Tipologia de mensagens falsas sobre a covid-19 no Brasil / Typology of fake news about the covid-19 in Brazil / Tipología de mensajes falsos sobre el covid-19 en Brasil

O estudo apresentado neste artigo analisou características de notícias falsas e de rumores falsos, que têm como principal diferença a incorporação, ou não, do que caracteriza a imprensa oficial e a grande mídia. A pesquisa avaliou material sobre a pandemia de covid-19 no Brasil, entre janeiro e dezembro de 2020, utilizando o banco de dados do projeto Latam Chequea Coronavirus, que continha 838 mensagens falsas disseminadas em mídias sociais, além de blogs e sites de notícias, e, após submetidas a critérios de corte, 473 delas foram analisadas. A análise utilizou 33 categorias previstas na literatura, divididas em: caracterização, tipo, tema e técnicas de persuasão. Os resultados revelaram que: 86,89% das mensagens eram rumores; os temas mais frequentes foram "profilaxia e cura", "políticas" e "prevenção pública"; o apelo à autoridade esteve presente em 76,74% delas e foi a técnica de persuasão mais frequente, seguida do apelo emocional (64,90%). A pesquisa mostrou como as técnicas de persuasão empregadas apoiam os temas identificados nas mensagens falsas e rumores falsos sobre a pandemia.

The study presented in this article analyzed characteristics of fake news and false rumours, differentiated by the incorporation or absence of features of official press and of the media. The research evaluated mate-rial about the covid-19 pandemic in Brazil, between January and December 2020, using the database from the Latam Chequea Coronavirus project, containing 838 false messages disseminated on social media, as well as blogs and newsbrands, and after being subjected to cut-off criteria 473 of them were analysed. The analysis employed 33 categories outlined in the literature, divided among characterization, type, theme, and persuasion techniques. The results revealed that: 86,89% of the messages were rumors; the most frequent themes were "prophylaxis and cure", "politics", and "public prevention"; the appeal to authority was present in 76,74% of the messages and it was the most frequent persuasion technique, followed by emotional appeal (64,90%). The research has demonstrated how persuasion techniques support the themes of fake news and false rumors regarding the pandemic

El estudio presentado en este artículo analizó las características de las noticias falsas y de los rumores falsos, cuya la principal diferencia es si incorporan o no lo que caracteriza a la prensa oficial y a los principales medios de comunicación. La investigación evaluó material sobre la pandemia de covid-19 en Brasil, entre enero y diciembre de 2020, utilizando la base de datos del proyecto Latam Chequea Coronavirus, que contenía 838 mensajes falsos difundidos en redes sociales, además de blogs y sitios de noticias, y después de ser sometidos a criterios de corte se analizaron 473 de ellos. El análisis utilizó 33 categorías previstas en la literatura, divididas en: caracterización, tipo, tema y técnicas de persuasión. Los resultados revelaron que 86,89% de los mensajes eran rumores; los temas más frecuentes fueron "profilaxis y cura", "políticas" y "prevención pública"; la apelación a la autoridad estuvo presente en 76,74% de ellos, y fue la técnica de persuasión más frecuente, seguida de la apelación emocional (64,90). La investigación muestró como las técnicas de persuasión respaldan los temas de noticias falsas y rumores sobre la pandemia

Fake news in the Covid-19 pandemic: Conspiracy theories, alternative truths, and benevolent advice / Boatos em forma de fake news na pandemia da Covid-19: teorias da conspiração, verdades alternativas e conselhos bondosos / Rumores en forma de fake news en la pandemia de Covid-19: teorías de conspiración, verdades alternativas y buenos consejos

The Covid-19 pandemic has created an informational tide in which rumors in the form of fake news disseminated by individual and official agency communications saturated people with sometimes contradictory messages. Grounded on the perspective of the social psychology of rumors, this study aimed to analyze the unique and differential characteristics of news proven to be fake news in order to obtain criteria for recognizing this phenomenon. We selected posts about Covid-19 shared on social networks by individuals (n = 100) and by official agencies (n = 100) verified as fake news on specialized sites (n = 100). A descending hierarchical classification was performed and fake news presented three singularities: emphasis on conspiracy theories, presentation of alternative truths to those of governments, and promotion of benevolent advice for the protection and cure of the disease. Such results allow the insertion of these characteristics into fake news search algorithms and the adaptation of the communication of official bodies, for the prevention of misinforming news.

