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Objective:To investigate the effects of different small monitor unit (MU) beam deletion optimization method in the CyberKnife treatment planning system on the calculated planned dose to brain tumors.Methods:A total of 17 patients with brain metastases treated in our hospital from June, 2021 to February, 2022 were selected for this study. A treatment plan was designed for each patient using the multiPlan system in the CyberKnife VSI system as the group without optimization. To improve the efficiency, the generated original plans should be optimized first by deleting some small MUs, forming an experience group and an optimization group for each patient. For the experience group, beams below 30 MU were deleted according to experience. For the optimization group, beams below the MU value calculated based on the second derivative method were deleted. Finally, the parameters of the two groups were statistically compared. The main evaluation parameters included the node number, the beam number, the total number of MUs, the estimated treatment duration, doses to 2% and 95% planning target volumes (PTV D2 and PTV D95), average dose to PTV ( Dmean), average dose to brain tissue ( Dmean-Brain), conformity index (CI), new conformity index (nCI), gradient index (GI), coverage, and the maximum doses to the brainstem and left and right lens ( Dmax-BS, Dmax-LL, and Dmax-RL), and the average doses to the dose shells 20 mm and 40 mm away from PTV (Shell20 and Shell40). Results:The two optimization method met the requirements for the prescription dose delivery to more than 98% PTV. There were statistical differences in the node number ( H = 7.97, P< 0.05) and estimated treatment duration ( H = 6.60, P < 0.05) among the group without MP optimization, the experience group, and the optimization group, with the estimated treatment duration and node number of the optimization group less than those of the group without MP optimization ( P < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in other parameters among the three groups ( P > 0.05). The PTV was moderately positively correlated with the treatment duration ( r=0.79, P < 0.01) and beam number ( r=0.78, P < 0.01) of the experience group, and was also moderately positively correlated with the treatment duration ( r=0.69, P < 0.01) and beam number ( r=0.71, P < 0.01) of the optimization group. Conclusions:For the CyberKnife planning of heads, the small MU beam deletion optimization method based on the second derivative can further shorten the treatment duration while ensuring no significant differences in the distribution of doses to organs at risk and targets. Moreover, this method is more effective in optimizing the plans for a large PTV volume.
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Objective To analyze and compare the Eucommia ulmoides leaves from different producing areas by IR;To establish a TLC method for identification of Eucommia ulmoides leaves;To provide a reference for its quality control. Methods The characteristic absorption peaks were identified and the positions and intensities of Eucommia ulmoides leaves from 6 producing areas were compared by IR and second derivative spectrum, including clustering analysis; Separation and identification of the active components in Eucommia ulmoides leaves were conducted by TLC. Results There a difference exited in the characteristic absorption peaks in peakshapes, positions and intensities. And the samples from 6 producing areas could be divided into one category. Results found 6 batches of sample spots of consistent by TLC, but between samples of different producing areas trace components spots existed differences. Conclusion The two methods are direct, simple, fast and convenient, which can provide a reliable evidence for identification and quality control of the Eucommia ulmoides leaves.
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Objective Using infrared spectroscopy to analyze three kinds of lignum Chinese medicine to provide a theoretical basis for the establishment of medicinal overall quality evaluation system. Methods Functional groups identification, Fourier Transform-infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) and the second derivative infrared spectroscopy (SD-IR) could be applicable to analyze and identify the overall chemical composition of three kinds of lignum Chinese medicine. Results The main chemical components of Aquilariae Lignum Resinatum (ALR), Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum (DOL) and Sappan Lignum (SL) were cellulose, lignin and aromatics. The main chemical compositions of Sappan Lignum (SL) were cellulose, lignin and aromatics. The differences in FT-IR and SD-IR of DOL and SL indicated that they had different aromatic compounds. Conclusion Infrared spectroscopy can be used as a simple and accurate quality control method of three kinds of lignum Chinese medicine.
