The Reluctance of Taxi Drivers to Use Seat Belts. Observed and Self-Reported Behavior in Argentina / La reticencia al uso del cinturón de seguridad de los conductores de taxi. Conductas observadas y auto-informadas en Argentina / Relutância em usar cinto de segurança em taxistas. Comportamentos observados e autorrelatados na Argentina

Although taxi drivers are more exposed to traffic crashes, they usually exhibit riskier behaviors and more negative attitudes toward road safety. For example, previous research suggests that they are particularly reluctant to wear seat belts. The research aimed (a) to estimate the prevalence of seat belt use among taxi drivers com-pared to other professional and non-professional drivers (Study 1, n = 3.810) and (b) to explore attitudes toward seat belt use in taxi drivers using the Theory of Planned Behavior (tpb) (Study 2, n = 100). Study 1 showed lower seat belt use among taxi drivers (vs. other professional and non-professional drivers). Study 2 showed that self-reported use tends to be higher than the estimated observed use and that negative experiential attitudes appear to be essential for understanding the reluctance of taxi drivers to use seat belts. Practical implications and future lines of research are discussed.

Aunque los taxistas están más expuestos a los siniestros viales, suelen mostrar comportamientos más arriesgados y actitudes más negativas hacia la seguridad vial. Por ejemplo, investigaciones previas sugieren que son especialmente reacios a usar el cinturón de seguridad. En tal sentido, los objetivos de la presente investigación fueron (a) estimar la prevalencia del uso del cinturón de seguridad entre los taxistas en comparación con otros conductores profesionales y no profesionales (Estudio 1, n = 3.810) y (b) explorar las actitudes hacia el uso del cinturón de seguridad en los taxistas utilizando la Teoría del Comportamiento Planificado (tpb) (Estudio 2, n = 100). El estudio 1 mostró un menor uso del cinturón de seguridad entre los taxistas (frente a otros conductores profesionales y no profesionales). El estudio 2 demostró que el uso auto informado tiende a ser mayor que el uso observado estimado, y que las actitudes negativas por la experiencia parecen ser esenciales para entender la reticencia de los taxistas a utilizar el cinturón de seguridad. Se discuten las implicaciones prácticas y las futuras líneas de investigación.

Embora os taxistas estejam mais expostos a acidentes rodoviários, tendem a exibir comportamentos mais arriscados e atitudes mais negativas em relação à segu-rança rodoviária. Por exemplo, investigações anteriores sugerem que estão particularmente relutantes em usar o cinto de segurança. Os objectivos do presente estu-do foram: (a) estimar a prevalência do uso do cinto de segurança entre taxistas em comparação com outros taxistas profissionais e não profissionais (Estudo 1, n = 3.810), e (b) explorar atitudes em relação ao uso do cinto de segurança entre taxistas utilizando a Teoria do Comportamento Planeado (tpb) (Estudo 2, n = 100). O estudo 1 mostrou um menor uso do cinto de segurança entre os taxistas (em comparação com outros motoristas profissionais e não profissionais). O estudo 2 mostrou que o uso auto-relatado tende a ser superior ao uso observado estimado, e que as atitudesexperimentais negativas parecem ser centrais para compreender a relutância dos taxistas em usar cintos de segurança. São discutidas implicações práticas e linhas futuras de investigação.

Rapid Healing and Remodeling Process of Pediatric Seat-Belt Fracture without Surgical Treatment / 대한신경손상학회지

Pediatric seat-belt fracture is a rare condition, and its management has not been well defined. The authors report a case of pediatric Chance fracture that was managed conservatively and that demonstrated rapid bone healing. A 7-year-old boy presented with back pain after a motor vehicle accident. Plain lumbar spine radiography, three-dimensional computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a seat-belt fracture type C (classified by Rumball and Jarvis), and the patient's condition was managed conservatively. The patient started to ambulate with a brace 2 weeks after the injury. Spine CT performed 100 days after the injury revealed a remodeled fracture, and dynamic radiography did not show any evidence of instability or kyphotic deformity. We suggest that if there are no neurological deficits or severe deformities, then a pediatric seat-belt fracture should be managed conservatively, because the bone healing process is far more rapid in children than it is in adults and because of possible growth problems after surgery.

