The effect of a 3% hydroxyapatite paste prophylaxis after different root-scaling procedures in periodontics / Efeito da profilaxia com pasta de hidroxiapatita 3% após diferentes procedimentos de raspagem radicular na periodontia

Abstract Introduction Root-scaling procedures on the root surface show to increase root surface roughness during instrumentation. The use of a prophylactic paste reduces the roughness. Objetive This study evaluated the influence of prophylaxis paste on the surface roughness of root dentin after hand instruments (HI), ultrasonic scalers (US) and rotational instruments (RI) were applied to root surfaces. Material and method Fifty bovine roots were prepared and randomly divided into 10 groups (n=5) in which instrumentation with HI, US, or RI was carried out with or without prophylaxis using either conventional or 3% hydroxyapatite paste; additionally, a control group without treatment was included. The Ra and Rz roughness values were measured using a perfilometer. The morphological aspects of the root surfaces were analysed qualitatively by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analysed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Result The scaling method and the prophylaxis procedure significantly influenced (p < 0.05) root surface roughness. Treatment with US and prophylaxis with 3% hydroxyapatite paste resulted in lower values ​​of Ra (0.14 µm ± 0.02 µm) and Rz (0.89 µm ± 0.18 µm) compared to the other groups. SEM analysis showed smoother and more homogeneous surfaces in the groups with prophylaxis compared to the groups without prophylaxis. There were no substantial differences between the results of applying different pastes. Conclusion The prophylaxis procedure performed with the experimental paste containing 3% hydroxyapatite reduced the roughness of root surfaces treated with HI, US and RI at the same level as the conventional prophylactic paste.

Resumo Introdução Procedimentos de raspagem na superfície radicular aumentam a rugosidade superficial durante a instrumentação. O uso de pasta profilática pode reduzir a rugosidade. Objetivo Este estudo avaliou a influência da profilaxia com pasta na rugosidade superficial da dentina radicular após instrumentação manual (IH), ultrassom (US) e instrumentos rotatórios (IR) aplicados em superfícies radiculares. Material e método Cinquenta raízes bovinas foram preparadas e divididas aleatoriamente em 10 grupos (n = 5) nos quais a instrumentação com HI, US ou RI foi realizada com ou sem profilaxia usando pasta convencional ou hidroxiapatita a 3%; adicionalmente, um grupo controle sem tratamento foi incluído. As rugosidades de Ra e Rz foram medidas por um perfilômetro. Os aspectos morfológicos das superfícies radiculares foram analisados ​​qualitativamente por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os dados foram analisados ​​por meio de ANOVA de dois fatores, seguido pelo teste de Tukey (α = 0,05). Resultado O método de raspagem e o procedimento de profilaxia influenciaram significativamente (p <0,05) a rugosidade da superfície radicular. O tratamento com US e a profilaxia com pasta de hidroxiapatita ao 3% resultaram em menores valores de Ra (0,14 µm ± 0,02 µm) e Rz (0,89 µm ± 0,18 µm) em relação aos demais grupos. A análise por MEV mostrou superfícies mais lisas e mais homogêneas nos grupos com profilaxia em comparação aos grupos sem profilaxia. Não houve diferenças substanciais entre os resultados da aplicação das diferentes pastas. Conclusão O procedimento de profilaxia realizado com a pasta experimental contendo 3% de hidroxiapatita reduziu a rugosidade das superfícies radiculares tratadas com HI, US e RI no mesmo nível da pasta profilática convencional.

Effect of the use of different periodontal curettes on the topography and roughness of root surface

Introduction: Periodontal scaling is the treatment approach most used to remove dental calculus, plaque, and altered cementum from root surface. During root decontamination, the instruments used leave the root rougher and more irregular. Objective: To verify the root surface after mechanical scaling with different Gracey curettes steel through SEM and superficial roughness analyses. Material and methods: Twelve teeth were embedded in acrylic resin. The teeth were instrumented with new Gracey curettes Gracey 5/6 from different brands. The groups (n=2) were divided into: control, no instrumentation (GC); carbon steel (CSN); stainless steel Neumar (SSN); stainless steel Millenium (SSM); premium steel Neumar (PSN); Hu-Friedy (HF). An area measuring 3 x 3 mm2 was marked on the distal surface of the root to guide the Reading of the root topography on SEM and rugosimeter. The data were analyzed by a single examiner previously calibrated. SEM analysis was based on scores of the root surface smoothness after scaling. We analyzed the parameters of mean roughness (Ra) and mean roughness deepness (Rz). SEM data were submitted to statistical analysis through Fisher's exact test (p < 0.002) and roughness data by Anova followed by Student t test. Results: The quality of the active surface of the curette demonstrated by SEM and roughness analyses that it can exert difference in the result regarding to the homogeneity produced after the scaling of root surface. Group SSM demonstrated a homogenous root surface (score 0) in SEM and better smoothness in rugosimeter analysis. Conclusion: According to com the methodology used, the group of curettes that provided better smoothness of root surface after scaling was SSM.

