Radiological and Anatomical Evaluation of the Tracheal Morphology and Morphometry in Turkish Adults / Evaluación Radiológica y Anatómica de la Morfología y Morfometría Traqueal en Adultos Turcos

SUMMARY: The trachea is a tubular organ lying between larynx and lungs containing smooth muscle, membranes, and cartilage. This paper evaluated the dimessions of the trachea and main bronchi morphometry in healthy adults using Computed Tomography. This retrospective observational study was performed with 170 healthy adult subjects (89 females, 52.35 %; 81 males,47.65 %). The length of the trachea, the anteroposterior and transverse diameter of the trachea and the right and left main bronchi were measured. From these measurements, the trachea shape were calculated and four types of trachea were identified as circular, oval, horseshoe-shaped, and rectangular. All measurements were significantly higher in males than females (excluding tracheal bifurcation angle). According to the value obtained by dividing the anteroposterior by the width of the trachea, tracheal shapes are considered; the circular shape was seen 104 subjects (61.2 %), followed by oval type (34 subjects), horseshoe type (24 subjects) and rectangular type. (8 subjects). Also, the most frequently seen was circular type in both females and males. Hovewer, there was no significant difference between sex in terms of trachea shape. Additionally, a striking finding was that trachea morphometry and morphology showed the significance according to age dependent changes. Trachea measurements were affected several reasons such as used methods, age, sex, or race. This study has many clinical importance as it may reduce the risk of accidental damage to these area by clinicians such as cardiothoracic surgeons, anesthetist, or radiologist.

La tráquea es un órgano tubular que se encuentra entre la laringe y los pulmones y que contiene músculo liso, membranas y cartílago. Este trabajo evaluó las dimensiones de la tráquea y la morfometría de los bronquios principales en adultos sanos mediante Tomografía Computarizada. Este estudio observacional retrospectivo se realizó con 170 sujetos adultos sanos (89 mujeres, 52,35 %; 81 hombres, 47,65 %). Se midió la longitud de la tráquea, el diámetro anteroposterior y transversal de la tráquea y los bronquios principales derecho e izquierdo. A partir de estas mediciones, se calculó la forma de la tráquea y se identificaron cuatro tipos de tráquea: circular, ovalada, en forma de herradura y rectangular. Todas las mediciones fueron significativamente mayores en hombres que en mujeres (excluyendo el ángulo de bifurcación traqueal). Según el valor que se obtiene al dividir el anteroposterior por el ancho de la tráquea, se consideran las formas traqueales; la forma circular fue observada en 104 sujetos (61,2 %), seguida del tipo ovalado (34 sujetos), tipo herradura (24 sujetos) y tipo rectangular (8 sujetos). Además, el tipo más frecuente fue el circular tanto en mujeres como en hombres. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias significativas entre sexos en términos de forma de la tráquea. Además, un hallazgo sorprendente fue que la morfometría y la morfología de la tráquea mostraron importancia según los cambios dependientes de la edad. Las mediciones morfométricas de la tráquea se vieron afectadas por varios motivos, como los métodos utilizados, la edad, el sexo o la raza. Este estudio tiene importancia clínica ya que puede reducir el riesgo de daño accidental por parte de médicos como cirujanos cardiotorácicos, anestesistas o radiólogos.

Has the literature thoroughly categorized the lower third molars? A new classification of the various lower third molar root forms for a better understanding of their morphology / ¿La literatura ha categorizado minuciosamente los terceros molares inferiores? Una nueva clasificación de las diversas formas radiculares del tercer molar inferior para una mejor comprensión de su morfología

SUMMARY: Impacted lower third molars (IL3M) have different root shapes and numbers. This study aimed to create a classification for IL3M root forms, that should aid in understanding roots morphology. A retrospective cross-sectional study on patients had IL3M at the university clinics between 2017 and 2019. Panoramic radiographs were retrieved to classify the roots into fused roots (FR): one or two roots connected from furcation to apices, and separated roots (SR): two or more roots not connected from furcation to apical third, and each type has different forms. Statistical analysis was done by Chi-Square test. Five-hundred patients, males (54.6 %) and females (45.4 %) were included. SR were in 591 teeth (75.5 %), and FR in 192 teeth (24.5 %). Statistically significant associations emerged between SR and males (60 %) and between FR and females (66 %) (p = .000). SR forms were straight (45.8 %), joined roots (28.2 %), one straight and one curved (13.3 %), roots curved distal (9.1 %), roots curved mesial (2.5 %), and more than two roots (0.3 %). FR forms were straight (87.5 %), curved distal (9.4 %), S-shaped (2.1 %), and curved mesial (1 %). The common angulations of IL3M with SR were vertical (39 %) followed by mesioangular (25.7 %), while FR were mostly vertical (39.1 %) or horizontal (23.9 %). The classification is applicable on panoramic radiographs, and complements Winter and Pell & Gregory to provide a better description of IL3M status by adding root morphology to the angulation, occlusal, and ramus relationship.

