Value of Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound in Sentinel Lymph Node after Primary Breast Cancer Resection / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

ObjectiveTo investigate the value of percutaneous and intravenous contrast-enhanced ultrasound（P-Ⅳ-CEUS） in sentinel lymph nodes（SLNs） after resection of early-stage primary breast cancer. MethodsA retrospective analysis was done on the clinical and imaging data of 42 early breast cancer patients. Following primary tumor resection， all these patients underwent reoperation in our hospital. SLNs were examined by preoperative P-Ⅳ-CEUS and intraoperative sentinel lymph node biopsy（SLNB） was performed by using Methylene blue as a tracer. Then we analyzed the detection and false-negative rate in CEUS and SLNB respectively. By using the surgical pathological results as the gold standard， the diagnostic efficacy of CEUS for SLNs was explored. ResultsThe detection rate and false negative rate of SLNs in percutaneous contrast-enhanced ultrasound （P-CEUS） were 92.9% （39/42） and 7.1% （3/42）， respectively. The detection rate in methylene blue staining was 100% （41/41） and one patient underwent neoadjuvant therapy due to biopsy-confirmed metastasis. The sensitivity， specificity， positive predictive value， negative predictive value and accuracy of P-Ⅳ-CEUS were 66.7% （2/3）， 100% （37/37）， 100% （2/2）， 97.3% （36/37） and 97.4% （38/39）， respectively. ConclusionsP-Ⅳ-CEUS after resection of early-stage primary breast cancer can accurately detect SLNs and characterize their status， which is a reliable clinical basis for reducing invasive SLNB.

Application analysis of sentinel area lymph node biopsy in early breast cancer / 国际外科学杂志

Objective:To explore the correlation between the number of sentinel regional lymph node (SALN) and non-sentinel regional lymph node (NSALN) metastasis in patients with early breast cancer after sentinel regional lymph node (SALN) biopsy.Methods:Retrospectively selected 400 female patients with early breast cancer who underwent SALN biopsy at the Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College from January 2016 to July 2021, and summarized and analyzed their clinical case data. The Chi-square test or Fisher exact probability method was used to compare the count data between groups. Perform single-factor analysis on the research indicators, then screen out indicators with statistically significant differences, then perform multi-factor Logistic regression analysis, draw a receiver operating characteristic curve, and combine the area under the curve to establish a predictive model.Results:SALN biopsy was performed in 400 patients with early breast cancer. A total of 1 504 lymph nodes were detected in 320 cases of total mastectomy, with an average of 4.7, 47 cases of macrometastasis, and 2 cases of postoperative macrometastasis. The false negative rate was 4.3%. Among 400 cases, 67 cases were positive for SALN, and the positive rate was 16.75% (67/400). The results of univariate analysis showed that the number of tumor thrombus in the vessel, the number of positive SALN and the metastasis of NSALN were closely related ( χ2=8.775, 16.53, P=0.003). The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the number of tumor thrombi and SLN-positive ≥3 in the vessel were independent predictive risk factors for NSLN metastasis ( OR=16.149, 95% CI: 3.016-86.473, P<0.001; OR=31.76, 95% CI: 5.242-192.43, P<0.001). SALN positive was closely related to NSALN metastasis, but as the number of SALN detected increases (more than 6) and when only 1 to 2 SALN was positive, the probability of NSALN metastasis was significantly reduced ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The positive number of SALN and intravascular tumor thrombolus were closely related to NALN metastasis. SALN positive number ≥3 was the most important independent predictor of NSALN metastasis. The recurrence risk of sentinel lymph node can be reduced by increasing the number of SALN detected, when 1-2 positive sentinel lymph node are detected and the number of sentinel lymph node detected >6, axillary lymph node dissection can be exempted as appropriate.