Factors behind not using child restrain(t) among hospital employees and general population:A case control study / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

@#BACKGROUND: Motor vehicle crash (MVC) related injury has been identified as a major public health concern. Child restrain (CR) seat belts can minimize the mortality and morbidity from MVC. The use for seat belts is substantially low in developing countries like Pakistan even though its use has been shown to decrease morbidity and mortality by a significant extent. METHODS: This was a case control study with cases from the general population (GP) and controls from the Aga Khan University (AKU) employees in a 3:1 ratio. The study questionnaire was based on parameters like gender, education level, awareness and presence of CR and also assessed the frequency of usage, reasons for not using CR and the source of knowledge regarding CR use. RESULTS: Out of 848 respondents, 212 were from AKU and 636 were from the GP. 96.7% from AKU had at least a bachelor's degree while less than half (42.6%) of those from the GP were graduate or above (P<0.001). A statistically significant difference was found between the two groups with drivers from AKU being generally more aware about CR and its use. 81.1% of the group from AKU compared to 59.7% from the general population were found to be aware of child restraint use (P<0.001). Media (40.6%) was found to be the most common source of information amongst the AKU employees. CONCLUSION: Most motor vehicle related injuries in children can be prevented or their severity may be reduced by the use of appropriate child restraint seat belts.

Traumatic Lumbar Plexopathy by Seat Belt Injury

STUDY DESIGN: A case report. OBJECTIVES: To report and discuss an extremely uncommon cause of lumbar plexopathy seat belt injury. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: For patients who undergo traffic accidents, most cases of seat belt injury cause trauma to the lower torso. Seat belt injury is associated with variable clinical problems such as vascular injury, intestinal injury (perforation), vertebral injury (flexion-distraction injury), chest wall injury, diaphragmatic rupture/hernia, bladder rupture, lumbosacral plexopathy, and other related conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 38-year-old male truck driver (traffic accident victim) who suffered monoplegia of his right leg due to lumbar plexus injury without spinal column involvement. Injury to a lumbar plexus and the internal vasculatures originated from direct compression to internal abdominal organs (the iliopsoas muscle and internal vasculatures anterior to the lumbar vertebrae) caused by the seat belt. We have illustrated an extremely uncommon cause of a neurologic deficit from a traffic accident through this case. RESULTS: Under the impression of traumatic lumbar plexopathy, we managed it conservatively, and the patient showed signs of recovery from neurologic deficit. CONCLUSIONS: We need to review the lumbar plexus pathway, in patients with atypical motor weakness and sensory loss of the lower extremities which are not unaccompanied by demonstrable spinal lesions. Therefore, close history taking, physical examination and comprehension of injury mechanism are important in the diagnosis.

Appendiceal transection associated with seat belt restraint

The seat belt is designed for safety in a motor vehicle and should be worn to prevent severe injuries. But, the seat belt itself can be an injury factor in combination with deceleration forces applied to fixation points of mobile viscera. Here, we present a 23-year-man with traumatic transection of the appendix, highly mobile viscera, following seat belt injury.

Accidentes de tránsito terrestre / Road traffic accidents

Los accidentes de tránsito terrestres en Costa Rica se han convertido en un serio problema de salud pública, que derivan ya sea en lesiones graves o bien en muertes de personas de todas las edades. Estos eventos incluyen el atropellamiento, las colisiones y choques, y producen cuadros lesionológicos muy diversos de acuerdo a la participación de las personas, el tipo de vehículo y la forma en la que se produce el traumatismo. Así mismo, se debe tener en cuenta la participación de factores coadyuvantes como el uso del casco y el cinturón de seguridad, o bien el consumo de alcohol y el uso del teléfono móvil. La valoración médico legal de las víctimas, vivas o muertas de accidentes de tránsito, está a cargo del Departamento de Medicina Legal del Organismo de Investigación Judicial, y se hace por solicitud de una Autoridad Judicial competente.

