Résumé
Objective To develop a method for designing schistosomiasis surveillance sites, so as to improve the efficiency and quality of schitsosomiasis surveillance. Methods By using the minimum spanning tree-based Spatial Kluster Analysis by Tree Edge Removal (SKATER) method, spatially constrained clustering was performed upon 31 historical schistosomiasis-endemic counties (districts) in Anhui Province. A surveillance site was selected from each cluster to evaluate the representativeness and surveillance efficiency of these cluster-based surveillance sites for the endemic situation of schistosomiassi in Anhui Province, and to compare the surveillance efficiency with local national schistosomiasis surveillance sites. Results There was no significant difference in the environmental factors between the cluster-based schistosomiasis surveillance sites and the whole region, showing a high homogeneity. If the same number of schistosomiasis surveillance sites was selected, there was no significant difference between the cluster-based surveillance sites and national schistosomiasis surveillance sites in the efficiency of the mean risk and long-term trend of schistosomiasis surveillance in Anhui Province; however, the cluster-based surveillance sites were superior to the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites for the prediction and estimation of the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in the unmonitored areas. Conclusion The SKATER-based selection of schistosomiasis surveillance sites may better represent the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Anhui Province, which may serve as an effective supplement for the conventional method of selecting schistosomiasis surveillance sites.
Résumé
Objective To develop a method for designing schistosomiasis surveillance sites, so as to improve the efficiency and quality of schitsosomiasis surveillance. Methods By using the minimum spanning tree-based Spatial Kluster Analysis by Tree Edge Removal (SKATER) method, spatially constrained clustering was performed upon 31 historical schistosomiasis-endemic counties (districts) in Anhui Province. A surveillance site was selected from each cluster to evaluate the representativeness and surveillance efficiency of these cluster-based surveillance sites for the endemic situation of schistosomiassi in Anhui Province, and to compare the surveillance efficiency with local national schistosomiasis surveillance sites. Results There was no significant difference in the environmental factors between the cluster-based schistosomiasis surveillance sites and the whole region, showing a high homogeneity. If the same number of schistosomiasis surveillance sites was selected, there was no significant difference between the cluster-based surveillance sites and national schistosomiasis surveillance sites in the efficiency of the mean risk and long-term trend of schistosomiasis surveillance in Anhui Province; however, the cluster-based surveillance sites were superior to the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites for the prediction and estimation of the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in the unmonitored areas. Conclusion The SKATER-based selection of schistosomiasis surveillance sites may better represent the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Anhui Province, which may serve as an effective supplement for the conventional method of selecting schistosomiasis surveillance sites.
Résumé
O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar elementos da esportivização da prática cultural skate (1960-1990), como conhecimento para o entendimento da relação entre o micro e o macro processo sócio-histórico do skate. Como fonte de pesquisa histórica para a esportivização do skate no Brasil, dimensão macro, utilizamos a Revista Tribo Skate e para a de Piracicaba/SP, dimensão micro, entrevistamos dois colaboradores a partir do método da história oral. Os resultados evidenciaram que o skate surgiu para gerar fortes tensões agradáveis, suas formas de lazer precedem as formas esportivas e, guardadas as particularidades, os seus processos macro e micro-históricos são interdependentes.
The objective of this study is to present the elements of the sportivization of the cultural practice of skateboarding (1960-1990), as knowledge for the understanding of the relation between the micro and the macro social and historical processes of skateboarding. We used the magazine Revista Tribo Skate as source of historical research for the sportivization of skateboarding in Brazil, the macro dimension, and for the micro dimension, the city of Piracicaba/SP, where we interviewed two collaborators based on the method of oral history. The results evidenced that the skateboarding has appeared to generate pleasant strong tensions, its leisure forms precede its sport form and, respecting the particularities, its macro and micro historical processes are interdependent.
El objetivo del estudio fue presentar elementos de la deportivización de la práctica cultural skate (1960-1990), como conocimiento para el entendimiento de la relación entre el micro y macro proceso socio-histórico del mismo. Como fuente de investigación histórica para la deportivización del skate en Brasil, dimensión macro, utilizamos la Revista Tribo Skate y para la de Piracicaba/SP, dimensión micro, entrevistamos dos colaboradores a partir del método de historia oral. Los resultados evidenciaron que el skate surgió para generar fuertes tensiones agradables, sus formas de ocio preceden a sus formas deportivas y, salvando las particularidades, los procesos macro y micro-históricos son interdependientes.
Résumé
The objective of this study was to examine biological growth and development in skating performance by focusing on thigh muscle thickness and anaerobic power output capacity in Japanese speed skaters. One hundred thirty-three male and 96 female skaters aged from 10 to 22 years old were tested in this study. The anterior (MTA) and posterior (MTP) thicknesses of the thigh muscles were measured by the B-mode ultrasonic method. Maximal anaerobic power output capacity (MAP) was determined using a bicycle ergometer. The mean 500 m skating velocity (SV), calculated from recently attained individual best times, was used as a measure of skating performance. These parameters, along with height, were plotted on a logarithmic graph to obtain the allometric equation y=bx<sup>a</sup>, where “a” is a growth index.There were two sharp bends in the graph showing the relationships between MTA, MTP, MAP, SV and body height in both males and females. The growth indexes “a” between the first and second changing points in all the above relationships were observed to be larger than the other phases. Ranges of body height between the first and second changing point in muscle thicknesses (MTA, MTP) ranged from 152.2-154.8 cm to 168.1-168.3 cm in males, and from 142.8-144.9 cm to 154.4-157.6 cm in females. The ranges of MAP were from 139.8 cm to 166.8 cm in males, and from 138.8 cm to 157.8 cm in females. However, the height ranges of SV were from 147.4 cm to 167.8 cm in males, and from 142.2 cm to 153.2 cm in females.From these results, it was suggested that accelerated development of skating performance and anaerobic power output capacity begins earlier than muscle structural development in speed skaters.