Validity, Reliability and Responsiveness of the Malay Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (M-SPADI) for Patients with Shoulder Pain

@#Introduction: The purpose of this study is to determine the validity, reliability, and responsiveness of the Malay Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (M-SPADI) in Malay speakers suffering from shoulder pain. Materials and methods: The M-SPADI, the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), and measurements of shoulder active range of motion (AROM) were completed by 140 patients with shoulder pain (68 with rotator cuff pathology and 72 with other shoulder pathology). Thirty-four patients were retested for test-retest reliability with M-SPADI after an average of 9.2 days. M-SPADI was performed on twenty-one individuals three months after completing treatment for rotator cuff disorders to assess response. Results: The results of exploratory factor analysis revealed a bidimensional structure for M-SPADI. M-SPADI disability score was significantly greater in patients with rotator cuff pathologies (median = 31.87, IQR 82.50) than in patients with other shoulder pathologies (median = 20.00, IQR 23.84). In multi-group factor analysis, measurement invariance revealed no significant difference between the two groups (p>0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between M-SPADI and NRS (Pain = 0.86, Disability = 0.75, Total = 0.82, p=0.005), and a significant negative correlation between M-SPADI and shoulder AROM (Pain = -0.34 to -0.67, Disability =-0.44 to -0.73, Total =- 0.43 to -0.72, p=0.005). M-SPADI had a high degree of internal consistency (Cronbach's 0.92 for pain and 0.95 for disability). Test-retest reliability was moderate to excellent (ICC Pain = 0.84, ICC Disability = 0.78, ICC Total = 0.81, p=0.001), and the smallest detectable change ranges (Pain = 8.74, Disability = 3.21, Total = 3.83) were less than the minimal detectable change ranges (Pain = 21.57, Disability = 6.82, Total = 8.79). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for M-SPADI was greater than 0.90 (Pain = 0.99, Disability = 0.94, Total = 0.96). Conclusion: The M-SPADI has established construct validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and responsiveness. The M-SPADI is a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating shoulder pain among Malayspeaking individuals. In addition, the M-SPADI disability subscale may be useful for monitoring functional score changes in patients with rotator cuff pathology.

Effect Of Motor Control Retraining Of Scapular Stabilizers Versus Mulligan Mobilisation With Movement In Shoulder Impingement Syndrome

Background: Shoulder Impingement is one of the most common causes of shoulder pain in adults. Scapular muscle imbalances results in impaired scapular orientation with altered scapular kinematics and altered glenohumeral rhythm. Purpose of study: To study the effect of motor control retraining of scapular stabilizers versus mulligan mobilisation with movement in shoulder impingement patients. Methodology: 60 patients with positive Hawkins, kinetic medial rotation and/or Neer impingement test were taken for the study as subjects. They were then divided into two groups of 30 each- Group A and Group B. Both the groups were assessed and reassessed for(i) pain status using VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) both at rest and on internal rotation, (ii)Shoulder Flexion, Extension, Shoulder Abduction, Adduction, Internal and External Rotation Range Of Motion (ROM), (iii)Functional Scale SPADI( Shoulder Pain and Disability Index) pre and post the intervention. Group A received motor control retraining of scapular stabilizers whereas group B received Mulligan’s mobilization with movement for 6 weeks (3 times in a week). Both the groups received conventional physiotherapy. Data analysis was done using Wilcoxon sign ranked test for intragroup comparison and Manwhitney test for intergroup comparison. Results: The results showed statistically significant improvement in shoulder pain, ROM and shoulder function in motor control retraining as compared to mulligan mobilisation with movement. Conclusion: Motor control retraining of scapular stabilizers is more effective treatment technique as compared to mulligan mobilisation with movement in shoulder impingement.