Traffic accidents in Costa Rica have become a major public health threat, since they produce severe injuries o even death of people of all ages. These events include car run over, collisions and car crashes, which derive in a huge variety of injuries, regarding the roll that people play in the accident, the vehicle involved and the manner in which trauma is held. Nevertheless, out coming factors such as the use of helmet, the buckling of seat belts, alcohol drinking and mobile phone use must be considered an assessed. The medical examination of victims, living or death in traffic accidents might be requested by Costa Rican Court of Law, and is the task of the Departamento de Medicina Legal of the Organismo de Investigación Judicial, which is the government office in charge of crime investigation.

Fratura de chance em três irmãos: relato de caso / Chance fracture in three brothers: A case report

A fratura de Chance é incomum na população pediátrica. Resulta do mecanismo de flexão e distração. Apresenta forte associaçãocom o uso do cinto de segurança. A presença de lesões intra-abdominais é frequente. Pode apresentar alterações sutis no examede imagem. O atraso no diagnóstico contribui para o aumento de déficits neurológicos. Relatamos o caso de três irmãos vítimasde acidente automobilístico com fratura do cinto de segurança ou fratura do Tipo Chance atendidos no Hospital João XXIII deBelo Horizonte. Os casos descritos reforçam o mecanismo dessa fratura e sua associação com lesões intra-abdominais...

Chance fracture, suggestive of a flexion-distraction mechanism, is an uncommon type of injury in the pediatric population. Itsoccurrence, with associated intra-abdomimal lesions, has increased with the widespread use of seat belts. Since this type offracture presents subtle variations on common image examinations, its diagnosis may be delayed increasing the probability ofsubsequent neurologic deficits. In this paper we report the case of three siblings, victims of a motor vehicle head-on collision,either presenting seat belt fracture or Chance fracture. They were treated in the Hospital João XXIII, Belo Horizonte. The casereported reinforces the hypothesis describing the fracture mechanism and associated intra-abdominal injuries...

Luxação C1-C2 em paciente portador de síndrome de down. Relato de caso / C1-C2 luxation in patient with down syndrome. Case report

A Síndrome de Down é provocada pela trissomia do cromossomo 21, sendo a anomalia cromossômica mais comum em humanos.Esta condição genética caracteriza-se por múltiplas anomalias esqueléticas, incluindo a instabilidade atlantoaxial que ocorreem 9-31% dos pacientes, apresentando consequências clínicas em 1-3% dos mesmos. Este estudo tem por objetivo relatar umcaso de instabilidade atlantoaxial com repercussões clínicas de tetraparesia. Relato de caso: Menino de 10 anos, portadorde Síndrome de Down sem conseguir levantar-se por três meses. O exame clínico revelou tetraparesia com confirmação deinstabilidade atlantoaxial através de radiografia lateral de coluna cervical evidenciando distância atlanto-odontóide de 6mm...

Chance fracture, suggestive of a flexion-distraction mechanism, is an uncommon type of injury in the pediatric population. Itsoccurrence, with associated intra-abdomimal lesions, has increased with the widespread use of seat belts. Since this type offracture presents subtle variations on common image examinations, its diagnosis may be delayed increasing the probability ofsubsequent neurologic deficits. In this paper we report the case of three siblings, victims of a motor vehicle head-on collision,either presenting seat belt fracture or Chance fracture. They were treated in the Hospital João XXIII, Belo Horizonte. The casereported reinforces the hypothesis describing the fracture mechanism and associated intra-abdominal injuries...

Research result of driver behavior when driving, Ulaanbaatar, 2010 / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