Los terceros molares inferiores impactados (3MII) tienen diferentes formas y números de raíces. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo crear una clasificación para las formas de raíz 3MII, que debería ayudar a comprender la morfología de las raíces. Realizamos un estudio transversal retrospectivo de pacientes con 3MII en las clínicas universitarias entre 2017 y 2019. Se recuperaron radiografías panorámicas para clasificar las raíces en raíces fusionadas (RF): una o dos raíces conectadas desde la zona de furca a los ápices y raíces separadas (RS): dos o más raíces no conectadas desde la bifurcación al tercio apical, y cada tipo con formas diferentes. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante la prueba Chi-Cuadrado. Se incluyeron 500 pacientes, hombres (54,6 %) y mujeres (45,4 %). RS se observó en 591 dientes (75,5 %) y RF en 192 dientes (24,5 %). Surgieron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas entre RS y hombres (60 %) y entre RF y mujeres (66 %) (p = .000). Las formas de RS eran rectas (45,8 %), raíces unidas (28,2 %), una recta y una curva (13,3 %), raíces curvas distales (9,1 %), raíces curvas mesiales (2,5 %) y más de dos raíces (0,3 %).). Las formas RF eran rectas (87,5 %), curvas distales (9,4 %), en forma de S (2,1 %) y curvas mesiales (1 %). Las angulaciones comunes de 3MII con RS fueron verticales (39 %), seguidas de mesioangular (25,7 %), mientras que RF fueron mayoritariamente verticales (39,1 %) u horizontales (23,9 %). La clasificación es aplicable en radiografías panorámicas y complementa a Winter y Pell & Gregory para proporcionar una mejor descripción del estado de 3MII al agregar la morfología de la raíz a la relación de angulación, oclusal y rama.

Analysis of shapes of Sella Turcica by computed tomography in North Karnataka region.

Background: Sella turcica is an important structure of middle cranial fossa and is bounded by dura of cavernous sinuses bilaterally, the lamina dura and dorsum sellae posteriorly and the tuberculum sellae and planum sphenoidale anteriorly. Precise anatomical knowledge of sella turcica is of utmost importance for radiologists to interpret well for the sellar region pathologies. Aim: The present study was undertaken to study the normal shapes of sella turcica and to determine difference between the shapes of sella turcica and the age groups. Material and methods: One thousand six hundred and fifty computed tomographic images (male and female) of healthy Indians of North Karnataka region aged 21-70 years were collected. Radiant dicom viewer software was used to determine shapes of sella turcica in different age groups. Results: In the present study, oval type was the commonest (82%), followed by round shape (10%), and flat shape was the least common shape (8%). There was no statistical significant difference observed between the shapes and the age groups. Conclusion: The results of the present study provide morphology of sella turcica with respect to shapes in this geographic area, which may be useful for further research and for management of sella turcica and pituitary diseases.

Comparative evaluation of change in root canal shape and area in primary molars using ProTaper and K3 rotary systems In vitro study

Background: Rotary instrument techniques have shown evidence of simultaneously enlarging the root canal and maintaining the canal anatomy. Protocols for the use of rotary systems in primary molars are not well established. Aims: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare root canal shape and area after ProTaper and K3 rotary instrumentation in primary molars. Settings and Design: Coronal access cavities with straight-line access into the root canals were prepared on primary mandibular molar teeth, extracted for therapeutic reasons. The teeth were aligned in a prefabricated template in individual self-cure acrylic blocks such that their respective positions could be reproduced later. Subject and Methods: Forty-two primary mandibular molar teeth selected were equally divided into three groups: instruments with stainless-steel (SS) hand K-files, ProTaper, and K3 Endo rotary system. Precomputed tomography (CT) slices were taken at predetermined levels (coronal, middle, and apical third) followed by instrumentation of canals using selected files and post-CT scan. Statistical Analysis Used: Data obtained were evaluated using independent t-test with a 0.05 level of significance and ANOVA. Results: SS hand K-files and rotary ProTaper and K3 Endo of 0.04 taper produced a predominantly round shape at coronal, middle, and apical levels. ProTaper system caused the greatest increase in round-shaped canals and canal area followed by K3 Endo of 0.04 taper. Conclusions: Shaping abilities of both manual and rotary instrumentation systems in primary molars were similar, whereas for enlarging and maintaining anatomy, rotary systems (ProTaper and K3) were better.

