CAN ANXIETY LEVEL DURING TRAINING AND COMPETITION AFFECT THE PERFORMANCE SCORE AMONG ELITE YOUTH SHOOTERS? A CORRELATION STUDY

BACKGROUND: Shooting is one of the sports that can be taken up by an individual regardless of age and gender for professional involvement. It has higher mental fitness demands, which might re?ect the ranking in top-level competition. However, it is unclear what type of anxiety affects the performance score. Therefore, the current study is to find the anxiety pattern, i.e., cognitive, somatic, and self-confidence among the elite youth shooters during training and competition correlating with their sports performance. METHOD: We analyzed the sports performance during training and competition and conducted Personal interviews with elite youth pistol and rifle shooters. The subject's Mental fitness was assessed by using the Competitive state anxiety inventory-2 methodology, which was evaluated just before 30mins on two occasions and correlated with scoring sheets. RESULTS: The Difference in mean of COGNITIVE ANXIETY score during match day and training day was statistically significant (p-value >0.05). The Difference in mean of SOMATIC ANXIETY, SELF CONFIDENCE, SCORE-TRAINING during match day and training day was not statistically significant. (p-value >0.05). CONCLUSION: Thus competitive anxiety is one of the determinant factors experienced by young elite shooters, and training them with appropriate modalities can help them to pursue the highest level of performance.

Kesan Tembakan Jarak Dekat ke atas Bahan Binaan Kapal Nelayan Resak, Seraya dan Balau (The Effects of Close-Range Firearm Shooting on the Structures of Resak, Seraya, and Balau Fishing Vessels) / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#The incidence of close-range firearm shootings on fishing vessels in Malaysia has been increasing every year. The challenge faced by law enforcement agencies is to demonstrate how these shooting crimes are carried out. To address this problem, a model of shooting angles and ricochets within a confined space needs to be constructed. This study examines the effects of shooting with the CZ 75 SP-01 Shadow semi-automatic pistol, manufactured by the Czech Republic, using 9mm FMJ bullets weighing 7.45 grams on three types of wood commonly used in fishing vessel construction: Resak, Seraya, and Balau. The factors of shooting distance (1, 3, 5, and 10 meters), shooting angles (15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90°), ricochet angles, and the type of wood material (Resak, Seraya, and Balau) are investigated. The results indicate that only 114 out of 432 shots resulted in ricochets. Shots on Resak wood produced several bullet ricochets at shooting angles of 15° and 30° and a distance of 1 meter. An equation model relating ricochet angles and successful shots was developed. For Seraya wood, only a few ricochets were observed at a shooting angle of 15° and a distance of 1 meter, and statistical tests showed that an equation model could not be constructed. For Balau wood, an equation model relating ricochet angles and shooting distance was successfully established. Validation tests on the Resak and Balau wood models showed that the Resak model achieved an accuracy of 90%. However, the Balau wood model did not yield any reliable results and thus cannot be trusted. In conclusion, the three factors examined are insufficient to explain bullet ricochet occurrences when shooting is performed at close range in an enclosed space.

Relationship between mental health and sleep quality and its significance to psychological rehabilitation: a case study of shooting event athletes / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between mental health and sleep quality of high-level shooting athletes and its significance to psychological rehabilitation. MethodsIn March, 2021, 21 high-level shooting athletes were investigated using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Profile of Mood State (POMS). They were divided into normal sleep group (n = 9) and sleep disorder group (n = 12). The psychological state of athletes with different sleep quality was calculated and the correlation was analyzed. ResultsThe scores of tension, anger, fatigue, and total of motional disturb (TMD) in POMS were higher in the sleep disorder group than in the normal sleep group (t > 2.18, P <0.05). The total of PSQI postively correlated with tension, anger, fatigue, depression, panic, and TMD of POMS (r > 0.454, P < 0.05). After step regression, fatigue was the main variable related to PSQI (P = 0.001). ConclusionThe sleep quality of high-level shooting athletes is affected by mental state, and the mental fatigue is the most important factor. The follow-up psychological rehabilitation professionals should pay more attention to the negative emotions and psychological fatigue of shooting event athletes.

