Biochemical serum profile of quarter mile equines in team penning training / Caracterização do perfil bioquímico sérico em equinos quarto de milha submetidos ao treinamento para team penning

The objective of this work was to evaluate the proteins, minerals, metabolites, and serum enzymes profile in Quarter Mile equines subjected to training for Team Penning competitions by comparing the results before and after training. The animals were from the Agricultural Exhibition Park of Uberlândia (CAMARU), in Uberlândia in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. These animals perform constant periodic training with an average duration of two and a half hours per training. Blood samples from twenty male and female equines were collected at the beginning and end of a 45-day interval and then analyzed. A 5 mL blood sample from each animal was collected before and after training by a jugular external venipuncture, and the samples were placed in a tube­without anticoagulant and containing separator gel­to obtain the serum. The components analyzed were: total proteins, albumin, globulins, albumin to globulin ratio (A:G), total and ionized calcium, phosphorus, calcium to phosphorus ratio (Ca:P), cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase, ɤ-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatine kinase (CK). Statistical differences were observed with higher values after exercise for total calcium, ionized calcium, Ca: P ratio, creatinine and ALT and decreased concentrations were found for globulins, phosphorus, cholesterol and triglycerides. Despite the changes observed in the serum concentrations of some elements after exercises, it was concluded that the animals were in adequate physical condition to perform the proposed physical exercises.

O presente estudo objetivou comparar o perfil de proteínas, metabólitos, minerais e enzimas séricas em equinos Quarto de Milha submetidos a treinamento para provas de Team Penning no Parque de Exposições Agropecuárias de Uberlândia (CAMARU), Uberlândia-MG. Os animais realizavam treinos periódicos e constantes com duração de duas horas e meia em média. Foram analisadas 40 (quarenta) amostras de sangue de 20 (vinte) equinos, machos e fêmeas, coletadas em dois momentos com intervalo de 45 dias. Por meio de venopunção jugular externa, coletou-se 05 (mL) de sangue em tubo sem anticoagulante e contendo gel separador para obtenção de soro, antes e após o treinamento de cada momento. Os constituintes analisados foram proteínas totais, albumina, globulinas, relação albumina globulina (A:G), cálcio total e ionizado, fósforo, relação cálcio fósforo (Ca:P), colesterol, triglicérides, creatinina, ureia, fosfatase alcalina, ɤ-glutamiltransferase (GGT), lactato desidrogenase (LDH), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALT) e creatina quinase (CK). Sendo observado diferenças estatísticas com valores mais elevados após o exercicio para cálcio total, cálcio ionizado, relação Ca:P, creatinina e ALT e concentrações diminuidas para globulinas, fósforo, colesterol e triglicérides. Apesar das alterações observadas nas concentrações séricas de alguns elementos após a prática esportiva, conclui-se que os animais se encontravam em condicionamento físico adequado para realizarem os exercícios físicos propostos.

Effect of Roundup 41% (glyphosate) on blood serum biochemical parameters of freshwater fish, Rasbora daniconius

Aim: The present study was carried out to investigate the impact of Roundup 41% (glyphosate) on serum enzymes, like aminotransferases activity (ALT and AST), alkaline phosphates (ALP), total protein and glucose of fresh water fish, Rasbora daniconius.Methodology: LC50 of glyphosate for R. daniconius was calculated by static bioassays and recorded as 5.6 ppm at 96 hr. The fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentration (1/10th 96 hr LC50) of glyphosate for a period of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The serum ALT, AST, ALP, glucose and total protein were determined by standard methods. Results: Statistically important differences were observed in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein and glucose levles. ALT, AST and ALP values were significantly higher (p<0.05) in treated group, compared with the control group. There was also a significant increase (p<0.05) in the level of serum glucose while the reduced amount of protein content as compared to control fish. Interpretation: Increased metabolic enzymes, protein metabolism and hyperglycemia in the serum may be a possible indicator of liver damage caused by Roundup 41% (glyphosate) exposure in fish, Rasbora daniconius.