Comparison among four commonly used demineralizing agents for root conditioning: a scanning electron microscopy

Dental roots that have been exposed to the oral cavity and periodontal pocket environment present superficial changes, which can prevent connective tissue reattachment. Demineralizing agents have been used as an adjunct to the periodontal treatment aiming at restoring the biocompatibility of roots. OBJECTIVE: This study compared four commonly used demineralizing agents for their capacity of removing smear layer and opening dentin tubules. METHODS: Fifty fragments of human dental roots previously exposed to periodontal disease were scaled and randomly divided into the following groups of treatment: 1) CA: demineralization with citric acid for 3 min; 2) TC-HCl: demineralization with tetracycline-HCl for 3 min; 3) EDTA: demineralization with EDTA for 3 min; 4) PA: demineralization with 37 percent phosphoric acid for 3 min; 5) Control: rubbing of saline solution for 3 min. Scanning electron microscopy was used to check for the presence of residual smear layer and for measuring the number and area of exposed dentin tubules. RESULTS: Smear layer was present in 100 percent of the specimens from the groups PA and control; in 80 percent from EDTA group; in 33.3 percent from TC-HCl group and 0 percent from CA group. The mean numbers of exposed dentin tubules in a standardized area were: TC-HCl=43.8±25.2; CA=39.3±37; PA=12.1±16.3; EDTA=4.4±7.5 and Control=2.3±5.7. The comparison showed significant differences between the following pairs of groups: TC-HCl and Control; TC-HCl and EDTA; CA and Control; and CA and EDTA. The mean percentages of area occupied by exposed dentin tubules were: CA=0.12±0.17 percent; TC-HCl=0.08±0.06 percent; PA=0.03±0.05 percent; EDTA=0.01±0.01 percent and Control=0±0 percent. The CA group differed significantly from the others except for the TC-HCl group. CONCLUSION: There was a decreasing ability for smear layer removal and dentin tubule widening as follows: AC>TC-HCl>PA>EDTA. This information can be of value as an extra parameter for choosing one of them for root conditioning.

Root surface defect produced by hand instruments and ultrasonic scaler with different power settings: an in vitro study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the root surface defect produced by hand curettes and ultrasonic tips with different power settings. Forty root surfaces were divided into 4 groups according the treatment: Gracey curettes, ultrasonic scaler at 10 percent power, ultrasonic scaler at 50 percent power and ultrasonic scaler at 100 percent power. Each specimen was instrumented with 15 strokes and the and divided in the middle to evaluate: (1) the defect depth produced by the instrumentation and (2) contact area of the instrument tips, which was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. ANOVA and Tukey's test were used for statistical analysis (a=0.05). The results (mean ± SD) of the contact area showed significantly greater defects (p<0.05) for the hand instrumented groups (2092.9 ± 482) compared to the ultrasonic groups (606.8 ± 283.0; 858.6 ± 422.5; 1212.0 ± 366.7, respectively), independently of the power setting. The values for the defect depth on root surface showed no statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between hand instrumentation (66.1 ± 34.0) and ultrasonic scaling at 10 percent, 50 percent or 100 percent power settings (52.4 ± 22.1; 72.0 ± 29.9; 77.7 ± 37.7, respectively). The findings of this study demonstrate that ultrasonic instrumentation produced a similar defect depth to that of hand instrumentation, with a smaller tip contact area, independently of the power setting used for scaling.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o defeito na superfície radicular produzido por curetas manuais e instrumento ultra-sônico em diferentes potências. Quarenta superfícies radiculares foram divididas de acordo com o tratamento em 4 grupos: a) Curetas Gracey; b) Instrumento ultra-sônico a 10 por cento; c) Instrumento ultra-sônico a 50 por cento; d) Instrumento ultra-sônico a 100 por cento. Cada amostra recebeu 15 movimentos de raspagem e foram divididas ao meio para avaliar: (1) a profundidade do defeito produzido pela instrumentação e (2) a área de contato do instrumento com a superfície. Todas as superfícies foram então avaliadas com o uso de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Para a análise estatística foi utilizado o teste Tukey/ANOVA. Os resultados (média ± DP) encontrados para a área de contato foram significantemente maiores para a instrumentação manual (2092,9 ± 482,0) que para os instrumentos ultra-sônicos, independentemente da potência utilizada (606,8 ± 283,0; 858,6 ± 422,5; 1212,0 ± 366,7, respectivamente). Os valores para a profundidade do defeito demonstraram numericamente, mas não estatisticamente, diferenças entre a instrumentação manual (66,1 ± 34,0) e ultra-sônica em 10 por cento, 50 por cento ou 100 por cento de potência (52,4 ± 22,1; 72,0 ± 29,9; 77,7 ± 37,7, respectivamente). Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que a instrumentação ultra-sônica produziu defeitos com profundidade similar aos produzidos pela instrumentação manual, com um menor contato do instrumento, independente da potência utilizada.