The Effectiveness of Muscle Energy Technique and Mobilization to Improve the Shoulder Range of Motion in Frozen Shoulder

Background: Frozen shoulder is defined as an idiopathic condition of the shoulder characterized by the spontaneous onset of pain in the shoulder with restriction of movement in every direction. Prevalence of frozen shoulder was found to be 3.06% in a regional community based study. Frozen shoulder is a discrete clinical diagnosis for painful restriction of shoulder motion that results from capsular fibrosis. It is usually present in age group between 40-60 years. Muscle Energy (MET) technique is very much beneficial in this condition. Muscle energy techniques are class of soft tissue osteopathic manipulation consisting of isometric contraction design to improve musculoskeletal function and reduce pain. MET combined along with scapular Mobilization gives much better effect. So, the aim of the study is to check the effectiveness of muscle energy technique and mobilization to improve shoulder range of motion frozen shoulder. Materials and methods: 60 patients were included in the study which was divided into two groups; Group A and Group B, 30 patients in each group. Subjects were randomly selected and assigned to each group. Pre-test measurements of the patient were done with the help of two measures VAS, Shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI) and Goniometer was used for assessing range motion of shoulder movements for each group. The Subjects in Group-A were given muscle energy technique. The Subjects in Group-B were given maitland technique. Then the Result analysis was done. Sreenivasu Kotagiri, Neeti Mathur, Vadana, Gayathri Balakavi, Anup Kumar Songa. The Effectiveness of Muscle Energy Technique and Mobilization to Improve the Shoulder Range of Motion in Frozen Shoulder. IAIM, 2019; 6(10): 64-73. Page 65 Results: On comparing Group A and Group B for post-treatment VAS and SPADI score, results showed a significant difference (p=0.001). The overall study proved that MET is beneficial in improving Pain and decreasing the disability level. Conclusion: The analysis obtained indicated that Group A (Muscle energy Technique) showed more significant improvement when compared to Group B (Mobilization).

Effectiveness of end range mobilization with scapular mobilization in frozen shoulder

Introduction: Frozen shoulder is defined as an idiopathic condition of the shoulder characterized by the spontaneous onset of pain in the shoulder with restriction of movement in every direction. To regain the normal extensibility of the shoulder capsule, passive stretching of the shoulder capsule in all planes of motion by means of mobilization techniques (EMTs) has been recommended. Lack of research has been done to evaluate the combined effects of scapular mobilization and end range mobilization to improve the shoulder range of motion in frozen shoulder. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of end range mobilization with scapular mobilization in improving shoulder range of motion and function in subjects with frozen shoulder and to compare the effectiveness of end range mobilization with scapular mobilization over end range mobilization alone in improving shoulder range of motion and function in subjects with frozen shoulder. Materials and methods: Hospital based comparative study was carried out to compare the effects of two different forms of mobilization techniques on two groups of patients of frozen shoulder among 30 patients attending the OPD of Physiotherapy Department of Oxford College, Bangalore. Assessment of patients included evaluation of Range of motion and disability index (SPADI) both pre and post treatment for both the groups. Data was analyzed by SPPS software ver. 21 using appropriate statistical tests. Results: Shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI) and range of motion of shoulder in all the positions was assessed separately in both the groups, pre and post mobilization treatment therapy. Sreenivasu K, Paul Daniel VK, Subramanian MB, Sajeevan T. Effectiveness of end range mobilization with scapular mobilization in frozen shoulder. IAIM, 2016; 3(8): 53-58. Page 54 Improvement was observed in both the groups pre and post treatment and these results were statistically significant (p<0.01). Conclusion: End range mobilization with scapular mobilization is more effective in improving range and functioning as compared to end mobilization alone.

Comparison of the Efficacies of Fire Needling Versus Warm Needling in Treating Tenosynovitis of Long Head of Biceps Brachii / 上海针灸杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate and compare the efficacies of fire needling and warm needling in treating tenosynovitis of long head of biceps brachii.MethodNinety patients were randomly allocated to treatment and control groups, 45 cases each. The treatment group received fire needling and the control group, warm needling. The therapeutic effects were compared between the two groups. The difference in the shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI) score between before and after two or four weeks of treatment was assessed in the two groups.ResultThe total efficacy rate was 97.8% in the treatment group and 86.0% in the control group. There was a statistically significant difference in therapeutic effect between the two groups (P<0.05). The therapeutic effect was better in the treatment group than in the control group. In the two groups, the SPADI subscores were closely related to treatment time. There was a statistically significant difference between various time points (P<0.01). There were also statistically significant between-group differences in the SPADI pain score and total score (P<0.05).ConclusionBoth fire needling and warm needling are effective in treating tenosynovitis of long head of biceps brachii. The therapeuticeffect of fire needling is superior to that of warm needling.