Protective effect of Genistein against N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced hepatotoxicity in Swiss albino rats / 药物分析学报

In the present study, we studied the effect of Genistein against the hepatotoxicity induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA). NDEA is present in almost all kinds of food stuff and has been reported to be a hepatocarcinogen. The male rats were exposed to NDEA (0.1 mg/mL) dissolved in drinking water separately and along with 25, 50, 100 mg/mL of Genistein for 21 days. The activities of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured in blood serum. Lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content, micronucleus frequency and DNA damage (Comet assay) were performed on rat hepatocytes. The results of the study reveal that the treatment of NDEA along with Genistein showed a significant dose-dependent decrease in the levels of blood serum enzymes i.e., SGOT, SGPT, ALP and LDH (Po0.05). The HE staining of histological sections of the liver also revealed a protective effect of Genistein. A significant dose-dependent reduction in the lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl content was observed in rats exposed to NDEA (0.1 mg/mL) along with Genistein (Po0.05). The results obtained for the comet assay in rat hepatocytes showed a significant dose-dependent decrease in the mean tail length (Po0.05). Thus the present study supports the hepatoprotective role of Genistein.

Cell cycle inhibitory activity of Piper longum against A549 cell line and its protective effect against metal-induced toxicity in rats.

Anticancer potential of Piper longum fruit against human cancer cell lines (DU-145 prostate, A549 lung, THP-1 leukemia, IGR-OVI-1 ovary and MCF-7 breast) as well as its in vitro and in vivo biochemical efficacy in AlCl3-induced hepatotoxicity were evaluated in the rats. Dried samples were extracted with several solvents using soxhlet apparatus. Flavonoid content in chloroform, benzene, ethyl alcohol and aqueous extracts of fruit was 19, 14, 12 and 11 μg quercetin equivalent/mg of sample, respectively. Hexane extracts exhibited 90-92% cytotoxicity against most of the test cell lines (A549, THP-1, IGR-OVI-1 and MCF-7), while benzene extract displayed 84-87% cytotoxicity against MCF-7, IGR-OV-1 and THP-1 cell lines. Among extracts, hexane, benzene and acetone extracts demonstrated considerable cytotoxicity (91-95%) against A549 (lung cancer) cell line in Sulforhodamine B dye (SRB) assay. Cell cycle analysis revealed that hexane, benzene and acetone extracts produced 41, 63 and 43% sub-G1 DNA fraction, demonstrating cell cycle inhibitory potential of these extracts against A549 cell line. Chloroform, ethyl alcohol and aqueous extracts displayed 71, 64 and 65% membrane protective activity, respectively in lipid peroxidation inhibition assay. P. longum fruit extracts also ameliorated AlCl3-induced hepatotoxicity, as indicated by alterations observed in serum enzymes ALP, SGOT and SGPT activity, as well as creatinine and bilirubin contents. In conclusion, study established the cytotoxic and hepatoprotective activity in P. longum extracts.

Cambios en la actividad de algunas enzimas séricas en ratas con hipervitaminosis E / Changes in activity of some serum enzymes in rats with hypervitaminosis E

Poco se sabe sobre los cambios en la actividad de las enzimas séricas relacionadas con la función hepática durante la hipervitaminosis E. En el presente trabajo se estudió el efecto de la administración intraperitoneal de 50, 100, 200 y 400 mg de vitamina E/día, durante 20 días sobre la actividad enzimática sérica en 60 ratas Wistar machos, de 12 semanas de edad, con pesos entre 180 y 200 gramos. El grupo control estuvo integrado por 15 ratas Wistar sanas, con edad y peso similares a los animales tratados. Al final del estudio, se tomaron muestras de sangre para la determinación de la vitamina E y la actividad de las enzimas: alanina aminotransferasa (ALT), aspartato aminotransferasa (AST), α-amilasa (AMS), arginasa (ARG), fosfohexosaisomerasa (PHI), fosfatasa alcalina (ALP), γ-glutamiltransferasa (γ-GT) y 5´-nucleotidasa (5´-N). La administración de vitamina E en exceso incrementó de manera significativa (p<0,05) el contenido sérico de la vitamina E y la actividad de todas las enzimas valoradas (p< 0,05); mientras que la α-amilasa disminuyó (p< 0,05) al ser comparada con los controles no tratados. Nuestros resultados proporcionan evidencia que la administración a corto plazo de dosis altas de vitamina E, produce un incremento en la actividad de las enzimas marcadoras de daño hepático (como aminotransferasas, ARG y PHI) y de colestasis (como ALP, 5´-N y γ-GT), que se corresponde con la forma mixta de enfermedad hepática (daño+colestasis).