Comparison of the Anti-inflammation,Analgesic Effects of Decoctions Extracted from Aconiti Lateralis with Different Leaf Shapes from Different Producing Areas / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To compare the anti-inflammation,analgesia effects of decoctions extracted from Aconiti lateralis with different leaf shapes(dahua leaf,xiaohua leaf)from different producing areas(Jiangyou,Butuo). METHODS:Animals were randomly divided into blank group(distilled water),positive group,groups of Aconiti lateralis with dahua,xiaohua leaf from Ji-angyou,groups of Aconiti lateralis with dahua,xiaohua leaf from Butuo(with dose of 5 g/kg,calculated by crude drug). The an-ti-inflammation effect of decoctions extracted from Aconiti lateralis with different variety sources and leaf shapes was investigated by xylene-induced ear swelling test (n=12) in mice and egg white-induced toe swelling test (n=10) in rats (positive drug was Dexamethasone acetate tablet,0.005 g/kg). And its analgesic effect was investigated by acetic acid-induced writhing body reaction test(n=12)and hot-plate-induced pain test(n=12)in mice(positive drug was Morphine hydrochloride tablet,0.0025 g/kg). RE-SULTS:The decoctions extracted from Aconiti lateralis with dahua,xiaohua leaf from Butuo and xiaohua leaf from Jiangyou can significantly reduce the ear swelling degree(P<0.01). The decoctions extracted from Aconiti lateralis with dahua leaf from Jiangy-ou and Butuo can significantly decrease the toe swelling degree after 6 h of medication(P<0.05). And decoctions extracted from Aconiti lateralis with xiaohua leaf from Butuo can significantly reduce the number of writhing body in mice with acetic acid-in-duced pain and prolong the pain threshold of mice with hot-plate-induced pain (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS:Aconiti lateralis with dahua and xiaohua leaf from Butuo and with xiaohua leaf from Jiangyou show better anti-inflammation effect,and Aconiti lateralis with xiaohua leaf from Butuo shows better analgesic effect.

O sistema de encapsulamento: a evolução dos conceitos de formas e objetos autísticos na obra de Frances Tustin / The encapsulation system: the evolution of the concept of autistic shapes and autistic objects in the work of Frances Tustin / El sistema de encapsulación: evolución de los conceptos de formas y objetos autista en los trabajos de Frances Tustin

Frances Tustin foi uma psicoterapeuta de crianças de orientação psicanalítica amplamente reconhecida por sua efetividade terapêutica com crianças autistas e psicóticas. Suas contribuições teóricas sobre o funcionamento dinâmico autístico ampliam a compreensão sobre o funcionamento intrapsíquico dessas crianças, suas ligações com seus cuidadores e as possibilidades terapêuticas. Nesse artigo, abordaremos dois dos mais importantes conceitos da autora acerca do encapsulamento autogerado por essas crianças: os objetos e formas autísticos...

Frances Tustin was a psychoanalytic oriented child psychotherapist widely recognized for her therapeutic effectiveness with autistic and psychotic children. Her theoretical contributions on the dynamic autistic functioning broaden the understanding of the intrapsychic functioning of these children, their bonds with their caregivers and the therapeutic possibilities. In this paper, we will discuss two of the most important concepts of the author about self-generated encapsulation by these children: the autistic objects and shapes...

Frances Tustin fue una psicoterapeuta infantil con orientación teórica psicoanalítica ampliamente reconocida por su eficacia terapéutica con niños autistas y psicóticos. Sus contribuciones teóricas sobre el funcionamiento dinámico autista amplían la comprensión del funcionamiento intrapsíquico de estos niños, sus lazos con sus cuidadores y posibilidades terapéuticas. En este artículo, vamos a discutir dos de los conceptos más importantes de la autora acerca de encapsulación autogenerados por estos niños: objetos y formas autistas...

Nasal indices among Bini adolescents in Edo State, Nigeria / Índices nasales entre los adolescentes de Benin en el Estado de Edo, Nigeria

Human nose occurs in many shapes and sizes and ethnic influences may result in different appearances of the nose. The classification of nose shapes can be based on nasal indices. This study was undertaken to determine the nasal indices of the Binis, between the ages of 12 and 15 years in order to classify the nose types. The study sample consisted of 200 subjects; 100 males and 100 females who were sampled purposively, from 14 secondary schools that were randomly selected. Nasal height and nasal width were measured in mm, using digital vernier caliper (Mitutoyo, Japan). The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using descriptive statistics and independent sample t test. P 0.05 is considered statistically significant. Descriptive statistics showed minimum and maximum nasal indices to be 83.10 and 121.89 in males and 77.07 and 137.24 in females. T-test revealed mean nasal indices were 99.13 and 99.27 for males and females respectively, and the difference is statistically not significant at 0.05 levels. The mean nasal indices of 99.13 and 99.27 fall under the platyrrhine type of nose. The distribution of the nose types showed platyrrhine to be 92 percent (male = 48 percent; female = 44 percent) and the dominant type among the Binis. Mesorrhine was 8% (male =2 percent; female = 6 percent). The least was leptorrhine that was not present among the Bini adolescents. Its relevance may be found in forensic and clinical practice.