Los ejercicios técnicos para la mejora del tiro a portería en futbolistas sub 12 / Exercícios técnicos para a melhoria do tiro a portaria em jogadores de futebol sub-12 / Technical exercises for the improvement of the shot on goal in U12 players

RESUMEN La suspensión de los entrenamientos deportivos por causa de la emergencia sanitaria, ocasionada por la COVID 19, ha provocado que se busquen alternativas para contrarrestar los entrenamientos en este contexto. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en presentar una propuesta de contextualización de ejercicios en casa para mejorar los tiros a portería, en deportistas adolescentes con lineamientos lúdicos. La metodología utilizada fue la fenomenológica-hermenéutica, con lo cual se quiere describir e interpretar la experiencia de diez entrenadores de fútbol de divisiones menores, de diferentes equipos de las ligas barriales en la ciudad de Quito. Para esto, se aplicó la técnica de la entrevista a través del instrumento banco de preguntas, las cuales respondían a dos dimensiones: la primera, al sistema de ejercicios específicos para el tipo a la portería y la segunda, el enfoque lúdico en la realización de ejercicios. Los resultados de las entrevistas se analizaron y sintetizaron en dos componentes: el primero fue el enfoque lúdico en la realización de ejercicios, donde se destaca el diseño de actividades lúdicas y el segundo componente fue el sistema de ejercicios específicos para el tipo a la portería. Se pudo obtener una propuesta contextualizada a las circunstancias vividas por los deportistas adolescentes y sus dificultades en los entrenamientos deportivos, sugiriendo la inclusión del enfoque lúdico, la utilización, adaptación y creación de implementos deportivos y su aplicabilidad en diferentes espacios, todo ello con la práctica de contenidos técnicos específicos para la mejora del tiro a portería, en el contexto de la pandemia.

RESUMO A suspensão do treinamento esportivo devido à emergência sanitária, causada pela COVID 19, provocou a busca de alternativas para contrariar o treinamento neste contexto. O objetivo desta pesquisa consistiu em apresentar uma proposta de contextualização dos exercícios em casa para melhorar os tiros a portaria, em atletas adolescentes com orientações lúdicas. A metodologia utilizada foi a fenomenológico-hermenêutica, com a qual queremos descrever e interpretar a experiência de dez treinadores de futebol de divisões menores, de diferentes equipes das ligas de bairro da cidade de Quito. Para isso, a técnica da entrevista foi aplicada através do banco de instrumentos de perguntas, que respondeu a duas dimensões: a primeira, ao sistema de exercícios específicos para o tipo ao objetivo e a segunda, a abordagem lúdica na realização de exercícios. Os resultados das entrevistas foram analisados e sintetizados em dois componentes: o primeiro foi a abordagem lúdica na realização de exercícios, onde se destaca o desenho das atividades lúdicas e o segundo componente foi o sistema de exercícios específicos para o tipo de objetivo. Foi possível obter uma proposta contextualizada às circunstâncias vividas pelos atletas adolescentes e suas dificuldades no treinamento esportivo, sugerindo a inclusão da abordagem lúdica, o uso, adaptação e criação de implementos esportivos e sua aplicabilidade em diferentes espaços, tudo com a prática de conteúdos técnicos específicos para a melhoria do chute a gol, no contexto da pandemia.

ABSTRACT The suspension of sports training due to the health emergency caused by COVID 19 has led to the search for alternatives to counteract training in this context. The objective of this research consisted of presenting a proposal for the contextualization of exercises at home to improve shots on goal, in adolescent athletes with ludic guidelines. The methodology used was the phenomenological-hermeneutic, with which we want to describe and interpret the experience of ten soccer coaches of minor divisions, from different teams of the neighborhood leagues in the city of Quito. For this, the interview technique was applied through the question bank instrument, which responded to two dimensions: the first, the system of specific exercises for the type of goalkeeping and the second, the playful approach in the realization of exercises. The results of the interviews were analyzed and synthesized into two components: the first was the ludic approach in the realization of exercises, where the design of ludic activities stands out, and the second component was the system of specific exercises for the goal type. It was possible to obtain a contextualized proposal to the circumstances experienced by adolescent athletes and their difficulties in sports training, suggesting the inclusion of the ludic approach, the use, adaptation and creation of sports implements and their applicability in different spaces, all this with the practice of specific technical contents for the improvement of the shot to goal, in the context of the pandemic.

