difference. Group-I and Group-II mean age, height, and weight not showed any significant difference. Mean heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure were compared between the Group-I and Group-II at basal, during, after 1, 3, 5, and 10 min showed significant difference. Conclusion: Pre-administration melatonin showed significant reduction of hemodynamic changes compared to placebo group.

Panic, denial, and the search for "magic remedies: " the various social responses to covid-19 in Peru / Pánico, negación y la búsqueda de "remedios mágicos": las varias respuestas sociales a la covid-19 en Perú

Abstract Between March 2020 and March 2022, more than 213,000 Peruvians died of covid-19. In this research note, we will identify and analyze the various social responses to covid-19 in Peru: denial, panic, search for culprits, search for "magic remedies," and, in some sectors, mistrust towards the State and science. We argue that these social responses have been common throughout history, both in pandemics prior to the development of the bacteriological era and in the most recent ones. We intend to show that, in Peru, scientific ideas around health and disease coexist with religious ideas, conspiracy theories and traditional knowledge.

Resumen Entre marzo de 2020 y marzo de 2022, más de 213.000 peruanos fallecieron por covid-19. En esta nota de investigación, identificaremos las diversas respuestas sociales a la covid-19 en Perú: negación, pánico, búsqueda de culpables, búsqueda de "remedios mágicos" y, en algunos sectores, escepticismo y desconfianza hacia el Estado y la ciencia. Argumentamos que estas respuestas sociales han sido comunes a lo largo de la historia, tanto en las pandemias anteriores al desarrollo de la era bacteriológica como en las más recientes. Pretendemos mostrar que en el Perú conviven ideas científicas en torno a la salud y la enfermedad con ideas religiosas, teorías conspirativas y saberes tradicionales.

Research Progressin the Relationship between Interleukin-6 and Intervertebral Disc Degeneration / 中国医学科学院学报

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is one of the main diseases causing low back pain,which seriously affects the quality of life of patients.Recent studies have discovered that interleukin-6 (IL-6) is highly expressed in the tissues and cells of degenerative intervertebral disc and is closely related to the occurrence and development of IDD.However,the signaling pathway and role of IL-6 in IDD remain to be understood.Therefore,this article reviews the recent studies about the signaling pathway and role of IL-6 in IDD,aiming to facilitate the clinical work and subsequent research progress.

Immune responses of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in infectious diseases / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are highly conserved immune cells that could participate in innate and adaptive immune responses after being activated by major histocompatibility complex class 1-related molecule (MR1) pathway or cytokine pathway. At present, it has been confirmed that a large number of MAIT cells exist in human peripheral blood and specific tissues, and play an important role in infectious diseases. This review focused on the role of MAIT cells in immune responses to different pathogens. Additionally, the therapeutic methods and challenges of targeting MAIT cells in infectious diseases were also discussed.

Electroclinical characteristics and treatment analysis of photosensitive occipital lobe epilepsy in children / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical and electroencephalographic characteristics of photosensitive occipital lobe epilepsy (POLE) in children.Methods:The clinical data, electroencephalogram (EEG), treatment and prognosis of 22 children with POLE in the Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital from January 2006 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Among the 22 patients, 12 cases were female and 10 cases were male.There were 3 cases combined with mild mental retardation.Classified by seizure symptoms, only 3 patients complained of subjective symptoms of visual aura, and the common symptoms were eye movement in 11 patients, headache in 3 patients, vomiting in 6 patients and dizziness in 3 patients.All patients had focal seizures during the course of disease.Twenty patients had secondary bilateral tonic-clonic seizures, and 5 patients also had generalized myoclonic seizures.Interictal epileptiform discharges were monitored in EEG of all children, including pure focal discharges in 6 patients, pure generalized discharges in 10 patients, and coexistence of generalized and focal discharges in 6 patients.Photoparoxysmal responses were induced in 19 patients, including pure focal discharges in 4 patients, pure generalized discharges in 6 patients, and coexisting focal and generalized discharges in 9 patients.Photoconvulsive responses were induced in 16 patients, including focal seizures with occipital lobe onset or focal secondary to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures in 15 patients, and myoclonic seizures in 1 patient.Eighteen patients were treated with anti-seizure medications (ASMs) and followed up.The top 3 commonly used drugs were Valproic acid (12 patients), Levetiracetam (8 patients), and Lamotrigine (4 patients), and 13 cases had controlled seizures.Conclusions:The visual aura of POLE is not obvious, and the relationship between epilepticseizures and light stimuli in daily life should be actively inquired to avoid misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis of the syndrome.The EEG of POLE often visualizes the coexistence of focal and generalized discharges, which may be accompanied by generalized seizures.The coexistence phenomenon should be considered when ASMs are medicated during treatment, and odium channel blockers should be selected carefully.

