Résumé
Rubus chingii Hu, a member of the rosaceae family, is extensively distributed in China and Japan. Its unripe fruits (Fupenzi in Chinese) have a long history of use as an herbal tonic in traditional Chinese medicine for treating various diseases commonly associated with kidney deficiency, and they are still in use today. Phytochemical investigations on the fruits and leaves of R. chingii indicate the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, phenolics, and organic acids. Extracts or active substances from this plant are reported to have various pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antifungal, antithrombotic, antiosteoporotic, hypoglycemic, and central nervous system-regulating effects. This review provides up-to-date information on the botanical characterizations, traditional usages, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, toxicity, and quality control of R. chingii. Possible directions for future research are also briefly proposed. This review aims to supply fundamental data for the further study of R. chingii and contribute to the development of its clinical use.
Résumé
Objective: To discriminate traditional She medicine Gegongniugen (the root of Rubus chingii Hu) from its confusable species of genus Rubus based on ITS2 barcode, and to guarantee the medicine quality and clinical effect of Gegongniugen. Methods: A total of 140 samples of R. corchorifolius L. f., R. hirsutus Thunb., R. parvifolius L., R. coreanus Miq., R. buergeri Miq., R.tsangorum Hand. -Mazz., R. trianthus Focke, R. jiangxiensis Z. X. Yu, W. T. Ji et H. Zheng were collected from Zhejiang, Guangxi, Jiangxi, and Anhui provinces. Genomic DNA was extracted from the collected samples, followed by ITS2 sequences amplification through PCR, bi-directional sequencing, assembly and annotation based on HMMer method. At the same time, 37 other sequences of corresponding species were downloaded from GenBank. Sequence characteristics such as lengths, GC contents, and variable sites were analyzed by Gene Tool software while genetic distance calculation and build-up of neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree were carried out through Clustal X and MEGA 7.0. Results: The lengths of ITS2 sequences of Gegongniugen and its nine confusable species of genus Rubus ranged from 211 to 213 bp with GC content of 52.1%-58.0%; These ITS2 sequences had 14 mutation sites and one insertion/deletion site; The average intra-specific K2P genetic distance of Gegongniugen was 0.007 2, which was significantly lower than the respective inter-specific K2P genetic distance between Gegongniugen and its confusable species of genus Rubus. The genetic distantes between Gegongniugen and R. corchorifolius or Gegongniugen and R. jiangxiensis were minimum, while that between Gegongniugen and R. hirsutus was maxmum. It was obvious in the N-J phylogenetic tree that the ITS2 sequences of Gegongniugen formed into one separate clade, which could be successfully distinguished other nine species. Conclusion: ITS2 sequence can be used as an effective DNA marker to discriminate the original plants of Gegongniugen and its confusable species of genus Rubus, which provided an important molecular evidence for the identification of traditional She medicines and contributed to the information supervision of traditional She medicine market.
Résumé
AIM To establish a molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs)-HPLC method for the simultaneous content dertermination of four flavonoids in Rubus chingii Hu.METHODS Fe3O4 magnetic MIPs was added into ethyl acetate fraction solution of R.chingii to prepare mixed MIPs.The analysis of mixed MIPs methanol eluent was performed on a 30 ℃ thermostatic Diamonsil C18 column (250 mm ×4.6 mm,5 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of acetonitrile-0.1％ formic acid flowing at 1.0 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and the detection wavelength was set at 266 nm.RESULTS Tannins,lilsonide,quercetin and kaempferol showed good linear relationships within the ranges of 2.4-1 232.0 μg (R2 =1)、7.1-3 648.0 μg (R2 =0.999 9)、4.7-4 840.0 μg (R2 =0.999 9)、4.8-2 440.0 μg (R2 =0.999 9),whose average recoveries were 98.94％,99.33％,99.26％ and 98.67％ with the RSDs of 2.04％,1.40％,1.76％ and 1.75％,respectively.CONCLUSION This accurate and reliable method eliminates impurity interference,which can be used for the content determination of flavonoids in R.chingii.
Résumé
AIM To establish a molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs)-HPLC method for the simultaneous content dertermination of four flavonoids in Rubus chingii Hu.METHODS Fe3O4 magnetic MIPs was added into ethyl acetate fraction solution of R.chingii to prepare mixed MIPs.The analysis of mixed MIPs methanol eluent was performed on a 30 ℃ thermostatic Diamonsil C18 column (250 mm ×4.6 mm,5 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of acetonitrile-0.1％ formic acid flowing at 1.0 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and the detection wavelength was set at 266 nm.RESULTS Tannins,lilsonide,quercetin and kaempferol showed good linear relationships within the ranges of 2.4-1 232.0 μg (R2 =1)、7.1-3 648.0 μg (R2 =0.999 9)、4.7-4 840.0 μg (R2 =0.999 9)、4.8-2 440.0 μg (R2 =0.999 9),whose average recoveries were 98.94％,99.33％,99.26％ and 98.67％ with the RSDs of 2.04％,1.40％,1.76％ and 1.75％,respectively.CONCLUSION This accurate and reliable method eliminates impurity interference,which can be used for the content determination of flavonoids in R.chingii.
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Objective: To explore the chemical constituents of traditional She medicine Rubi Radix et Rhizoma (the roots and rhizomes of Rubus chingii in family Rosaceae). Methods: The compounds were isolated and purified by various column chromatography and the structures were identified by physicochemical constant determination and spectral analysis. Results: Nine compounds were isolated and identified as β-sitosterol (1), daucosterol (2), euscaphic acid (3), 11α-euscaphic acid (4), tormentic acid (5), ellagic acid (6), gallic acid (7), ursolic acid (8), and oleanolic acid (9) from 95% ethanol extract of Rubi Radix et Rhizoma. Conclusion: All the nine compounds are isolated from Rubi Radix et Rhizoma for the first time and the compound 4 is first isolated from R. chingii.
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Objective:To optimize the extraction technology of gallic acid in the roots of Rubus chingii Hu from eastern China and establish an assay method. Methods:The content of gallic acid was determined by HPLC. Orthogonal design was used to investigate the influence of solid/liquid ratio,extraction time and concentration of hydrochloric acid on the yield of gallic acid. Results:A good linearity of gallic acid was within the range of 4. 082-40. 815 μg·ml-1(r=0. 999 9),and the average recovery was 101. 28%(RSD=1. 08%,n=6). The optimal technology was as follows:extracted with heating circumfluence in 4. 2% hydrochloric acid solution with solid/liquid ratio of 1: 15 for 2. 5h. Conclusion:The optimal extraction technology is simple and feasible,and the assay method is stable and reliable,which can be used in the extraction and determination of gallic acid in the roots of Rubus chingii Hu from eastern China.
Résumé
AIM:To establish HPLC fingerprint for controlling the quality of Rubus chingii Hu. METHODS: Analysis was performed on Alltech C_(18) column(250 mm?4.6 mm,5 ?m)with a mixture of acetonitrile and water as mobile phase in gradient mode,flow rate was 1.0 mL/min,wavelength at 211 nm. RESULTS: There were 15 common peaks in the HPLC fingerprints of Rubus chingii Hu.The RSD of precision and reproducibility lay within 5%. CONCLUSION: The method has good sensitivity and repeatability.This chromatographic fingerprint method can be used to controll the quality of Rubus chingii Hu.