Instrumentos que valoran las funciones de la atención primaria de salud: perspectiva de los usuarios / Instruments to evaluate primary health care functions: user perspective

RESUMEN Objetivo Realizar una revisión temática sobre los instrumentos que se han desarrollado para evaluar las funciones de la atención primaria de salud (APS) desde la perspectiva de usuarios, en el contexto mundial, validados entre 1994 y 2014. Métodos Revisión temática de artículos publicados en PubMed, EMBASE y Biblioteca Virtual en Salud. Como criterios de inclusión se establecieron publicaciones de revistas científicas, idiomas español, inglés y portugués y estudios de validación de cuestionarios que evaluaran funciones de la APS. Resultados En total se encontraron 28 cuestionarios, desarrollados y validados. Conclusiones Existen instrumentos validados, disponibles para evaluar las funciones esenciales de la APS.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To conduct a narrative review about the instruments that have been developed to evaluate the functions of primary health care from the user's perspective, in the global context, between 1994 and 2014. Methods A thematic review of articles published in PubMed, EMBASE and Biblioteca Virtual en Salud was performed. As an eligibility criteria for articles were publications in scientific journals, Spanish, English and Portuguese languages and validation studies of questionnaires to assess functions of primary health care. Results A total of 28 questionnaires developed and validated was found. Conclusions There are validated instruments available to assess the essential functions of the APS.(AU)

Estado nutricional de escolares adolescentes no Brasil: a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde dos Escolares 2015 / Nutritional status of Brazilian schoolchildren: National Adolescent School-based Health Survey 2015

RESUMO: Introdução: A obesidade é um problema crescente no Brasil em todos os grupos etários. Excesso de peso ao final da adolescência indica probabilidade elevada de peso não saudável na vida adulta. Objetivo: Descrever dados antropométricos da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde dos Escolares (PeNSE) 2015 e sua distribuição segundo estratos geográficos e socioeconômicos. Métodos: Dados da PeNSE 2015 foram utilizados. A amostra desta análise compreende adolescentes com idade entre 11 e 19 anos de escolas públicas e privadas com dados antropométricos disponíveis. O estado nutricional foi classificado segundo valores de referência para o índice de massa corporal (IMC), propostos pela International Obesity Task Force (IOTF). As estimativas das prevalências de déficit de peso e de excesso de peso e seus respectivos erros padrão foram apresentados. A associação entre os indicadores antropométricos e as características demográficas ou sociais dos adolescentes foi estimada por odds ratio e os seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% foram apresentados. Resultados: A prevalência de déficit de peso foi inferior a 3%. As maiores prevalências de excesso de peso foram observadas em adolescentes que se declararam negros ou indígenas, da região sul, da área urbana e dos quintos mais baixos de renda. Em geral, a prevalência de excesso de peso foi maior entre adolescentes que frequentavam escolas privadas. Conclusão: O excesso de peso é mais frequente entre adolescentes dos estratos de baixa renda. Além de indicador do estado nutricional, o excesso de peso pode indicar desigualdade social no Brasil.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Obesity has increased in Brazil for all age groups. Overweight at the end of adolescence indicates a high probability of unhealthy weight in adulthood. Objective: To describe anthropometric data of the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE) 2015 and its distribution according to geographic and socioeconomic strata. Methods: Data from the PeNSE 2015 was used. The analysis sample consisted of adolescents aged 11 to 19 years old from public and private schools with available anthropometric data. Nutritional status was classified according to the body mass index, with reference values proposed by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF). The prevalence estimates of underweight and overweight and their respective standard errors were presented. The association between anthropometric indicators and demographic or social characteristics of adolescents was estimated by odds ratio, and the respective 95% confidence intervals were presented. Results: The prevalence of underweight was less than 3%. Elevated prevalence of overweight was observed in adolescents from the South region, from the urban area, from the lowest fifths of income, and those who declared themselves to be black or indigenous. In general, the prevalence of overweight was higher among adolescents attending private schools. Conclusion: Overweight is more frequent among adolescents from low-income strata. Besides being an indicator of nutritional status, overweight may indicate social inequality in Brazil.

Intervención educativa sobre ITS-VHI/sida en estudiantes de la enseñanza preuniversitaria: IPVC Carlos Marx. Años 2008-2009 / Educative intervention on STI-HIV/AIDS in pre-university students: IPVC Carlos Marx. 2008-2009

En Cuba, como en otros países, las infecciones se observan en edades cada vez más tempranas, donde los adolescentes y jóvenes constituyen las poblaciones más vulnerables expuestas al riesgo. En este sentido, la prevención, a través de la educación en las escuelas, representa un poderoso instrumento para lograr la reducción de casos futuros de ITS-VIH/sida. Teniendo en cuenta esta problemática, se realizó un estudio de intervención, seleccionando el Instituto Preuniversitario Vocacional de Ciencias Exactas Carlos Marx, de Matanzas. El estudio se realizó en el período comprendido del curso académico 2008-2009. El universo de estudio estuvo representado por 124 estudiantes de onceno grado, que residían en el municipio de Matanzas; se utilizó para el diagnóstico una encuesta validada, que se encuentra en el libro Metodología para la prevención de las ITS-VIH/sida en adolescentes y jóvenes. La mayoría de los estudiantes tenían nociones inadecuadas al respecto. A partir de las dificultades encontradas, se diseñó un programa de capacitación; teniéndose en cuenta las necesidades de aprendizaje, y los horarios de las actividades docentes. Se les fue entregado un manual instructivo para la prevención de las ITS-VIH/sida, que contiene mensajes educativos y técnicas participativas, el cual brindó respuesta a los principales problemas identificados, relacionados con los conocimientos sobre ITS-VIH/sida en este nivel de enseñanza. Al finalizar la intervención, se constató un incremento de los conocimientos de los mismos acerca de las infecciones de transmisión sexual, lo cual indica una necesaria sistematicidad en la labor educativa.

In Cuba, as in other countries, sexually transmitted infections are observed in more and more early ages, and teenagers and young people are the most vulnerable populations exposed to risk. In this sense the prevention, through education in schools, represents a powerful instrument to achieve the reduction of future cases of STI-HIV/AIDS. Taking into account this problem, we carried out an interventional study in the Pre-university Vocational Institute of Exact Sciences Carlos Marx, of Matanzas, during the school year 2008-2009. The universe of the study was formed by 124 11-grade students; for the diagnosis we used a validated questionnaire we found in the book “Methodology for the prevention of the STI-HIV/AIDS in teenagers and young people”. Most of the students had inadequate notions on the theme. On the bases of the found difficulties, we designed a Capacitating Program, taking into account the learning necessities and the lessons schedule. They were given and instructive manual for the prevention of the STI-HIV/AIDS, containing educative Messages and participative techniques that answered the main problems identified, related with the knowledge on STI-HIV/AIDS at this educational level. When the intervention was finished, we stated an increase of the students' knowledge on sexually transmitted infections, indicating a systematical necessity of the educative work.