A non-human primate derived anti-P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 antibody curtails acute pancreatitis by alleviating the inflammatory responses

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a devastating disease characterized by an inflammatory disorder of the pancreas. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) plays a crucial role in the initial steps of the adhesive at process to inflammatory sites, blockade of PSGL-1 might confer potent anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we generated two non-human primate derived monoclonal antibodies capable of efficiently targeting human PSGL-1, RH001-6 and RH001-22, which were screened from immunized rhesus macaques. We found that RH001-6, can effectively block the binding of P-selectin to PSGL-1, and abolish the adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells in vitro. In vivo, we verified that RH001-6 relieved inflammatory responses and pancreatic injury in both caerulein and l-arginine induced AP models. We also evaluated the safety profile after RH001-6 treatment in mice, and verified that RH001-6 did not cause any significant pathological damages in vivo. Taken together, we developed a novel non-human primate derived PSGL-1 blocking antibody with high-specificity, named RH001-6, which can interrupt the binding of PSGL-1 and P-selectin and attenuate inflammatory responses during AP. Therefore, RH001-6 is highly potential to be further developed into therapeutics against acute inflammatory diseases, such as AP.

Gut microbiota controls the development of chronic pancreatitis: A critical role of short-chain fatty acids-producing Gram-positive bacteria

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a progressive and irreversible fibroinflammatory disorder, accompanied by pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and dysregulated gut microbiota. Recently, accumulating evidence has supported a correlation between gut dysbiosis and CP development. However, whether gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to CP pathogenesis remains unclear. Herein, an experimental CP was induced by repeated high-dose caerulein injections. The broad-spectrum antibiotics (ABX) and ABX targeting Gram-positive (G+) or Gram-negative bacteria (G-) were applied to explore the specific roles of these bacteria. Gut dysbiosis was observed in both mice and in CP patients, which was accompanied by a sharply reduced abundance for short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producers, especially G+ bacteria. Broad-spectrum ABX exacerbated the severity of CP, as evidenced by aggravated pancreatic fibrosis and gut dysbiosis, especially the depletion of SCFAs-producing G+ bacteria. Additionally, depletion of SCFAs-producing G+ bacteria rather than G- bacteria intensified CP progression independent of TLR4, which was attenuated by supplementation with exogenous SCFAs. Finally, SCFAs modulated pancreatic fibrosis through inhibition of macrophage infiltration and M2 phenotype switching. The study supports a critical role for SCFAs-producing G+ bacteria in CP. Therefore, modulation of dietary-derived SCFAs or G+ SCFAs-producing bacteria may be considered a novel interventive approach for the management of CP.

Immunogenic molecules associated with gut bacterial cell walls: chemical structures, immune-modulating functions, and mechanisms

Interactions between gut microbiome and host immune system are fundamental to maintaining the intestinal mucosal barrier and homeostasis. At the host-gut microbiome interface, cell wall-derived molecules from gut commensal bacteria have been reported to play a pivotal role in training and remodeling host immune responses. In this article, we review gut bacterial cell wall-derived molecules with characterized chemical structures, including peptidoglycan and lipid-related molecules that impact host health and disease processes via regulating innate and adaptive immunity. Also, we aim to discuss the structures, immune responses, and underlying mechanisms of these immunogenic molecules. Based on current advances, we propose cell wall-derived components as important sources of medicinal agents for the treatment of infection and immune diseases.

The effects of high-intensity intermittent training on metabolic or circulatory parameters and exercise time during 30s lasting exhaustive exercise / 体力科学

Present study aimed to examine the effects of high-intensity intermittent training on metabolic or circulatory parameters and exercise time during 30s-lasting exhaustive exercise. Six healthy males (22 ± 1yrs) had an intermittent training four days a week for four weeks. The intermittent training consisted of 8 or more sets of 20s exercise bout at an intensity of 170%VO2 max separated by 10-s recovery. Before and after training period, VO2 max and maximal accumulated O2 deficit (MAOD) were determined as indices of metabolic capacity. During 30s-lasting exhaustive exercise, VO2, O2 deficit, and circulatory parameters, such as heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output, were also determined every 10s. After the training, VO2 max and MAOD were significantly increased. During 30s-lasting exhaustive exercise, exercise time, stroke volume, and cardiac output were also significantly enhanced. However, no significant differences were observed in VO2 and O2 deficit every 10s during 30s-lasting exhaustive exercise. Therefore, these findings suggest that high-intensity intermittent training enhances exercise time during 30s-lasting exhaustive exercise and that the improvement of exercise performance is closely related to an increase in anaerobic capacity.