Avaliação do efeito da afiação utilizando três tipos de pedras com e sem lubrificante sobre o ângulo de corte de curetas e superfície radicular após instrumentação: análise através de microscópio eletrônico de varredura e rugosímetro / Assessment the effect of sharpen with three kinds of sharpen stones using or not lubricant over curet's cutting edges and instrumentated root surface: assessment on scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Perfilometer

O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar ao Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura (MEV) e Rugosímetro o efeito da afiação com e sem lubrificante utilizando três tipos de pedras de afiar sobre o ângulo de corte das curetas e o efeito sobre a superfície radicular instrumentada. Para isso foram selecionadas 24 curetas novas marca Neumar e distribuídas aleatoriamente em 8 grupos experimentais: curetas novas, curtas sem corte, curetas afiadas com pedras de Arkansas, Óxido de Alumínio e Carborundum com e sem lubrificante. Posteriormente as lâminas das curetas foram separadas das hastes e fotografadas ao MEV onde obtiveram-se fotomicrografias que foram avaliadas por 3 examinadores diferentes designando-se valores para cada foto de acordo ao Índice Modificado do Ângulo de Corte, da melhor a pior condição encontrada. Na segunda parte da pesquisa repetiu-se todos os passos da primeira fase, com a diferença que as lâminas não foram separadas das hastes, efetuando-se a instrumentação radicular sobre dentes provenientes de um bando de dentes pré-existentes de acordo com cada grupo experimental, procedimento realizado com um aparelho padronizador desenhado especificamente para este estudo. Posteriormente as áreas instumentadas foram separadas para análise ao Rugosimetro e logo tomadas fotomicrografadas ao MEV que foram avaliadas por 3 examinadores diferentes designando-se valores para cada foto de acordo ao Índice Modificado de Irregularidade Superficial, da melhor a pior condição encontrada. Os resultados obtidos foram enviados para análise estatística. Conforme os resultados, conclui-se: o lubrificante não exerceu influência significante sobre o ângulo de corte e a superfície radicular, sendo que o fator tipo de pedra exerceu um efeito direto sobre o ângulo de corte e a superfície radicular. As pedras de Arkansas com e sem lubrificante tiveram os melhores resultados, as pedras de Óxido de Alumínio os piores e as pedras de Carborundum com e sem lubrificante uma posição intermediária entre as duas anteriores, em termos de lisura do ângulo de corte e superfície radicular. Precisa-se de estudos adicionais para estabelecer o efeito lubrificante em termos de lisura do ângulo de corte e a superfície radicular

The purpose of this work was the assessment on Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Perfilometer the effect of sharpen with three kinds of sharpen stones using or not lubricant over curet's cutting edges and the effect over instrumentated root surface. Twenty-four Neumar curets were selected and ramdomly distributes in eight experimental groups: new curets, dull curets, resharpened curtes with Arkansas stone, Aluminium Oxide and Carborundum with and without lubricant. Subsequently, the curet blades were separated from the handle and photographed on SEM. The photographs were examinated by three diferent examiners and the values given, according to the index of cutting edge, from better to worse were found. In the second part of the work, all the steps of the first phase were repeated except that the blades were not separated from the handle. The instrumentation of the experimental groups were done with the patterned apparatus on root segments from a teeth bank source. The instrumented areas were separated and a Perfilometer analysis and SEM photographs were made and analysed by the examiners. It was conclude from the statistical analysis that the lubricant did not highly influence the cutting edge and root surface. The type of stone influenced directly the cutting edge and root surface. The Arkansas's stone with and without lubricant show the highest result while the Aluminium Oxide stone the lowest. The carborundum stones with and without lubricant show intermediated results. Further studies are necessary to stablish the lubricant effecting on cutting edge smoothness and root surface