Surgical analysis of lymph node positivity after neoadjuvant therapy / Análise cirúrgica da positividade linfonodal após neoadjuvância quimioterápica

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most prevalent tumor in women around the world, affecting 1 in 10 women in Brazil. Therefore, providing surgeries that can increase cure rates and provide less comorbidities than those that occur today is a challenge. Until the last decade, performing lymphadenectomy, after neoadjuvant therapy was mandatory. However, new studies could prove that, for some cases, the sentinel lymph node biopsy can be an option. Objective: To analyze the positivity rates of lymphadenectomy, after neoadjuvant therapy. Methods: A total of 152 patients who underwent lymphadenectomy were assessed, from 2012 to 2014; they were separated into two groups of arms: those that had clinically positive armpit results before chemotherapy in one arm, and those that had negative armpit results before chemotherapy. Results: Out of 152 patients, 57 had negative armpit results before chemotherapy, 71% continued to have negative results following lymphadenectomy. In the group containing 95 patients with positive armpit results (following neoadjuvant therapy), 43.6% of them were free from neoplasms after undergoing lymphadenectomy. Discussion: T he r esults o f t his s tudy w ere similar to those found in worldwide literature for lymph node rates in all groups. It means that both the staging before chemotherapy and neoadjuvant therapy are performed with the same efficacy rates as in other studied hospitals. Moreover, there is evidence on the authorization to perform sentinel lymph node biopsy after chemotherapy in those patients who had clinically negative armpit results prior to neoadjuvant therapy. Conclusion: Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a safe and efficient technique to be used in patients who underwent chemotherapy and had negative armpit results. Whenever needed, such technique should always be encouraged.

Introdução: O câncer de mama é a neoplasia que mais acomete mulheres no mundo, sendo uma a cada 10 mulheres que irão ser acometidas, no Brasil. Portanto, proporcionar cirurgias que tenham menor morbidade com as mesmas ou maiores taxas de cura é um desafio. De acordo com o exposto, até a década passada realizar linfadenectomia após quimioterapia neoadjuvante era mandatório, porém novos estudos estão conseguindo provar que para alguns casos a biópsia de linfonodo sentinela pode ser uma opção. Objetivo: Este estudo analisou o índice de positividade de linfadenectomias pós-quimioterapia neoadjuvante. Métodos: Foram avaliadas 152 pacientes, entre 2012 e 2014, que realizaram cirurgia de linfadenectomia, separado-as em dois braços, aquelas que eram axilas positivas clinicamente antes da quimioterapia em um braço, e no outro, axilas negativas antes do tratamento quimioterápico. Resultados: Desmembrando os 152 pacientes, 57 desses com axilas negativas anteriores à quimioterapia, obtivemos que 71% permaneceram negativas após linfadenectomia. No grupo de 95 pacientes com axilas positivas, após neoadjuvância quimioterápica, 43,6% resultaram estarem livres de comprometimento neoplásico após linfadenectomia . Discussão: Os resultados denotados no índice de positividade de linfonodos em todos os grupos foram muito semelhantes à literatura mundial, demonstrando que nosso estadiamento antes da quimioterapia e nosso tratamento neoadjuvante são realizados com a mesma eficácia do que de outros hospitais já estudados. Também pudemos denotar que estamos autorizados a realizar biópsia de linfonodo sentinela pós-quimioterapia naquelas pacientes as quais eram negativas as axilas clinicamente, antes do tratamento neoadjuvante. Conclusão: A biópsia de linfonodo sentinela é uma técnica segura e eficaz em pacientes pós-quimioterapia com axilas negativas e devemos sempre incentivar essa técnica, quando for indicado.

The clinical values of extracapsular invasion at sentinel lymph nodes on prognostic evaluation of patients with breast cancer / 中国基层医药

Objective To investigate the clinical values of extracapsular invasion at sentinel lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer.Methods From Jan,2010 to Jan,2013,80 patients underwent axillary lymph node dissection due to sentinel lymph nodes invasion were enrolled in this prospective study.Patients were signed to extracapsular at sentinel lymph nodes positive group (n =45)and control group (n =35)according to the intra -operative pathology.The primary outcome was rate of positive non -sentinel lymph nodes and the second outcomes were 3 -year recurrence -free survival,mortality and health -related quality of life.Results Compared with the control group,the patients in extracapsular at sentinel lymph nodes positive group got a significantly higher rate of positive non -sentinel lymph nodes (91.11% vs.28.57%,χ2 =33.321,P <0.001 );a significantly lower rate of 3 -year recurrence -free survival(57.78% vs.88.57%,χ2 =9.114,P =0.003);a significantly higher rate of mortality (17.78% vs.2.86%,χ2 =4.390,P =0.036);and a significantly lower level of health -related quality of life[(78.43 ±12.43)vs.(87.54 ±11.89),t =11.324,P =0.000].Conclusion Extracapsular invasion at sentinel lymph nodes was a reliable predictor for non -sentinel lymph nodes invasion and long -term clinical outcomes.