Eficacia en el tiro de la pistola de aire bajo condiciones normales y de excitación / Eficiência de tiro com pistola de ar em condições normais e de excitação / Air pistol firing efficiency under normal and excitation conditions

RESUMEN El tiro es practicado en su mayoría por policías o militares. Ha llegado a ser un deporte olímpico donde se destaca la prueba de pistola con aire, la cual requiere una concentración mental extrema y precisión en sus movimientos para lograr efectividad en el disparo. En este trabajo, los autores se propusieron como objetivo identificar los datos cinemáticos del complejo brazo-arma en estado normal y de excitación durante la ejecución del tiro, considerando variables a la frecuencia cardíaca, la efectividad del disparo y los ángulos de las principales articulaciones (glecohumeral) que permiten la ejecución de la técnica. Como parte de la metodología, esta investigación se implementó en el polígono de tiro cerrado de la Escuela Superior Militar "Eloy Alfaro" y se analizaron a siete deportistas que conforman los equipos de Tiro de la Fuerza Terrestre y Aérea ecuatoriana. Se analizó la frecuencia cardíaca (en cuatro fases), la efectividad del disparo (en tres oportunidades) y el ángulo de la articulación glenohumeral en estado de reposo y en excitación, donde se realizaron las comparaciones pertinentes. Como resultados del estudio, se muestra que los valores medios de la frecuencia cardíaca fueron significativamente diferentes (p=0.001), al ser mayores en estado de excitación. La efectividad del disparo no establece diferencias significativas (p=0.620) entre estados, al igual que los ángulos de la articulación glenohumeral (p=0.209). Se concluye que no hay diferencias significativas en la efectividad de los disparos en excitación y en reposo, indicador de una buena preparación física, aunque hay menor efectividad del disparo en estado de excitación.

RESUMO O tiro é praticado principalmente pela polícia ou militares, tornou-se um desporto olímpico onde se destaca o exame da pistola de ar, o que requer uma concentração mental extrema e precisão nos seus movimentos para se conseguir eficácia no tiro. Neste trabalho, os autores visam identificar os dados cinemáticos do complexo braço-arma em estado normal e excitado durante a execução do tiro, considerando variáveis como o ritmo cardíaco, a eficácia do tiro e os ângulos das articulações principais (glecohumeral) que permitem a execução da técnica. Como parte da metodologia, esta pesquisa foi implementada na carreira de tiro fechado da Escola Superior Militar "Eloy Alfaro" e foram analisados sete atletas que compõem as equipas de tiro do Exército e da Força Aérea equatoriana. O ritmo cardíaco foi analisado (em quatro fases), a eficácia do tiro (em três oportunidades) e o ângulo da articulação glenoumeral em estado de repouso e em excitação, onde foram feitas as comparações correspondentes. Como resultados do estudo, mostra-se que os valores médios da frequência cardíaca eram significativamente diferentes (p=0,001), sendo mais elevados no estado excitado. A eficácia do tiro não estabelece diferenças significativas (p=0,620) entre estados físicos, bem como os ângulos de articulação glenoumeral (p=0,209). Conclui-se que não há diferenças significativas na eficácia de disparar em estado de excitação e em repouso, um indicador de boa preparação física, embora haja menos eficácia de disparar em estado de excitação.

ABSTRACT Shooting is practiced mostly by police or military, it has become an Olympic sport where the air pistol test stands out, which requires extreme mental concentration and precision in its movements to achieve effectiveness in the shot. In this work, the authors aim to identify the kinematic data of the arm-weapon complex in normal and excited state during the execution of the shot, considering variables such as heart rate, the effectiveness of the shot and the angles of the main joints (glecohumeral) that allow the execution of the technique. As part of the methodology, this research was implemented in the closed shooting range of the Escuela Superior Militar "Eloy Alfaro" and seven athletes that form the shooting teams of the Ecuadorian Army and Air Force were analyzed. The heart rate (in four phases), the effectiveness of the shot (in three opportunities) and the angle of the glenohumeral joint in resting and excited states were analyzed, where the pertinent comparisons were made. As results of the study, it is shown that the mean values of the heart rate were significantly different (p=0.001), being higher in the excited state. The effectiveness of the shot does not establish significant differences (p=0.620) between states, as well as the glenohumeral joint angles (p=0.209). It is concluded that there are no significant differences in the effectiveness of shooting in excitement and at rest, an indicator of good physical preparation, although there is less effectiveness of shooting in the excited state.