Little is known about the possible changes in blood enzyme activity related to liver function during hypervitaminosis E. In the present work the effects of intraperitoneal administration of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg of vitamin E (α-tocopherol) daily for 20 days, respectively, on the serum enzyme activity in 60 white male Wistar rats, aged 12 weeks and weighing 180-200 g, were studied. The group control was integrated by 15 healthy rats with similar characteristics (age and weight) to treated animals. Excess of vitamin E produced a significant (p<0.05) increase in the serum content of vitamin E and in the activity (p<0.05) of the following enzymes: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), arginase (ARG), phosphohexosaisomerase (PHI), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) and 5´-nucleotidase (5´-N) while α-amylase (AMS) decreased (p<0.05) on comparing with the control group. These changes depend on the doses given of vitamin E. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that short-term administration of high doses of vitamin E produces an increase in the activity of the enzymes marker of liver damage (as aminotransferases, ARG and PHI) and of cholestasis (as ALP, γ-GT and 5´-N) that correspond to the mixed form of liver disease (injury+cholestasis).

Preliminary analysis of serum enzymes indicators in childhood amputees due to earthquake resulting trauma / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective To retrospectively analyze the serum enzymes in childhood amputees as a result of earthquake,and to discuss their clinical significance.Methods From 150 children amputees who were victims of Sichuan Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 and Sichuan Lushan earthquake in 2013,45 cases with complete records of serum enzymes examinations were reviewed retrospectively.They were divided into three groups:amputation group (n=6),fasciotomy decompression group (n =5),general trauma without injury to extremity group (n =34).Serum enzyme examination data were compared for statistical analysis to find the difference among groups.Ten children who were not victims of earthquake were selected from department of orthopaedics to serve as controls,and 20 adult amputees as a result of earthquake served as another control group.Results There were significant differences in injury severity scale (ISS) and the contents of all serum enzymes,including aspartate transaminase (AST),alanine aminotransferase (ALT),creatine kinase (CK),lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),and hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH),between the amputation group and other patients (FISS=15.474,P＜0.001 ; FAST=10.770,P＜0.001 ; FALT=12.799,P＜0.001 ; FcK=12.848,P＜0.001; FUDH=13.126,P＜0.001; FHBDH=13.186,P＜0.001),and the difference in amputation group was even more significant.AST,LDH,HBDH in childhood amputees group were significantly higher than those in adult amputation group.The contents of ALT and CK were slightly increased.Serum enzyme contents were found to be significantly helpful for prediction of disease condition and prognosis.It was also found that CK was extremely helpful in assessing the degree of illness in patients with severe trauma,especially in patients complicated by severe soft tissue injury.In all the groups,of patients,it was found that CK rose from (129 ± 62) U/L in non-earthquake induced trauma group to (44 208 ± 39 788) U/L in earthquake amputation group,and it was thus increased more than 300 times.Its highest value even reached 117 513 U/L,which was more than 840 times of the normal.If a timely amputation or muscle compartment decompression was performed,CK might decline rapidly down to the normal value.Conclusions The comprehensive and continuous assessment of serum enzymes is mandatory during the treatment of children with acute trauma.It is of important clinical significance to correctly judge the condition and to determine optional treatment measures.

Comparative analysis on results of 6 serum enzymes detected by Hitachi 008 and ARCHITECT C16000 biochemical analyzers / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To investigate the comparability of the activity detection of 6 common serum enzymes by different bio-chemical detecting systems at the same laboratory to provide the basis for realizing the traceability and comparability of serum en-zyme detection.Methods The detection system consisted of the Hitachi 008 biochemical analyzer,and original reagents,C-fas cali-brator and controller of Roche was taken as the reference system X(comparison method)and the detection system consisted of the ABBOTT ARCHITECT C16000 biochemical analyzer,reagents and calibrator of Zhongsheng,and controller of BIO-RAD was taken as the detecting systemY (laboratory method),which were used to detect the accuracy and precision of fresh serum enzymes inclu-ding ALT,AST,ALP,GGT,LDH and CK according to the NCCLS document EP9-A2.Then the enzyme activity results detected by the Y and X methods were compared and the relative error(SE%)was calculated.The comparability of the results detected by these two kinds of different detection systems was judged with 1/2 of allowable error in the external quality assessment stipulated by CLIA′88 as the standard.Results The accuracy and precision of the activity detection results of 6 enzymes by the Hitachi 008 and ARCHITECT C16000 biochemical analyzers all conformed to the requirements and the systematic error was clinically acceptable. Conclusion In measuring same test item by two or more detection systems,the method comparability and the bias assessment should be performed for ensuring the accuracy and comparability of the detection results.