Evaluation of axillary lymph nodes response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer / 中国癌症杂志

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy or neoadjuvant chemotherapy in combination with targeted therapy has been widely accepted as the standard treatment for locally advanced breast cancer (Ⅱb-Ⅲ). Nearly forty percent of the patients who accepted neoadjuvant chemotherapy achieved pathological complete response of axillary lymph nodes in addition to downstage the primary lesions. However, for patients with clinical complete response of lymph nodes after pre-operative systemic therapy, there are constant controversies regarding the prediction of axillary lymph nodes response and sentinel lymph nodes biopsy after the treatment. Here we design to review the latest studies about how to evaluate the axillary lymph nodes response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and try to enlighten the treatment choices in clinical practice.

Experimental study in detecting sentinel lymph nodes by percutaneous transhepatic lymphosonography in VX2 hepatic cancer rabbit / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective To investigate the feasibility and promising applications of percutaneous transhepatic lymphosonography in detecting sentinel lymph nodes(SLNs).Methods Twenty five rabbits with VX2 tumor were included in this study.0.05 ml SonoVue was injected into the liver parenchyma at 12,3,6,9 points around the VX2 tumor.The situation of contrast-enhanced lymph-vessel emited from injected point and lymph nodes in hepatic portal or around tumor was observed,and then the position of the lymph nodes were detected with the help of the mark on the surface of the portal vein,caput pancreatis,collum vesicae biliaris.Methylene blue (MB) was injected in the same way as above.The injected points were massaged for five minutes,and then executed the experimental rabbits.The lymph nodes enhanced and all the lymph node dyed or not were taked out for recorded and pathologic examination.Results 34 SLNs were conformed by operation and pathological diagnosis in all the rabbits.All SLNs were confirmed pathologically,28 lymph nodes which were checked out by percutaneous transhepatic lymphosonography were all SLNs.In all the 31 lymph nodes which were checked out by MB,25 lymph nodes were SLNs and the rest were the second degree lymph nodes.The detection rate of percutaneous transhepatic lymphosonography (82.4％) and the MB (91.2％) showed no significant difference(P =0.169).There were 6 SLNs enhanced uniformitily in which 2 SLNs encroach by cancer cell and 22 enhanced asymmetrically in which 21 SLNs encroach by cancer cell.The sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of percutaneous transhepatic lymphosonography to detcect the SLNs benign or malignancy was 95.5％ (21/28),66.7％(4/6) and 89.3 ％ (25/28).Conclusions Percutaneous transhepatic lymphosonography is a reliable and noninvasive method to detect and estimate the SLNs of hepatic cancer.

Exame intraoperatório por congelação na avaliação do linfonodo sentinela axilar no câncer de mama / Intraoperative frozen section assessment in the evaluation of axillary sentinel lymph node in breast cancer

INTRODUÇÃO: O exame intraoperatório por congelação tornou-se um procedimento de rotina na avaliação do linfonodo sentinela axilar no câncer de mama. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a acurácia e a sensibilidade do FS na detecção de metástases em linfonodo sentinela axilar e investigar o valor preditivo para metástases de variáveis, como idade dos pacientes, estadiamento, tipo histológico, grau e expressão do receptor de estrogênio do tumor. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram analisados, retrospectivamente, os resultados de 177 procedimentos de congelação. A idade dos pacientes e as características dos tumores foram organizadas em um banco de dados e a relação com a presença de metástases foi analisada. RESULTADOS: Foram detectadas metástases em 22 (12%) casos. Todas as macrometastases e uma micrometastases foram detectadas pelo método de congelação. Micrometastases adicionais foram identificadas nas análises pós-operatórias, cinco por coloração com hematoxilina e eosina (H) e três por imuno-histoquímica. O método de congelação mostrou acurácia geral de 95%, sensibilidade de 64% e especificidade de 100%. Nenhuma associação significativa foi observada entre a presença de metástases e as variáveis analisadas. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados mostram que o exame por congelação possui acurácia e sensibilidade elevadas para a detecção de macrometastases; no entanto, é pouco eficiente na identificação de micrometastases. O uso de imuno-histoquímica melhora a detecção de metástases na análise pós-operatória. A idade do paciente e as características do tumor, como estadiamento, tipo histológico, grau e a expressão do receptor de estrogênio têm de valor preditivo baixo para metástases nodais em câncer de mama.