As mulheres no tiro de laço: notas etnográficas sobre a participação das mulheres em uma prática dita masculina / Women in shooting: ethnographic notes on women's participation in a so-called male practice / Mujeres en el rodaje: notas etnográficas sobre la participación de las mujeres en la llamada práctica masculina

Neste estudo, apresentamos os resultados de uma investigação sobre a participação de mulheres em uma prática esportiva da cultura gaúcha, dita masculina, o tiro de laço. Para obtenção dos dados dessa pesquisa, realizamos um estudo etnográfico desenvolvido durante um período de rodeios que aconteciam no Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul e também de reuniões de uma entidade tradicionalista, afim de nos aproximar e acompanhar mulheres que participavam dessa prática em particular. Ao longo do trabalho de campo pudemos perceber que as mulheres estão cada vez mais ganhando espaço dentro dessa prática, despertando interesse de espectadores e fazendo com que a organização desses eventos passe a valorizar mais a modalidade de prendas ofertando prêmios maiores para chamar a atenção dessas competidoras.

In this study, we present a discussion about the participation of women in a sports practice of the gaúcha culture, called masculine, the lace shooting. To obtain the data from this research we conducted an ethnographic study, in which we participated during a period of rodeos that took place on the North Coast of Rio Grande do Sul and also meetings of a traditionalist entity, in order to approach and accompany women who participated in this particular practice. Throughout the fieldwork we noticed that women are increasingly gaining space within this practice, arousing interest of spectators and making the organization of these events come to value the modality of gifts by offering larger prizes to attract the attention of these competitors.

En este estudio, presentamos los resultados de una investigación sobre la participación de las mujeres en una práctica deportiva de la cultura gaucha, llamada masculina, el tiro con encaje. Para obtener los datos de esta investigación, realizamos un estudio etnográfico desarrollado durante un período de rodeos que tuvo lugar en la costa norte de Rio Grande do Sul y también reuniones de una entidad tradicionalista, para acercarse y acompañar a las mujeres que participaron en esta práctica en particular. A lo largo del trabajo de campo, notamos que las mujeres ganan cada vez más espacio dentro de esta práctica, despertan el interés de los espectadores y hacen que la organización de estos eventos valore el modo de obsequios al ofrecer premios más grandes para atraer la atención de estos competidores.

Biomecánica del tiro de pistola de aire calibre 22 en deportistas de ambos sexos de pichincha / Biomechanics of 22-gauge air pistol shooting in Pichincha athletes, both sexes

Introducción: El tiro con pistola es una modalidad deportiva donde el componente técnico es fundamental para el logro de altos rendimientos deportivos. Por ende, los estudios biomecánicos posibilitan determinan los alcances y limitaciones del movimiento motriz en función de potenciar la efectividad del disparo. Objetivo: Comparar algunos indicadores biomecánicos en la técnica del tiro de pistola en deportistas de ambos sexos en Pichincha, tomando en cuenta características físicas y resultados obtenidos en diversas competiciones. Métodos: Se estudiaron a 11 deportistas de tiro de pistola (4 mujeres y 7 hombres) a través de un análisis técnico del aspecto postural y los movimientos realizados en la ejecución del disparo. Los movimientos se analizaron con el programa Kinovea, estudiando las variables ángulos de abertura inicial y final del brazo, centro de gravedad y ángulos de cabeza y tronco con respecto al centro de gravedad. Resultados: Se estableció una correlación lineal positiva de carácter fuerte, pues cuando menor fue el ángulo del brazo para apuntar al blanco mayor fue la estatura del sujeto (r= 0,894) en el eje X, y una correlación positiva moderada (r= 0,324) en el eje Y. En la comparación de las variables biomecánicas entre sexos solo evidenció diferencias significativas en el indicador puntaje (p= 0,006), aunque existieron variaciones en los rangos promedios a tener en cuenta para el análisis integral del rendimiento técnico en ambos sexos. Conclusiones: Al tener el rendimiento deportivo un carácter multifactorial, se consideró tener presente las potencialidades evidenciadas en el presente estudio y en otros trabajos consultados para perfeccionar la efectividad del tirador según las características individuales y del sexo estudiado(AU)