IntroductionEvery day over the 16000 of people, every year 5 million people pass away due to accident and injury and 500 million people become invalid in the worldwide. It is 9.8% of total death caused by disease, 12.3% of total morbidity. As a result of Mongolian statistical yearbook 1997-2010, “Accident, injury” was at third place of cause of death and at fifth place of morbidity.GoalTo detect risk behaviors which influence on distracting attention of driver and to establish recommendation to change risk behavior during driving.Materials and MethodsThe research will be conducted by quantitative method (questionnaire) and qualitative method (observation and interview). There is 106.848 of cars in Ulaanbaatar and about 10% (n=300) of these is public transportation. 50 of drivers participated at separate interview to detect risk behavior during driving. Research team observed 25 public transportation for 3 hours to reveal driver risk behavior. The data was collected from central 6 districts in Ulaanbaatar.Results:The research involved 290 of drivers from central 6 districts, going to 8 itineraries in Ulaanbaatar. Participants are age of 19-64 and average was 37.4±8.3 age. Age of 30-39 was 44.1 % (128). 92.1% (267) of 290 drivers was drivers of bus, microbus. Most (36.3%, 61) of 168 (57.9%) who not wear seat belt said that not accomplished to use seat belt, 34.3% (56) said that it disturbs to drive a car. 91.7 of drivers said that they are calling during driving. Other 8.3% who are not calling during driving don’t use phone. 99.3% of total drivers listens FM radio, 97.9% talks with someone who sitting near in the car, 95.5% see advertisement near the way which influencing to go down attention of driver. 93.1% of participants answered that don’t drink alcohol during driving. Do you drive a car if there is necessary to drive when using alcohol?-60.0% of them absolutely don’t drive, 34.1 said that a car is driven by another person. 95.5% of participants said that there is no special seat for children in a car. But 46.2% of them has good habit to sit children in back side of a car. But 27.6% said that have habit to sit in front side of a car, 25.9%- anywhere. As a result of research we observed driver common views of public transportation such as sudden forcefully braking, calling, smoking, sitting with anyone in driver cabin, quarrelling with other drives.Conclusion:Drivers demonstrate following behaviors which may leading to traffic accident, involved or not involved in the traffic rule: Most of driver of public transportation bus don’t wear seat belt; Don’t require to wear seat belt from passenger sitting in the back side of car, no seat belt, and cover hasp of seat belt by covering; They have habit to drive a car when using alcohol; Call for long period, quarrel with calling person with loudly, be no normally; Incomplete machine leads to worry for driving period; Don’t convert light at night;

Seat Belt Use Intention among Brazilian Undergraduate Students / Intención de Uso del Cinturón de Seguridad en Estudiantes Universitarios Brasileños / Intenção de Uso do Cinto de Segurança em Estudantes Universitários Brasileiros

The objectives of this study were to explore self-reported seat belt use and group differences in different scenarios in a Brazilian sample and research the variables related to it. 120 college students answered a questionnaire with variables from the theory of planned behavior in order to evaluate the intention of seat belt use among car occupants. Results indicated that attitude and intention were the variables that most contributed to explaining seat belt use. Intention was highly correlated with seat belt use, and attitude was correlated with intention. Seat belt use was more frequent among drivers and taxi passengers, but not among front and rear seat passengers. The article discusses the implications of the findings for possible interventions to encourage the use of seat belts among drivers and passengers.

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron explorar el uso del cinturón de seguridad y su diferencia entre varios escenarios (e. g. conductor, pasajero de taxi, etc.), e investigar las variables relacionadas con dicho uso. Para tal fin, 120 estudiantes universitarios, procedentes de Brasil, respondieron un cuestionario que evaluó las variables propuestas por la teoría del comportamiento planeado sobre la intención de uso del cinturón. Los resultados indicaron que las variables actitud e intención contribuyeron en gran medida a la explicación del uso del cinturón de seguridad. La intención estuvo altamente correlacionada con el uso del cinturón de seguridad, y la actitud con la intención. El uso del cinturón de seguridad fue más frecuente en conductores y pasajeros de taxi, que en pasajeros en la silla delantera y trasera. Se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados en intervenciones orientadas a fomentar su uso entre conductores y pasajeros.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram explorar o uso do cinto de segurança e sua diferença entre vários cenários (por exemplo motorista, passageiro de táxi, etc.), e pesquisar as variáveis relacionadas com o uso. Para tal fim, 120 estudantes universitários, procedentes do Brasil, responderam a um questionário que avaliou as variáveis propostas pela teoria do comportamento planejado sobre a intenção de uso do cinto. Os resultados indicaram que as variáveis atitude e intenção contribuíram em grande medida para a explicação do uso do cinto de segurança. A intenção esteve altamente correlacionada com o uso do cinto de segurança e com a atitude com a intenção. O uso do cinto de segurança foi mais frequente em motoristas e passageiros de táxi que em passageiros do banco da frente e traseiro. Discutem-se as implicações dos resultados em intervenções orientadas a fomentar seu uso entre motoristas e passageiros.