INTRODUCTION: Intraoperative frozen section analysis has become a routine procedure to evaluate the status of axillary sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the accuracy and sensitivity of FS in the detection of metastases in axillary sentinel lymph nodes and to investigate the predictive value of variables such as patients' age, tumor staging, histology, grade, and estrogen receptor expression. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed retrospectively the results of 177 FS procedures. The patients' age and tumor characteristics were organized in a database and the association with the presence of metastases was analyzed. RESULTS: Metastases were detected in 22 cases (12%). All macrometastases and one micrometastasis were detected by FS. Additional micrometastases were detected in post-operative analysis, from which five were determined by hematoxylin and eosin staining (H) and three by immunohistochemistry (IHC). FS diagnosis data proved to have an overall accuracy of 95%, sensitivity of 64%, and specificity of 100%. None of the analyzed variables showed significant association with lymph node metastases. CONCLUSION: Our results show that intraoperative FS is a highly accurate and sensitive method to detect macrometastases. However, it is inaccurate in the detection of micrometastases. The use of IHC improves the detection of micrometastases in postoperative analyses. The patient's age and tumor characteristics such as staging, histology, grade and estrogen receptor expression have low predictive value for lymph node metastasis in breast cancer.

Preoperative Imaging of Sentinel Lymph Nodes in Gastric Cancer Using CT Lymphography

PURPOSE: Preoperative identification of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) in gastric cancer (GC) patients may have great advantages for the minimally invasive treatment. This study was performed to evaluate the possibility of preoperative SLN detection using CT lymphography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen patients with early GC were enrolled. CT images were obtained before and at 1, 3, and 5 minutes after endoscopic submucosal peritumoral injection of 2 mL iopamidol. For patients with clearly identified SLNs, to make comparisons with the CT lymphography results, intraoperative SLN detection was performed using subserosally injected Indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography and ex vivo ICG and iopamidol lymphography using mammography was also performed. RESULTS: CT lymphography clearly visualized draining lymphatics and SLNs in 4 (28.6%) out of 14 patients. All clearly visualized SLNs (one to three SLNs per patient) under preoperative imaging were detected in the same location by intraoperative ICG lymphography and ex vivo ICG and iopamidol lymphography using mammography. All preoperative SLN detections were observed with the primary tumors in the lower third of the stomach. CONCLUSION: Although our study demonstrated a SLN detection rate of less than 30%, CT lymphography with radio-contrast showed potential as a method of preoperative SLN detection for GC.

Application of sentinel lymph node mapping in the treatment of colorectal cancer / 中华消化外科杂志

Sentinel lymph node (SLN), the hypothetical first regional lymph node or group of lymph nodes to received lymphatic drainage from a primary tumor, can predict the likelihood of further nodal involvement. SLN mapping was initially applied to the treatment of breast cancer and melanoma, and it also shows gratifying effect on thyroid cancer, pancreatic cancer and gastrointestinal tumors. The development of SLN mapping in colorectal cancer has brought us a new approach to design personalized operation and adjuvant therapy plans. However,various SLN mapping techniques in colorectal cancer available present fluctuant navigation performances, which need to be replaced by an economical, convenient and accurate tracing technique. Hopefully the optimized SLN mapping can play a more important role in the management of increasing occurred early colorectal cancer.

Comparison of different tracer methods in detecting sentinel lymph nodes in gastric cancer / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective To explore the optimum sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping method in gastric cancer. Methods The clinical data of 59 patients who were confirmed with gastric cancer at Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command from January 2004 to August 2008 were retrospectively analysed. Patent blue V dye was used in 20 patients (group A), technetium-99m sulfur colloid was used in 20 patients (group B),and a combination of patent blue V dye and technetium-99m sulfur colloid were used in 19 patients (group C).The number of SLNs detected, and accuracy and false-negative rate of SLNs in diagnosing regional lymph node metastasis were analysed by t test and chi-square test. Results The numbers of SLNs detected in groups A, B and C were 38 (1.9 per case), 31 (1.6 per case) and 56 (2.9 per case), respectively. In group C, 46 SLNs were screened out by patent blue V dye and technetium-99m sulfur colloid simultaneously, six SLNs were only detected by patent blue V dye and four only by technetium-99m sulfur colloid. There was a significant difference in the number of SLNs detected among the three groups (t = 4.35, P ＜ 0. 05 ). The number of SLNs detected in group C was significantly greater than that in groups A and B (t = 4. 21, 3. 54, P ＜ 0.05 ). The accuracy and false-negative rate of SLNs in diagnosing regional lymph node metastasis were 95% (19/20) and 5% (1/20) in group A, 90% (18/20) and 10% (2/20) in group B, and 100% (19/19) and 0 in group C. The accuracy was significantly higher (x2 = 163.01, P ＜ 0.05) and the false-negative rate was significantly lower in group C compared with those in groups A and B (x2 = 170. 14, P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusion A combination of dye and radioactive tracer is a favorable method for detecting SLNs in gastric cancer.