Introduction: Pistol shooting is a sport where the technical component is essential in high sporting performance. Therefore, biomechanical studies make it possible to determine the scope and limitations of motor movement in order to enhance the shot effectiveness. Objective: To compare some biomechanical indicators for pistol shooting technique in both sexes' athletes into Pichincha, taking into account physical characteristics and results obtained in various competitions. Methods: Eleven pistol-shooting athletes (4 women and 7 men) were studied through a technical analysis of postural aspect and movements made in shot execution. The movements were analyzed with Kinovea program, studying the variables initial and final opening angles of arm, gravity center & head and trunk angles with respect to gravity center. Results: A positive linear correlation of strong character was established, because the smaller arm angle to target the greater the subject height (r = 0,894) on X axis, and a moderate positive correlation (r = 0,324) in Y axis. The comparison of biomechanical variables between sexes only showed significant differences in score indicator (p = 0.006), although there were variations in average ranges to be taken into account for comprehensive analysis in technical performance to both sexes. Conclusions: Given that sports performance has a multifactorial character, it was considered to take into account the potentials achieved in this study and other studies consulted, to improve the shooter effectiveness to according individual characteristics and sex studied(AU)

Efficient connectivity analysis of electroencephalogram in the pre-shot phase of rifle shooting based on causality method / 生物医学工程学杂志

The directed functional connectivity in cerebral cortical is the key to understanding the pattern of the behavioral tissue. This process was studied to explore the directed functional network of rifle shooters at cerebral cortical rhythms from electroencephalogram (EEG) data, aiming to provide neurosciences basis for the future development of accelerating rifle skill learning method. The generalized orthogonalized partial directed coherence (gOPDC) algorithm was used to calculate the effective directed functional connectivity of the experts and novices in the pre-shot period. The results showed that the frontal, frontal-central, central, parietal and occipital regions were activated. Moreover, the more directed functional connections numbers in right hemispheres were observed compared to the left hemispheres. Furthermore, as compared to experts, novices had more activated regions, the stronger strength of connections and the lower value of the global efficiency during the pre-shot period. Those indirectly supported the conclusion that the novices needed to recruit more brain resources to accomplish tasks, which was consistent with "neural efficiency" hypothesis of the functional cerebral cortical in experts.

“Morri para inspirar vocês”: uma análise das narrativas em disputa perpetradas por jovens homicidas/suicidas em ambientes escolares / “I died to inspire you”: an analysis of the narratives in dispute perpetrated by school shooters / “Morí para inspirarte”: un análisis de las narrativas en disputa perpetradas por jóvenes homicidas/suicidas en el ámbito escolar

Este artigo analisa crimes de homicídio/suicídio cometidos por jovens na circunscrição de instituições de ensino. Nosso foco são os perpetradores que buscam o desenvolvimento de produtos comunicacionais, a partir de linguagens diversas, com o intuito de subsidiar o trabalho de apuração da mídia e, assim, disputar com esta, após a sua morte, o direito de significar midiaticamente. Os jovens homicidas/suicidas se convertem em autores dos delitos e dos discursos na medida em que pretendem fazer resistir suas memórias já na condição de indivíduos mortos. Tal estratégia evidencia um paradoxo: em tempos de grandes investimentos em intervenções que visam à prorrogação da vida, os indivíduos infames utilizam a potência indomesticável da morte para forjar um tipo de existência que passa, necessariamente, pela imagem midiatizada do crime e pelo auto aniquilamento biológico. Este fenômeno é analisado a partir dos crimes de Cho Seung-Hui, Pekka-Eric Auvinen e Wellington Menezes de Oliveira.

This paper discusses the crimes of murder/suicide committed by young people within the space ofeducational institutions. Our corpus analysis is restricted to a specific type of perpetrator that seeks the development of communication products, using different styles, in order to support the journalistic work of inquiry about their crimes and, thus be able to intervenes and competes with the media for the right to represent and signify themselves, even after their deaths. This young people become authors of the crimes and discourses insofar as they intend to keep their memories alive. Such strategy evidences a paradox: in times of major investment in interventions that target the extension of life, they use the untamable power of death to forge a kind of existence that necessarily involves the media image and biological self-annihilation.This phenomenon will be analyzed from the crimes of Cho Seung-Hui, Pekka-Eric Auvinen and Wellington Menezes de Oliveira.

