Résumé
En la actualidad se destaca un revival en la investigación de la ideología política. El caso de Argentina es paradigmático ya que tanto la izquierda como la derecha adquieren una significación particular y específica en función del contexto socio-histórico y cultural del país. En esa línea, el presente trabajo intentó aportar a la comprensión de los sentidos vinculados con las etiquetas ideológicas "izquierda" y "derecha" desde la perspectiva de la Psicología Política. Así, mediante un muestreo no aleatorio por cuotas de 395 personas (media de edad= 37,6), a través de la técnica de asociación libre, se exploraron las categorías cognitivas de los participantes en torno a las frases estímulo "izquierda en Argentina" y "derecha en Argentina". Los datos fueron analizados mediante la técnica de Redes Semánticas. Entre los resultados más significativos se lograron identificar redes semánticas sobre estas etiquetas ideológicas de una gran diversidad y riqueza, que contrastan entre sí en función de su nivel de sofisticación cognitiva y presencia de elementos idiosincráticos. Asimismo, los análisis de chi cuadrado efectuados identificaron relaciones significativas entre las variables socio-demográficas y las nociones de izquierda y derecha.
Currently, there has been a recent revival of interest in research on political ideology. The case of Argentina is paradigmatic due to the particular meaning of left and right, considering the cultural and socio-historical context of this country. The present paper therefore aims to contribute to the understanding of "right" and "left" cognitive categories from the Political Psychology perspective. A non-random sample by quotas of 395 citizens (Mage = 37,6 years) was selected. Cognitive categories associated with the phrases "left in Argentina" and "right in Argentina" were explored using a free association technique. Data analysis implied an analysis of semantic networks. Among the most significant results, we identified heterogeneous and rich semantic networks of these ideological labels, which are contrastive in their level of cognitive sophistication and presence of idiosyncratic features. Finally, Chi-square Test showed statistically significant relationships between the socio-demographic variables and the notions of left and right.
Na atualidade destaca-se um revival da pesquisa em ideologia política. O caso da Argentina é paradigmático porque tanto a esquerda como a direita têm um sentido particular e especifico vinculado ao contexto socio-histórico e cultural do país. Nessa linha, o presente trabalho procurou aportar para à compreensão dos sentidos vinculados com as etiquetas ideológicas "esquerda" e "direita" da perspectiva da Psicologia Política. Assim, mediante uma amostra não aleatória por quotas de 395 pessoas (Midade= 37,6 anos), através da técnica de associação livre, analisamos as categorias cognitivas dos participantes em torno das frases "esquerda na Argentina" e "direita na Argentina". Os dados foram analisados mediante a técnica de Redes Semânticas. Entre os resultados mais significativos, identificamos redes semânticas de uma grande diversidade e riqueza, que contrastam entre si em função do seu nível de sofisticação cognitiva e a sua presença de elementos idiossincráticos. Ao mesmo tempo, as análises de qui-quadrado feitas identificaram relações significativas entre as variáveis sociodemográficas e as noções de direita e esquerda.
Résumé
El objetivo principal del trabajo que se informa fue adaptar y validar la Escala de Creencia Global en un Mundo Justo (Global Belief in a Just World Scale - GBJWS) de Lipkus (1991) en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Se administró un instrumento de evaluación a 328 estudiantes con edades entre 18 y 40 años (M = 24.1;DT = 3.88), de los cuales el 36.6% eran hombres (n = 120) y el 63.4% mujeres (n = 208). Los resultados obtenidos sugieren adecuadas propiedades psicométricas de la escala GBJWS en la muestra con la que se trabajó. Los análisis realizados confirman la unidimensionalidad de la escala. Asimismo, las puntuaciones en la GBJWS se relacionan positivamente con el autoritarismo del ala de derecha (Right Wing Authoritarianism -RWA), la orientación a la dominancia social (Social Dominance Orientation - SDO)y negativamente con el autoposicionamiento ideológico político. Se considera que el estudio realizado abre una línea de investigación que permite la indagación sistemática de la creencia global en un mundo justo en contextos hispanoparlantes a partir de la construcción de una medida confiable y válida para el contexto argentino. Se recomienda la realización de futuros estudios que utilicen la GBJW en poblaciones diferentes a la estudiada, para así avanzar con respecto a la generalización y representatividad de los resultados presentados en este trabajo.