The Relationship between Contralateral Suppression of Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emission and Unmasking of Speech Evoked Auditory Brainstem Response

Abstract Introduction Several studies have shown that efferent pathways of the auditory system improve perception of speech-in-noise. But, the majority of investigations assessing the role of efferent pathways on speech perception have used contralateral suppression of otoacoustic emissions as a measure of efferent activity. By studying the effect of efferent activity on the speech-evoked auditory brainstem response (ABR), some more light could be shed on the effect of efferent pathways on the encoding of speech in the auditory pathway. Objectives To investigate the relationship between contralateral suppression of transient evoked otoacoustic emission (CSTEOAE) and unmasking of speech ABR. Methods A total of 23 young adults participated in the study. The CSTEOAE was measured using linear clicks at 60 dB peSPL and white noise at 60 dB sound pressure level (SPL). The speech ABR was recorded using the syllable /da/ at 80 dB SPL in quiet, ipsilateral noise, and binaural noise conditions. In the ipsilateral noise condition, white noise was presented to the test ear at 60 dB SPL, and, in the binaural noise condition, two separate white noises were presented to both ears. Results The F0 amplitude of speech ABR was higher in quiet condition; however, the mean amplitude of F0 was not significantly different across conditions. Correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between the CSTEOAE and the magnitude of unmasking of F0 amplitude of speech ABR. Conclusions The findings of the present study suggests that the efferent pathways are involved in speech-in-noise processing.

Igualación entre Actividades Hechas por y Recibidas de la Pareja / Matching among Activities Done for and Received from the Spouse

Resumen En el presente estudio se investigó si la frecuencia de las actividades hechas por la pareja tiende a igualar la frecuencia de las actividades recibidas del cónyuge; conforme a la ley de igualación. Participaron 120 hombres y 120 mujeres divididos en seis bloques de cinco años de matrimonio cada uno. Se pidió a los participantes que, de una lista de 63 actividades divididas en 9 áreas de interacción marital, indicaran cuáles realizaban por y cuáles recibían de su pareja. Posteriormente, se estimó si la proporción de actividades que los miembros de la pareja reportaron que hacían por su pareja tendía a igualar la proporción de actividades que decían recibir de ella. Los participantes reportaron que la proporción de actividades que hacen por su pareja es similar a la proporción de actividades que reciben de ella. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la relación entre las actividades del matrimonio y los reforzadores que mantienen unida a una pareja puede explicarse cuantitativamente con la ley de igualación; esto es, en términos de la relación entre los patrones de conducta que los miembros de la pareja hacen por y reciben de su pareja.

Abstract In the present study, it was explored if the frequency of the activities done for the spouse tends to match the frequency of the activities received from the partner, according to the matching law. Participants were 120 men and 120 women divided into six blocks of five years of marriage each one; that is, from 1 to 5, 6 to 10, 11 to 15, 16 to 20, 21 to 25, and more than 26 years of marriage. They were asked to choose, from a list of 63 activities divided into 9 areas of marital interaction (household responsibilities, raising children, social activities, finance, communication, sexual interaction, occupational or academic progress, personal independence, and spouse independence), which activities they performed for their partner and which ones they received from them. Based on the importance scores reported in a previous study, the proportion of the reinforcing value of the 63 marital activities was calculated. Subsequently, it was estimated whether the proportion of activities done for the spouse tends to equate the proportion of activities received from the partner. It was found that the proportion of activities the participants do for their partners is similar to the proportion of activities they received from them. Linear regressions were calculated for each block of years of marriage with the proportion of activities done predicted by the proportion of activities received. With these regressions, the deviation of the matching between the proportions was estimated. Slopes greater than 1.0 would show that participants reported to do more activities than they reported to receive; slopes lower than 1.0 would show that participants did fewer activities than those received; and if the value is close to 0.5 it would indicate indifference; that is, participants would do the same number of activities, regardless of those received from their partner. It was found that for men the slope varied between 0.71 and 1.02, and for women the slope varied between 0.908 and 1.035. These findings suggest that the relationship between marital activities and the reinforcers that hold a couple together can be explained quantitatively by the matching law; this is, by the correlation between the activities done for and receive from the spouse.