A pandemia da Covid-19 criou uma maré informacional na qual boatos em forma de fake news, comunicações individuais e de órgãos oficiais saturam as pessoas com mensagens por vezes contraditórias. A partir da psicologia social dos boatos, objetiva-se estudar as características singulares e diferenciais de notícias comprovadas como fake news, para obter critérios para reconhecer esse fenômeno. Foram selecionadas mensagens sobre Covid-19 compartilhadas em redes sociais por indivíduos (n = 100), por órgãos oficiais (n = 100) e averiguadas como fake news em sítios especializados (n = 100). Uma classificação hierárquica descendente foi realizada e as fake news apresentaram três singularidades: ênfase em teorias da conspiração, apresentação de verdades alternativas às dos governos e promoção de conselhos bondosos para proteger-se e curar-se da doença. Tais resultados permitem a inserção dessas características em algoritmos de busca de fake news e a adaptação da comunicação de órgãos oficiais, para prevenção de notícias que desinformam.

La pandemia de Covid-19 creó una marea informativa en la que los rumores en forma de fake news, comunicaciones individuales y de organismos oficiales bombardean a las personas con mensajes a veces contradictorios. Basado en la psicología social de los rumores, el objetivo es estudiar las características singulares y diferenciales de las noticias comprobadas como fake news, con el fin de obtener criterios que permitan reconocer este fenómeno. Se seleccionaron mensajes sobre Covid-19 compartidos en las redes sociales por individuos (n = 100), por organismos oficiales (n = 100) y verificados como fake news en sitios especializados (n = 100). Se realizó una clasificación jerárquica descendente y las fake news mostraron tres singularidades: énfasis en teorías de conspiración, presentación de verdades alternativas a las de los gobiernos y difusión de consejos benéficos para protegerse y curarse de la enfermedad. Dichos resultados permiten la inserción de estas características en algoritmos de búsqueda de fake news y la adaptación de la comunicación de organismos oficiales, para evitar noticias que desinforman.

A dupla epidemia: febre amarela e desinformação / Two epidemics: the yellow fever and a lack of information / La dupla epidemia: la fiebre amarilla y la falta de información

Esta nota apresenta um breve histórico da origem da febre amarela no Brasil, das medidas de controle e das dificuldades para que orientações de saúde pública cheguem à população. Nela analisam-se alguns episódios de geração de boatos, assim como informações mentirosas e suas consequências muitas vezes danosas.Aponta-se a necessidade de oferecer e divulgar fontes confiáveis para os profissionais e a comunidade, em especial por meio do fortalecimento das instituições e de suas áreas de comunicação social. Assinala-se também a importância do trabalho de campo das equipes de atenção básica, para localizar pessoas expostas a risco, levando-lhes informações e vacinas.(AU)

This paper presents a brief history of yellow fever origin in Brazil, of the control measures and of the difficulties to the public health guidance to reach the population. It analyzes some cases of rumour propagation, as wellas fake information and its often damaging consequences. It points out the need to offer and disseminatereliable sources to professionals and the community, especially through the strengthening of institutions and their areas of social communication. It also highlights the importance of the fieldwork of the primary health care teams, so that they can find people at risk and bring information and vaccines to them.