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Objective: The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and two-dimension IR correlation infrared spectroscopy (2D-IR) were used for the identification of Paeoniae Radix Alba and Paeoniae Radix Rubraand their alcohol extracts. Methods: The FT-IR spectra method and 2D-IR correlation spectra method were used. Results: The structural information of samples indicated that Paeoniae Radix Alba and Paeoniae Radix Rubra contained a large amount of calcium oxalate and starch, since some characteristic absorption peaks of the calcium oxalate could be observed; And some characteristic absorption peaks in the range of 950-1 200 cm-1 of the starch can be observed, but their shape and location revealed minor differences. In the secondary derivative infrared spectra (SD-IR), both Paeoniae Radix Alba and Paeoniae Radix Rubra can be observed with the characteristic absorption peaks which in 518/517, 989 cm-1 and so on. Besides, these peaks at 989, 1 015, 1 052, 1 078, 1 105, and 1 161 cm-1 of Paeoniae Radix Rubra, almost of them which are single peak, were stronger than Paeoniae Radix Alba's and the same peaks in Paeoniae Radix Alba were jagged peaks, showing that the difference were related to the contents and structure of starch in Paeoniae Radix Alba and Paeoniae Radix Rubra. The characteristic absorption peaks of the peoniflorin which arouse at 1 716, 1 451, 1 347, 1 277, and 714 cm-1 in the FT-IR spectra of their alcohol extracts can be found. Moreover, the shape and intensity of the peaks were more distinct in the secondary derivative IR spectra of the different parts. For example, in the range of 900-980 cm-1, Paeoniae Radix Alba presented two groups of peaks: 935, 919 cm-1 (strong) and 962, 949 cm-1 (weak), while Paeoniae Radix Rubraonly presented one group of peaks: 941, 920 cm-1 (middle), showing that the difference was related to the content and structure of glucoside in Paeoniae Radix Alba and Paeoniae Radix Rubra. In the 2D-IR spectra, both had five auto-peaks at 887, 968, 1 008, 1 190, and 1 305 cm-1, which were the auto-peaks of glucoside, but the strongest auto-peak of Paeoniae Radix Alba was at 1 190 cm-1 and that of Paeoniae Radix Rubra's was at 968 cm-1. The spectra testified the glucoside compounds in Paeoniae Radix Alba and Paeoniae Radix Rubra were different. Conclusion: A lot of information of Paeoniae Radix Alba and Paeoniae Radix Rubra can be provided by FT-IR spectra method and 2D-IR correlation spectra method which can testify that the content and structure of substance in Paeoniae Radix Alba and Paeoniae Radix Rubra were different and can be used to analyze and distinguish Paeoniae Radix Alba and Paeoniae Radix Rubrapreliminarily which can make a good foundation for further research.
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Objective To detect the molecular characteristics of the serum samples of rats suffered from sudden unexpected death of acute myocardial ischemia (experimental group) and death caused by air embolism (control group) applied by ATR-FTIR, and to discuss the forensic signiifcance of identiifcation of causes of death by sudden unexpected death of acute myocardial ischemia by two-dimension infrared spectroscopy. Methods Adult male SD rats were randomly divided into SCD group and DCAE group. The serum samples were analyzed by ATR-FTIR. The similarity coefifcient of spectra between two groups was analyzed by OMNIC software. The spectra with higher signal-noise ratio were obtained and used to build two-dimension spectra model by Matlab 2010a software. Results The peak shapes, positions and intensities of the spectra were extremely similar between two groups, and the similarity coefifcient reached 99.78%. Meanwhile, the similarity coefifcient of second derivative spectra decreased to 98.62% between two groups. Moreover, on the two-dimension spectra model, the component differences were present at about 1 625cm-1, 1 550cm-1, 1 080cm-1 and 860cm-1, and the number of auto-peaks was different, which suggested that the evident differences were related to the molecular contents of protein, glycogen, nuclear acid, and so on. Conclusion It is hard to differentiate the molecular differences of serum samples of rats between SCD and DACE based on one-dimension spectra. However, two-dimension infrared spectra could intuitively and effectively relfect the molecular differences, and it would apply to determining the cause of death in forensic science.