The researches on the Belief in a Just World (BJW) started in the 60’ with the experimental studies carried out by Lerner (Lerner, 1965, 1980; Lerner & Clayton, 2011; Lerner & Simmons, 1966). Those studies pointed out that social injustices are frightening for individuals, therefore they need to belief that everyone gets what deserve during his or her life to maintain the control over their environment. If people do not believes that things happen as consequences of their acts, they will feel exposed to undesirable situations that today happen to others, but tomorrow could happen to them. Then, to deny this threat, they blame the victims of injustice, attributing to them the responsibility for their suffering. During the last decades, different studies have shown that individuals from different cultures around the world believe that the world is a just place, and the relations between this belief and socio-political factors (Furnham, 1993, 1998, 2003). In this vein, the system justification theory proposes that the BJW, together with the social dominance orientation (SDO; Jost & Hunyady, 2005; Pratto, Sidanius, Stallworth & Malle, 1994), contributes to support and rationalize the social order denying social injustices by appealing to the merit of the dominant social groups. Moreover, there are evidence that the BJW is positively associated to right wing authoritarianism (RWA- Altemeyer, 1996; Dalbert & Yamauchi, 1994; Moore, 2008) and political ideology self positioning (PI -Schlenker, Chambers & Le, 2012). The aim of this paper is to adapt and validate a Spanish version of the Global Belief in a Just World Scale (GBJWS) by Lipkus (1991) in a sample of university students. Hence, a self-reported questionnaire was administered to 328 university students of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (Argentina) aged between 18 and 40 years old (M = 24.1, SD = 3.88), 36.6% were male (n = 120) and 63.4% female (n = 208). Besides, 61.28% of the participants studied Psychology and the remaining 38.72% studied Sociology, both at the University of Buenos Aires. Firstly a descriptive analysis of the items was performed. Secondly, the reliability of the scale was tested studding its internal consistence (
.83). Simultaneously, the construct validity was test by an exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis. Finally, the validity of criteria was studied by analyzing the relations between the GBJW, RWA, SDO, and PI. The results suggest adequate psychometric properties of the GBJWS in this sample of university students and verified the unidimensionality of the scale (X²(df) = 54,01(14); S-B X²(df) = 41,77(14); S-B X² / (df) = 2,98; NNFI = .93; CFI = .96; 
2= .96; RMSEA = .08). Furthermore, GBJWS was positively associated with RWA (r = .35; p < .01), SDO (r = .36; p < .01) and negatively with PI (r = -.37; p < .01). It is considered that this paper contributes to the measuring of the GBJW since presents an adaptation and validation of ascale that wasn’t available in Spanish. This study had been done with a university sample because the construction and following adaptations of the original scales were made in such population (Bègue, 2002; Dalbert, Lipkus, Sallay, & Goch, 2001; O`Connor, Morrison, T. & Morrison, M., 1996). The relations between political conservatism are coherent with the support of the status quo, since if the world is thought as a just place, there is no reason to transform it (Furnham, 2003; Jost & Hunyady, 2005). This study had been done with a university sample because the construction and following adaptations of the original scales were made in such population (Bègue, 2002; Dalbert, Lipkus, Sallay & Goch, 2001; O`Connor, Morrison, T. & Morrison, M., 1996). However, it’s necessary to point out that this limitation doesn’t allow the generalization of the results to a general population. Hence, it is recommended for future studies to consider other populations to improve the generalization and representatively of the results presented in this paper.