Evaluation of the haematology and biochemistry of Clarias gariepinus as biomakers of environmental pollution in Tiga dam, Nigeria

This study aimed to evaluate the haematological and biochemical changes in Clarias gariepinus as biomarkers of environmental pollution in Tiga dam, Nigeria (wild aquatic environment). Water and fishes were sampled twice, a week apart, from the controlled and the wild aquatic environment. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences between the temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen contents of both aquatic environments. Similarly, there were no significant (p>0.05) changes in the haematological parameters of the reared and wild the C. gariepinus except in their white blood cell counts, which were significantly (p<0.05) higher in wild C. gariepinus. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase (serum enzymes) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the wild C. gariepinus. However, the concentrations of serum total triglyceride (serum metabolite) were significantly (p<0.05) lower in the wild C. gariepinus. The haematological and biochemical alterations in the wild C. gariepinus, which were strongly indicative of cellular damages, might have been a consequence of the toxic pollution of Tiga dam, Nigeria.

Subacute oral toxicity study of ethanolic leaves extracts of Strobilanthes crispus in rats

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine the oral toxicity of repeated dosing of Strobilanthes crispus (S. crispus) ethanol leaves extract on the liver and kidney functions in Sprague Dawley rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Young female rats aged between 8 and 12 week-old were randomly assigned into four groups with five animals each group (n=5). The first group served as control, while the second, third and fourth groups were orally treated with a single dose daily with 150 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 600 mg/kg of S. crispus ethanol leaves extract for 14 d consecutively. Cage-side observation was conducted for first 4 h after each dosing. The body weight changes, food consumptions and water intake were also recorded. Serum biochemical parameters, i.e., aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and urea were determined at Day 15. All results were expressed as mean±SD and analysed using Dunnett's test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>It was obtained that 14-day oral administration of S. crispus ethanol leaves extract did not cause any adverse effects or lethality to the female Sprague Dawley rats. No significant changes in serum biochemical parameters, relative organs weights, body weights, food intake and water consumptions were observed between the treatment groups and control.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>In conclusion, 14-day oral administration of S. crispus ethanol leaves extract was safe to be consumed in female rats without affecting the liver and kidney functions.</p>

Subacute oral toxicity study of ethanolic leaves extracts of Strobilanthes crispus in rats

Objective:To examine the oral toxicity of repeated dosing of Strobilanthes crispus (S. crispus) ethanol leaves extract on the liver and kidney functions in Sprague Dawley rats. Methods:Young female rats aged between 8 and 12 week-old were randomly assigned into four groups with five animals each group (n=5). The first group served as control, while the second, third and fourth groups were orally treated with a single dose daily with 150 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 600 mg/kg of S. crispus ethanol leaves extract for 14 d consecutively. Cage-side observation was conducted for first 4 h after each dosing. The body weight changes, food consumptions and water intake were also recorded. Serum biochemical parameters, i.e., aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and urea were determined at Day 15. All results were expressed as mean±SD and analysed using Dunnett's test. Results: It was obtained that 14-day oral administration of S. crispus ethanol leaves extract did not cause any adverse effects or lethality to the female Sprague Dawley rats. No significant changes in serum biochemical parameters, relative organs weights, body weights, food intake and water consumptions were observed between the treatment groups and control. Conclusions:In conclusion, 14-day oral administration of S. crispus ethanol leaves extract was safe to be consumed in female rats without affecting the liver and kidney functions.

Effect of alkaloids extract of Gnetum africanum on serum enzymes levels in albino rats.