Mecanismos inmunológicos en Cnidaria: un sistema inmune basal de gran complejidad e interés bioprospectivo / Immunological mechanisms in Cnidaria: A highly complex basal immune system with bioprospective interest

Introducción: La protección ante agentes biológicos propios y externos de los cnidarios dependen de la inmunidad innata, la cual consta de tres procesos inmunológicos principales: 1) reconocimiento inmunológico, 2) señalización intracelular, y 3) respuesta efectora. Objetivo: Revisar críticamente el conocimiento actual del repertorio molecular involucrado en la respuesta inmune en cnidarios, así como, su papel en el establecimiento de la simbiosis, y las posibles aplicaciones biotecnológicas de las moléculas involucradas en el proceso de inmunidad. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de artículos científicos encontrados a través de las bases de datos del NCBI, Google Scholar y Scielo, con palabras claves como inmunidad y/o reconocimiento inmunológico en cnidarios, en una ventana de tiempo de la última década, sin descartar literatura clásica más antigua. Resultados: El reconocimiento inmunológico consiste en receptores inmunológicos que reconocen patrones moleculares e inducen respuestas efectoras como la movilización de moléculas al sitio de la infección, la ingestión microbiana y la formación de moléculas que activan cascadas de señalización. La fase de señalización involucra mediadores de la traducción de señales que activan genes de trascripción, y cascadas de señalización intracelular que inician respuestas de defensa adecuadas. Las respuestas efectoras incluyen la capa superficial del mucus, péptidos antimicrobianos, especies reactivas de oxígeno y la respuesta celular mediada por fagocitosis. Por último, se presenta un esquema y una tabla integral de las vías de respuesta inmune en los cnidario. Conclusiones: La inmunidad en Cnidaria está mediada por mecanismos de defensa complejos integrados por receptores de reconocimiento de patógenos, vías de señalización intracelular, células y moléculas efectoras encargadas de la eliminación del patógeno, y reconocimiento-aceptación de simbiontes. El estudio de compuestos activos del sistema inmune en Cnidaria ha sido poco explorado, sin embargo, el trabajo realizado con otros compuestos presentes en las toxinas de este filo, los sitúa como una fuente importante de moléculas antimicrobianas dignas de un análisis de bioprospección.

Introduction: Cnidarians depend on innate immunity for protection against both their own and external biological agents. It consists of three main immunological processes: 1) immune recognition, 2) intracellular signaling, and 3) effector response. Objective: To critically review current knowledge of the molecular repertoire involved in the immune response in cnidarians, its role in symbiosis, and possible biotechnological applications. Methods: We used keywords such as immunity, and immunological recognition in cnidarians, in the NCBI, Scielo and Google Scholar databases, for the last decade. Results: Cnidarian immune recognition consists of molecular pattern receptors and responses such as the mobilization of molecules to the site of infection, microbial ingestion, and the formation of molecules that activate signaling cascades. The signaling phase involves translation mediators that activate transcriptional genes and intracellular signaling cascades that initiate defenses. Effector responses include surface layer mucus, antimicrobial peptides, reactive oxygen species, and the cellular response mediated by phagocytosis. Conclusions: Immunity in Cnidaria is mediated by complex defense mechanisms composed of pathogen recognition receptors, intracellular signaling pathways, effector cells and molecules responsible for pathogen elimination, and recognition of symbionts. There is a potential for toxin compounds useful as antimicrobial molecules.

Cardiovascular Responses to Commonly Used Tests In and Outside of the Laboratory Settings

Several tests are available for assessing cardiovascular response to various interventions which may be given in the laboratory, or outside of it in the field. The tests are meant to excite or deactivate cardiovascular and other sensory receptors which signal the central mechanisms. They have been found useful in generating data to study cardiovascular effects on subjects exposed to specialized physical training (e.g., athletes), in the evaluation of people engaged in special occupations such as pilots, astronauts, and other military personnel, and in training undergraduate and postgraduate students. If the response does not fit into the physiological norm, it may reflect a temporary aberration, or a more serious defect in the cardiovascular control mechanism because of disease. Interpretation of data generated may vary between various operators/observers. Here, an attempt has been made to bring out responses of the cardiovascular system to the commonly used tests, and their applicability in clinical situations.