La nariz humana presenta muchas formas y tamaños y las influencias étnicas pueden dar lugar a diferentes apariencias de la nariz. La clasificación de las formas de la nariz puede estar basada en los índices nasales. Este estudio determinó los índices nasales de los adolescentes de Benin, entre las edades de 12 y 15 años con el fin de clasificar los tipos de nariz. La población estudiada consistió en 200 sujetos, 100 hombres y 100 mujeres que se tomaron muestras provenientes de 14 escuelas secundarias que fueron seleccionadas al azar. La altura y el ancho nasal se midieron en milímetros utilizando un caliper digital (Mitutoyo, Japón). Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos a análisis estadístico descriptivos y la prueba de t para muestras independientes. Un valor p 0,05 se consideró estadísticamente significativo. Los estadísticos descriptivos mostraron índices nasales mínimo y máximo de 83,10 y 121,89 para hombres y 77,07 y 137,24 para mujeres. La prueba T reveló índices nasales promedios de 99,13 y 99,27 para hombres y mujeres respectivamente, y la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa. Los índices nasales promedio de 99,13 y 99,27 correspondieron al tipo de nariz platirrino. La distribución de los tipos de nariz mostró el tipo platirrino fue dominante entre los adolescentes de Benin (hombres = 48 por ciento, mujeres = 44 por ciento). El tipo mesorrino se observó en el 8 por ciento (hombres = 2 por ciento, mujeres = 6 por ciento). El menor fue el tipo leptorrino, que no estaba presente entre los adolescentes de Benin. Su relevancia se puede encontrar en la práctica forense y clínica.

Awareness of Body Shape, Weight Control, and Eating Disorders in Female Adolescents Living in Seoul

This study investigated dieting behavior, awareness of body shapes, and eating disorders in female adolescents according to age and BMI. The Eating Attitude Test for Korean Adolescents (EAT-26KA) and sociocultural standards were used to measure eating disorders and sociocultural attitudes related to appearance, respectively. In addition, the BDI (Beck Depression Inventory) scale was used to measure the correlation between disordered eating and depression. The data were collected from 390 female adolescents living in Seoul and were analyzed using SPSS15.0. The results indicated that subjects wanted to be thinner despite having a normal body weight (BMI 19.35+/-2.73). They also thought of themselves as fat and with desires to be slimmer, and viewed "diet and exercise" as the best way to lose weight. About 67.4% of the respondents had tried a diet and had experienced dizziness, anorexia, and general exhaustion while dieting. Also, 5.1% of the subjects were classified as eating disorder and suffered from stress to be thin. In addition, 85.0% of the subjects with eating disorder had tried a diet due to "appearance". They thought that "being underweight" was an ideal body image and considered themselves fat, although their BMIs were in the normal range (19.94+/-2.02). In terms of symptoms during dieting, many of the subjects dealing with an eating disorder felt dizzy, had low energy, and were depressed. In conclusion, we must educate young females about healthy eating and positive body image to prevent the development of adolescent eating disorders.

Microvascular Lesions of the Vocal Folds in the Patients with Hoarseness / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The various types of varix which has a dilated, tortous, elongated blood vessel arising from the microcirculation of the vocal folds may cause different types of dysphonia. There have not been many specific studies on the characteristics of microvascular lesions of the vocal folds, so authors tried to evaluate the shapes, traveling pathway, and predilection site of the microvascular lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of 119 patients with dysphonia was undertaken. All findings of videotapes were evaluated according to the shapes, the traveling pathway, the predilection sites and accompanying disorders of the microvascular lesions. RESULTS: The most common shapes of the microvascular lesions were the abrupt developed type and the multiple dilated type. The longitudinal type was the most common traveling type. The superolateral surface of the vocal folds was the predilection site of the microvascular lesions. Functional voice disorders, such as laryngeal nodule, laryngeal polyp, laryngeal edema, were more common as accompanying disorders. CONCLUSION: Authors found that there were a variety of types of microvascular lesions.

THE DISTRIBUTION OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS AND CRY GENE DIVERSITY IN CHINA / 微生物学通报

cryⅢ gene,they were found in 75 6%,67 9%,58 4% and14 5% of the strains respectively,no cryⅠ Ⅴ gene was found,10cry gene combination types were concluded.The Bt isolates which contained cryⅠ genes were further characterized by additional PCR detection with specific primers of the cryⅠAc,cryⅠC and cryⅠE genes.20 Bt isolates which contained cryⅠAc,cryⅠC,cryⅡ and cryⅤ genes were found,among them the strain Bt\|15A3 is high toxic to Heliothis armigera,Spodoptera exigua and Plutella xylostella,and has potential developing and applying value.