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The radix,leaf,flower and bud of raw medicinal materials and extraction of total alkaloids of Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb.were all involved in this investigation.All the compositions from the samples were analyzed through fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with second derivative IR spectroscopy and two-dimensional IR correlation spectroscopy (2D-IR).It was found that the spectra of raw medicinal materials showed that the radix of A.kusnezoffii Reichb.featuring a large quantity of starch was the same as starch with the characteristic peaks at 1,155,1,070 and 1,019.The leaf,flower and bud contained the similar aromatic hydrocarbons (1,600),glycosides (1,050-1,070),while lipids were not clear.The characteristic peaks of the buds,flowers and leaves were all at 1,595 cm-1 (vibration of phenyl framework) and 1,262 cm-1 (=C-O).Therefore,it was suggested that the common compound of the three parts be diterpenoid alkaloids.Second derivative IR spectroscopy showed that the characteristic peaks of radix was stronger than those of the flower,leaf and bud at 1,712 cm-1 (C=O),which proved that the quantity of characteristic peaks in the radix was larger than those in the flower,leaf and bud.In addition,six autopeaks at 1,745,1,650,1,560 (the most strong),1,465,1,400,1,300 were detected from the radix.The similar autopeaks at 1,745,1,650,1,560 (the most strong),1,465,1,400,1,300 were found in the leaf,bud and flower.In conclusion,it was demonstrated that the macro-fingerprint infrared spectroscopic identification method provided a large quantity of the comprehensive information and entirely grasped the quality of A.kusnezoffii Reichb.Besides,FTIR and 2D-IR provided massive information of the integral structures of the radix,leaf,flower and bud of A.kusnezoffii Reichb.and verified the differences between the four parts of the herb in physical structure and the contents,laying a foundation for further systematic work.
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Objective To analyze and compare the essential oil ofZiziphora clinopodioides Lam. from different regions in Xinjiang by infrared spectroscopy;To provide a reference for its identification and quality control.Methods Characteristic absorption peaks ofZiziphora clinopodioides Lam. essential oil from 18 regions in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region were identified, compared and analyzed according to peaks’ shapes, positions and intensities by infrared spectroscopy, second derivative infrared spectroscopy and clustering analysis.Results Differences exist in the characteristic absorption peaks according to peaks’ shapes, positions and intensities. And then the samples from 18 regions can be divided into four categories.Conclusion This method was direct, simple, fast and convenient. Combining with clustering analysis, It could provide a reliable evidence for identification and quality control ofZiziphora clinopodioides Lam..
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Two simple, fast, environmental friendly and reliable spectrophotometric methods were developed for determination of tapentadol hydrochloride in bulk and synthetic mixture containing the possible excipients. The first method is based on measuring the first derivative values of aqueous solution of the drug at 228 nm (method I) and the second method based on measuring the second derivative values at 235 nm (method II). Calibration graphs constructed at their wavelengths of determination were linear in the concentration range of tapentadol 5- 60 μg.ml-1 for both methods. The proposed methods have been extensively validated as per ICH guidelines. The developed spectrophotometric methods in this study are simple, accurate, precise, specific and reproducible and can be directly applied to pharmaceutical dosage form.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the circulation responses (heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and second derivative of photoplethysmogram waveform index (|d/a|)) during 90 seconds continuous isometric contraction on trunk muscle. Subjects were 10 healthy male (22±1 years). Subjects performed 90 seconds continuous isometric contraction on Rectus Abdominus. Contraction intensity was 55.4±13.8% maximal voluntary contraction.HR and SBP were a significant increase after contraction beginning, immediately. |d/a| (one of the peripheral blood vessel contraction index) was a significant increase at 60 seconds after contraction beginning. After that, HR was an increase more, |d/a| showed a decline tendency. But, SBP was an increase more.The followings are suggestive by these results. When the contraction beginning, HR was increased immediately by central command, muscle mechano reflex and so on. The other hand, the peripheral blood vessel contraction was late by the accumulation of metabolism product from active muscle was late. When the prolong contraction time, the peripheral blood vessel was extension. But, SBP was increased more by increasing the cardio output, muscle tension and so on.