A imuno-histoquímica no linfonodo sentinela por câncer de mama: um estudo de 247 casos / Immunohistochemistry of sentinel lymph node in breast cancer: analysis of 247 cases

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar, em pacientes com carcinoma mamário, o valor da imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) na detecção de micrometástase, submicrometástase e células tumorais isoladas em linfonodo sentinela (LNS) negativo na hematoxilina e eosina (HE). Foram estudados 247 LNS axilares diagnosticados entre 23 de agosto de 2000 e 27 de dezembro de 2003. O LNS fixado em formol foi seccionado em fatias de 2 mm de espessura. Após inclusão em parafina, de cada bloco realizou-se três cortes de 5 mm, com intervalos de 40 mm, corados na HE. Outros três cortes foram realizados em seqüência para IHQ (pancitoceratina AE1/AE3). Resultados: Os 247 LNS resultaram na HE 220 negativos (89%) e 27 positivos para metástases (11 %). Na IHQ: 210 negativos (dos 220 casos negativos na HE) (concordância: 96%) e 27 positivos (dos 27 casos positivos na HE). Nos 10 casos negativos na HE (4,5% dos negativos), a IHQ resultou positiva. Conclusão: A pesquisa de citoceratinas por IHQ no LNS negativo na HE permite detectar um subgrupo de pacientes portadores de micrometástases, de submicrometástases ou de células tumorais isoladas, representando em nossa casuística 4,5% dos linfonodos negativos.

The objective of this research was to assess the increased ratio of tumour detection detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in HE negative sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) of patients with breast cancer. We studied 247 SLN of patients with breast cancer reports from August 23rd 2000 to December 27th 2003.The formalin-fixed SLN was sectioned in tissue slices about 2 mm thick. Following paraffin embedding, three 5-llm-thick sections were cut from each slice and stained with HE. Another three sections were cut for IHC staining. Results: Of the 247 SLN, 220 were negative and 27 were positive for metastases with HE. IHC assays were positive in all HE-positive cases and negative in 210 of 220 HE-negative cases (concordance = 96%). The other 10 HE negative cases (4.5% of negative cases) were IHC positive. Comparisons of data from HE-stained sections and cytokeratin immunohistochemistry showed an overall sensitivity of 73% with 100% specificity. Conclusions: The addition of IHC in the study of serial sections of HE stained preparations from SLN negative patients with breast cancer increased the percentage of detection of metastatic tumour cells. Moreover, it identified subgroup of breast cancer with micrometastases that were stained only by IHC, representing, in our series, 4.5% of HE negative SLNs.

Breast-conserving therapy of early stage breast cancer / 中国癌症杂志

To introduce the advances of breast-conserving therapy(BCT) of early stage breast cancer.Discussion of pathological and biological feature of breast cancer,equivalence between breast-conserving therapy and radical operation,skills in BCT,sentinel lymph node biopsy,relative factors of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence(IBTR),postoperative radiotherapy,were emphasized.Usage of BCT will spread widely because of the increasing ratio of early stage breast and evolution of opinions of both the physicians and patients.

Studies on sentinel lymph node biopsy in clinical lymph node negative oral squamous cell carcinoma / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To evaluate the sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in clinical lymph node negative oral squamous cell carcinoma. Methods Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) by using methylene blue staining were employed to 20 patients with clinical cervical lymph node negative in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Results SLNB was successful identified in 14 of 20(70%). A 100%(6/6) accuracy of SLNB to predict cervical lymph node status was reached. Conclusion SLNB could accurately predict the cervical status of clinical negative node and decrease the extent of surgery and postoperative complication