Alkaloids extract of the leaf of Gnetum africanum pretreatment was investigated on the activities of aspartate amino transaminase (AST), alanine amino transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) serum and tissue levels in rats. The alkaloids extract was soxhlet extracted following a modified standard procedure. Acute toxicity of the extract was carried out in male rats to determine two tolerated doses used in investigation. Thirty adult male rats were divided into three groups (n=10). Group one received normal saline (0.85%Nacl) as control; groups two and three received alkaloids extract of Gnetum africanium, 12 and 800mg/kg/d, for 3 and 31 days respectively. At the end of each treatment course, the rats were sacrificed 24h after last dose and blood samples collected through cardiac puncture into non-haperinized tubes, allowed to clot for 30 min and sera obtained by ultra iced-centrifugation. The biological activities of AST, ALT and ALP were measured by enzyme kits method. Histopathology of rat liver tissues of all treated groups were carried out. The alkaloids extract pretreatment for 3 days did not significantly alter serum and tissue enzymes levels of AST and ALT but significantly reduced the activity of ALP. However, subchronic treatments for 31 days significantly reversed the inhibitory effect of the extract on AST, ALT and ALP respectively. Histopathology of the rat liver morphology of all the treated groups showed no disorder. The observation allows conclusion that alkaloids extract of the leaf of Gnetum africanum is non hepatoxic.

Serum enzymes changes after death & its correlation with time since death.

Estimation of time since death is one of the primary objectives of an autopsy. Forensic Scientists and researchers have been persevering hard to find out methods of accurate determination of postmortem interval since long. However, the concept of “Postmortem Clocking” so far seems to be a distant dream only. The favorite biological fluids, to study postmortem biochemical changes, have been those which withstand putrefactive changes for longer duration, like vitreous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, pericardial fluid etc. In blood, markers like electrolytes, urea, creatinine, glucose etc have been more commonly studied. Enthusiastic studies have been undertaken by various researchers to find out reasonably reliable methods of estimating postmortem interval by studying serial quantitative changes in serum levels of various enzymes and to extrapolate the data obtained therefore in terms of duration of death. However, the accuracy of such an opinion remains big area of concern even today, as the range of duration is mostly too wide to be practically useful.

Consequences of Mesobuthus tamulus gangeticus (Pocock, 1900) envenomation in albino mice

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Mesobuthus tamulus gangeticus Pocock (Buthidae) venom on albino mice (NIH strain). Whole venom was obtained by electrical stimulation and its toxicity was determined in albino mice by subcutaneous envenomation. The venom LD50 was 2.5 mg kg-1 of mouse body weight. Toxic effects on different biochemical and enzymatic parameters in blood serum and other tissues of albino mice were determined after experimental envenomation with sublethal doses of M. tamulus gangeticus venom. Increased levels of glucose, uric acid and cholesterol, as well as decreased serum total proteins, were observed at 2 and 4 hours after the envenomation. In the liver and muscles, glycogen content dropped after venom injection. Moreover, M. tamulus gangeticus venom elevated the enzymatic activity of acid phosphatase (ACP), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the serum of albino mice. In conclusion, M. tamulus gangeticus can be considered a lethal scorpion species.(AU)

A study of serum enzymal changes after death and its correlation with time since death.

A prospective study was underteken as a part of postgraduate thesis work on quantitative serum enzymal changes after death in the Deptt. of Forensic Medicine GMC Bhopal (M.P.) in 1999-2002. A total of one hundred study cases and ten control cases were randomly selected after screening. The sera was assayed biochemically by photoelectric colorimetry for an imotransfereases (AST & ALT) and serum acid phosphatase. The enzymal levels were plotted against known postmortem interval. The graphical records were studied with a view to ascertain whether such assyas could be of any help to calculate time since death routinely.

Effects of middle-distance triathlon race on serum biochemical parameters / 体力科学

For the purpose of examining relative impact of the middle-distance triathlon race (Swim : 2.0 km, Bike : 90.0 km, Run : 21.0 km), blood samples were taken on the day before, immediately after, and the day following the race from triathletes who participated in a middle-distance triathlon race at Tokunoshima, Kagoshima in June 1993. White blood cell count was significantly increased immediately after the race.It was recovered on the next day to the value observed before the race. Serum creatine phosphokinase activity was elevated significantly immediately after the competition. It continued to rise up to the level of about 4 times higher than the pre-race value. In terms of renal function, serum creatinine concentration showed a significant increase immediately after the competition. However, it recovered to normal range by the day after the competition. In addition, serum urea nitrogen concentration was also significantly increased after the competition. It remained at the high level until the day after the competition. In conclusion, it might be suggested that the middle-distance triathlon gives a significant impact on human body, even though it is quntitatively less than the long-distance type (Swim : 3.9 km, Bike : 180.2 km, Run : 42.2 km) .