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The effect of Kampo therapy (Japanese traditional herbal medicine) on the second derivative of the photoplethysmogram (SDPTG) was investigated. The SDPTG is the second derivative of the fingertip photoplethysmogram (PTG), which expresses the characteristics of the vascular system, the properties of peripheral vessels, and the state of blood flow. The subjects comprised 13 normal volunteers, 101 patients (21 males and 80 females; mean age 53±11 years) with 1 month of Kampo therapy, and 19 patients (4 males and 15 females; mean age 60±9 years) with 3 months of medication. Control subjects showed no significant changes in their vascular age after 1 month. Patients with a higher vascular age than expected before therapy showed improvement of their vascular age, after treatment for 1 month and 3 months. The difference between the vascular age and calendar age decreased from about 10 to 7 years after 1 month of therapy (n=65. p<0.001), and from about 9 to 4 years, after 3 months (n=11, p<0.01). Vascular age not only reflects organic vessel wall sclerosis due to arteriosclerosis, but also a vascular wall tone that is closely related to the autonomic nervous system. The change of vascular age within a relatively short period suggested a functional change rather than an organic change of the vessels.
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Used second order derivative UV (200-500nm) spectrum to determine the quantity of nimesulid in tablets without through process of deal with sample. Assess linear interval, limit of detection, limit of determine the quantity between level of nimesulid solution and value of second order derivative in interval of study level, degree of accuracy of the method and result of determine the quantity of nimesulid. The result showed that: process of quantitative nimesulid was built. The method was accurate, sensitive, precise, and reproducible and could be applied directly and easily to the pharmaceutical preparations.
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Analyse spectrale , Préparations pharmaceutiques , Adjuvants pharmaceutiques , ComprimésRésumé
BACKGROUND: It is well known that plasma paraquat concentration is one of the most important prognostic indicators for paraquat poisoning. Quantitative analyses of paraquat, however, are not generally used in clinical laboratories. In this work, we evaluated the second-derivative spectroscop-ic method for quantitation of paraquat in plasma and urine, and investigated the clinical significance in patients with paraquat poisoning. METHODS: Linearity, precision, interferences, and comparison with high-performance liquid chro-matography (HPLC) were evaluated in 20 paraquat-poisoning cases using the UV-160 A recording spectrophotometer. The relationship of plasma and urine paraquat concentrations with the clinical outcomes was also studied. RESULTS: The within-run and between-day coefficients of variation (CV) for groups of low and high levels were less than 5%. The derivative amplitude was linearly related to paraquat concentra-tion through the range from 0.5 to 10 ng/mL. The correlation coefficient (r) between spectrophotom-etry and HPLC was 0.992. The accuracy for predicting the outcome for patients based on plasma paraquat concentration was 84.6%. The urine paraquat levels on admission were more than 10 ng/ mL in all of the 9 non-survivors group and in 5 out of 11 of the survivors group. The eliminating rates for plasma and urine paraquat concentrations by extracorporeal procedures were not statistically different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Second-derivative spectroscopic methods for quantitation of paraquat showed an acceptable performance and suitable procedure for clinical laboratory use and it was thought to be seful in assessing the severity and in predicting the prognosis for paraquat poisoning.
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Humains , Chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance , Paraquat , Plasma sanguin , Intoxication , Pronostic , Spectrophotométrie , SurvivantsRésumé
A new method of determination of COHb is reported in this paper by two- wavelength second-derivative spectrophotometry.Blood was diluted with a solution of THAM containing Na_2S_2O_4.The second-derivative spectrum was measured in the region of 500-600 nm and the derivative absorbance differerce ?Ax was deter mined at the wavelengths of 564 nm and 576 nm.Then the solution was satura- ted with CO gas.The second-derivative spectrum of COHb was measured in the same region.The derivative absorbance difference ?A_(100) was determined at the same wavelengths.The COHb in blood was calculated by the ratio of ?Ax to ?A_(100).The results of determination of COHb in standard blood samples were in good agreement with the theoretical values.