Study on the situation of seat belt wearing among drivers and front-seat passengers of vehicles in Nanjing in 2005 - 2007 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To find out the situation of seat belt wearing among drivers and passengers in Nanjing after the National Road Traffic Safety Law and its Ordinance had been issued for 3 years, in Jiangsu province. Methods Situation on seat belt wearing among drivers and front passengers on four types of vehicles including taxi, cars (below 8 seats), vans and pickups was studied during different time blocks at 4 sites in the city. Results A total number of 35 256 vehicles, their drivers and another 15 772 passengers sitting in the front, were observed. The prevalence rates of seat belt wearing, not wearing and pretend wearing among drivers were 49.9%, 44.1%, and 4.6% respectively while among front-seat passengers were 9.1% and 90.9% respectively. There were significantly declining trends in seat belt wearing among both drivers and front-seat passengers during the 3-years of observation, after adjustment by sex, types of vehicles and other factors (P<0.01). Risk of not wearing among front seat passengers was higher for those 'not-wearing' drivers (OR=8.10, P<0.01). Conclusion Neither the current law nor ordinance in Jiangsu province gives detailed regulations on seat belt wearing, which hampers the effective enforcement.

Bipolar Clavicular Dislocation: A Case Report

Bipolar clavicular dislocation is simultaneous dislocation of both poles of the clavicle (mainly an anterior dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint and a posterior dislocation of acromioclavicular joint) and rarely reported. We report a case of bipolar claviclular dislocation after a seat belt injury and describe its presumed mechanism and treatment with a review of literature.

The prevalence of seat belt use in Kingston, Jamaica: a follow-up observational study five years after the introduction of legislation / Prevalencia del uso del cinturón de seguridad en Kingston, Jamaica: un estudio observacional de seguimiento, cinco años después de introducida la legislación

An observational cross-sectional study conducted in Kingston in 2004 showed that seat belts were used by 81.2% of private motor vehicle drivers and 74.0% offront seat passengers. This was significantly improved compared to 21.1% and 13.6% respectively in 1996 before the introduction of legislation in 1999 (p < 0.001). Females were significantly more likely than males to wear seat belts, both when driving (92.5% vs 77.3%; p < 0. 001) and as front seat passengers (79.9% vs 66.3%; p < 0.001). Of the 2289 motor vehicles examined, all except one were equipped with seat belts. Rear passenger utilization of seat belts was not examined. Drivers of new vehicles were more likely than other drivers to use seat belts (p < 0.001). Male drivers, drivers of older vehicles and all passengers may require specific targeting in an educational and enforcement campaign if the maximum benefits of seat belt use are to be realized

Un estudio transversal observacional llevado a cabo en Kingston en el año 2004 mostró que los cinturones de seguridad eran usados por el 81.2% de los conductores de vehículos motorizados privados, y el 74.0% de los pasajeros del asiento delantero. Esto representa una mejoría significativa en comparación con el 21.1% y el 13.6% respectivamente en 1996 antes de que se introdujera la legislación en 1999 (p < 0.001). Las tendencia de las mujeres a usar cinturones de seguridad fue significativamente mayor que la de los hombres, tanto al conducir (92.5% vs 77.3%; p < 0.001) como al viajar como pasajeras en el asiento delantero (79.9% vs 66.3%; p < 0.001). De los 2289 vehículos motorizados examinados, todos – excepto uno – estaban equipados con cinturones de seguridad. No se examinó la utilización de los cinturones de seguridad por parte de los pasajeros en los asientos traseros. Los conductores de vehículos nuevos mostraron una tendencia mayor que los otros conductores a usar cinturones de seguridad (p < 0.001). Los conductores varones, los conductores de vehículos más viejos, y todos los pasajeros puede que requieran ser objeto específico de una campaña destinada a educarlos o a hacer cumplir la ley si se desea maximizar los beneficios del uso del cinturón de seguridad.