Eficacia del «Programa de tamizaje auditivo neonatal universal¼ de la Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social en la detección de sordera en niñas y niños, entre 2016 y 2018 / Effectiveness of «Universal Newborn Hearing Screening program¼ of Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, in detecting deafness in children, from 2016 to 2018

Resumen Introducción: el tamizaje auditivo es un método de detección y su propósito es intervenir de forma temprana para reducir las consecuencias negativas de una eventual afección auditiva en el desarrollo integral del infante. Costa Rica ha implementado en el sistema de salud público un programa de tamizaje auditivo neonatal universal, donde se examina todo niño o niña antes del primer mes de vida. Aunque se han percibido múltiples beneficios, es importante demostrar con evidencia científica si cumple sus objetivos. Metodología: se analizó la eficacia del «Programa de tamizaje auditivo neonatal universal» (TANU) de la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, a partir de la información registrada de 37 656 infantes evaluados entre los años 2016 y 2018, mediante el contraste empírico con las técnicas descriptivas de distribución de frecuencias de variables, y las pruebas inferenciales chi cuadrado y análisis de varianza (ANOVA). Resultados: en cuanto a la edad al momento del examen, el 71 % de la muestra tenía entre 0 y 3 días. Su desempeño a través del tiempo y la extensión a distintos centros de salud ha sido satisfactorio, así mismo, la cantidad de infantes valorados ha sido hasta del 98 % de la población. Conclusiones: el programa TANU es eficaz en la mayoría de aspectos analizados, destaca la identificación de factores de riesgo y la detección temprana de afecciones auditivas, sin embargo, se proponen mejoras en relación con el manejo de la información.

Abstract Introduction: Hearing screening is a detection method, its objective is to provide an early intervention that allows reducing the negative consequences of an eventual hearing impairment, in the integral development of the infant. Costa Rica has implemented a universal neonatal hearing screening program in the public health system, where the hearing of every child born in the country is examined before the first month of life. Although multiple benefits have been perceived, it is important to demonstrate with scientific evidence if it accomplishes its objectives. Methodology: the effectiveness of the Universal Newborn Hearing Screening Program in Costa Rica was analyzed, based on the information recorded from 37,656 children evaluated since 2016 to 2018, through empirical contrast using both descriptive techniques: frequency distribution of variables, as well as the use of inferential tests: chi square and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: 71 % of the sample was between 0 and 3 days old at the moment of being examined. Its performance over time and extension to different health centers has been satisfactory, likewise, the number of infants evaluated has been up to 98 % of the population. Conclusions: the TANU program is effective in most of the aspects analyzed, the identification of risk factors and the early detection of hearing disorders are outstanding, however, improvements are proposed in relation to the handling of information.

Comparison of affective responses during school physical education classes with different recovery times / Comparação das respostas afetivas durante aulas de educação física escolar com diferentes tempos de recuperação

ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify the effect of exercise recovery time on the affective responses during a circuit training in physical education classes. Forty-six apparently healthy young adolescents (twenty-one girls) (12.85 ± 0.94 years; 49.7 ± 8.93 kg; 1.59 ± 0.08 cm; 19.51 ± 3.28 kg/m2) participated in this study. Were submitted participants for two physical education classes, based on circuited model of the same intensity, but with different recovery times (2 min and 1 min). The study was carried out in two phases: baseline and intervention. Affect, Arousal, and Ratings of Perceived Exertion data were analyzed using paired t-tests, considering a significance level of p < 0.05. The class with longer rest time (2 min) provided greater affection (t(45) = 3.586; p < 0,001) and less perceived effort (t(45) = 2.295; p = 0,026). The intensity manipulation strategy was effective in providing different affective responses, in which classes perceived as more intense, resulting in the decline of affect.

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi verificar o efeito do tempo de recuperação do exercício nas respostas afetivas durante um treinamento em circuito nas aulas de educação física. Quarenta e seis jovens adolescentes aparentemente saudáveis (vinte e uma meninas), com (12.85 ± 0.94 anos; 49.7 ± 8.93 kg; 1.59 ± 0.08 cm; 19.51 ± 3.28 kg/m2), participaram do estudo. Os participantes foram submetidos a duas aulas de educação física escolar, baseados em modelo de circuitos de mesma intensidade, porém com tempos de recuperação diferentes (2 min e 1 min). O estudo foi realizado em duas fases: base e intervenção. Os dados de Afeto, Ativação e Percepção Subjetiva do Esforço, foram analisados através de testes t pareados, considerando um nível de significância de p < 0,05. A aula com maior tempo de descanso (2 min) proporcionou maior afeto (t(45) = 3.586; p < 0,001) e menor esforço percebido (t(45) = 2.295; p = 0,026). A estratégia de manipulação da intensidade foi efetiva para proporcionar respostas afetivas diferentes, em que a aula percebida como mais intensa resultou no declínio do afeto.