Esta nota presenta una breve historia del origen de la fiebre amarilla en Brasil, de las medidas de control yde las dificultades de las orientaciones de salud pública para llegar a la población. Analiza algunos casos degeneración de rumores, así como informaciones falsas y sus consecuencias a menudo perjudiciales. Señalala necesidad de ofrecer y difundir fuentes confiables a los profesionales y a la comunidad, en especial a través del fortalecimiento de las instituciones y sus áreas de comunicación social. También destaca la importancia del trabajo de campo de los equipos de atención primaria de salud, para localizar personas expuestas alriesgo y así llevar a ellas informaciones y vacunas.

Public knowledge and attitudes towards the 60Co incident in Qixian County,Henan Province / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To investigate radiation risk perception and nuclear acceptance after the 60Co stuck source incident in June 2009 in Qixian County,Henan Province.Methods From March to April 2010,23 hamlets and 2 schools from 5 towns in Qixian County were selected,while 3 hamlets and 2 schools from 3 towns were used as control in Huixian County,1 35 km away where no any impact of the incident was found.Face-to-face questionnaire survey was conducted among three groups including mass public,elite public(representatives of public opinion,such as physicians,teachers,govemmental officials,administrative personnel,private entrepreneurs),and middie school students(the third grade students in junior middle schools and the first grade students in senior middle schools).Results A total of 1 340 valid questionnaires were collected.The public knowledge levels about radiation and nuclear power were low among all groups in two areas and public knowledge levels in Qixian County were higher than those in Huixian County.In both areas.the knowledge levels of the students were higher tIIan those among the elite public,and that among the general public were the lowest.The knowledge levels of males and those with higher educational levels were higher than those of females and those with lower educational levels.More than 40.0% of the respondents supported the idea to build nuclear power plants in China.but only a small part of them supported to build nuclear power plants in their own areas.The percentages of opponents against local nuclear power plant construction were especially higher among the students and those with higher educational levels.More than 60% of the mass public and elite public believed the explanation of the government.More than 80% of the respondents held negative attitudes towards the performance of the Qixian County Government in dealing with this incident.The student gave the lowest evaluation of the credibility and the specific performance of the local government,whereas the elite public placed themselves between the students and the mass public.The reasons why the local people left their homes to evade risk included rumors(67.2%),lack of radiation knowledge(61.9%),group psychology(59.2%),and failure of the government to inform the truth to the public in time(42.3%).Conclusions The public still fails to know enough about radiation and nuclear power.Although they trust the government,they are dissatisfied with the performance of the local government in dealing with the incident.The negative evaluation of the students is worth concerning.

Deconstructing social resistance to pulse polio campaign in two north indian districts.

Objective: To gain an insight into the phenomenon of social resistance and rumors against pulse polio campaign. Design: Qualitative, community-based investigation, mapping perceptions of various stakeholders through in-depth interviews (IDIs), focus group discussions (FGDs), non-formal interactions and observations. Setting: Moradabad and JP Nagar districts of Uttar Pradesh. Subjects: IDIs (providers 33, mothers 33, community leaders 10); FGDs (providers 4, mothers 8) and non-formal interactions (156) with community leaders, parents, businessmen, journalists (Hindi and Urdu media), mobilizers, vaccinators and supervisors. Results: A distinct machination of social resistance and rumors against oral polio vaccine during supplementary immunization activities (SIA) was observed in some minority dominated areas. The pattern can be understood through a model that emerged through qualitative evidence. Inspite of all this, most parents in minority areas supported the SIAs. Only a few clusters from extremely marginalized sections continued to evade SIAs, with an endemic pattern. Through social osmosis, these rumors reached majority community as well and some parents were affected. However, in such cases, the resistance was sporadic and transient. Conclusion: While the program’s focus was on microbiological issues, the obstacles to polio eradication lie in the endemicity of social (and/or cultural) resistance in some pockets, leading to clustering of perpetually unimmunized children - inspite of good coverage of SIAs at macro level. This may sustain low levels of wild poliovirus transmission, and there can be exceptions to the robustness of the pulse approach. A micro level involvement of volunteers from marginalized pockets of minorities might be able to minimize or eliminate this resistance.