Este artículo analiza los delitos de homicidio/suicidio cometido por jóvenes en instituciones educativas. Nos centramos en los perpetradores que desarrollan productos de comunicación con el fin de subsidiar el trabajo de investigación que hacen los periódicos. Los jóvenes homicidas/suicidas se convierten en autores de crímenes y de discursos en la medida en que tienen la intención de preservar sus memorias.Esta estrategia presenta una paradoja: en tiempos de grandes inversiones en intervenciones dirigidasa la extensión de la vida, los individuos infames utilizan el poder indomable de la muerte para forjar un tipo de existencia que implica necesariamente la imagen mediática del crimen y la auto aniquilación biológica. Este fenómeno será analizado desde los crímenes de Cho Seung-Hui, Pekka-Eric Auvinen y Wellington Menezes de Oliveira.

New Insulin Injection Recommendations / 임상당뇨병

Based on the 4th Injection Technique Questionnaire results, new insulin injection technique recommendations were announced at the Forum for Injection Technique and Therapy: Expert Recommendations (FITTER) workshop held in Rome, Italy, on October 23 and 24, 2015, in which 183 physicians, nurses, educators, and allied healthcare professionals from 54 countries attended. Through these new recommendations, we hope to identify and localize the new insulin injection technique recommendations that could be applicable in local clinical settings. It is recommended to use a pen needle with a wider inner diameter when its gauge remains the same. Also, recommended injection sites such as the abdomen, upper arms, thighs, and buttocks are well described based on anatomical landmarks. The insulin absorption rate is the fastest at the abdomen, upper arms, thighs and buttocks in the case of human insulin; however, there is no difference in absorption rate in the case of insulin analog, regardless of site selection. Also, air-shooting is not necessary if drops are observed as soon as the needle is attached to the pen. Diabetes educators should be familiar with new insulin injection technique recommendations, not only to keep themselves updated with new knowledge, but also so they can educate patients to assure patient safety and achieve better outcomes.

O tiro de guerra 19 Rio Branco: apontamentos acerca da institucionalização esportiva de Curitiba (1909-1910) / Tiro de guerra 19 Rio Branco: notes about the sports institutionalization in Curitiba (1909-1910)

O presente artigo busca realizar apontamentos acerca da institucionalização esportiva ocorrida na cidade Curitiba, tendo como foco central o denominado "Tiro de Guerra 19 Rio Branco". A principal fonte de pesquisa foi o periódico "Diário da Tarde" e foram selecionadas todas as edições entre junho de 1909 e outubro de 1910. Conclui-se que este processo foi fomentado pela militarização social que passava o Brasil nas duas primeiras décadas do século XX. Afinal era preciso nacionalizar a mocidade brasileira ainda mais numa cidade como Curitiba, que se tratava de uma urbanidade muito marcada pela figura do imigrante europeu

This article aims to make notes about the sports institutionalization held in Curitiba city, focusing on the called "Tiro de Guerra 19 Rio Branco". The main source was the research journal "Daily Afternoon" and were selected all editions between June 1909 and October 1910. It is concluded that this process was constituted by the social militarization that happened in Brazil during the first two decades of the twentieth century. After all it was necessary to nationalize Brazilian youth, mainly in a city like Curitiba, which was an urbanity marked by the figure of the European immigrant

The relationship between physical fitness and shooting accuracy of professional basketball players

The aim of this study was to examine the relationships among physical fitness of professional Bosnian basketball players (n = 38) and shooting accuracy during one basketball season. A related, secondary aim was to examine relationships between basketball shooting assessments and competitive shooting accuracy during game play. Physical fitness components included: muscular endurance and aerobic endurance, lower and upper-body power, speed, agility, anaerobic capacity and anaerobic power. The specific basketball shooting accuracy was assessed by stationary and dynamic shooting assessments. Competitive shooting accuracy was represented by data collected during one basketball season for each player (free throw, field goal, and three-point %). Results of the regression analyses showed that there were significant positive relationships among shooting assessments and competitive shooting accuracy during game play. The relationship was stronger when the dynamic shooting tests were applied compared to the stationary tests. However, few or weak relationships existed among physical fitness components and competitive shooting accuracy. Only the power tests showed to be good predictors for shooting over longer distances. The findings support the inclusion of the dynamic basketball shooting accuracy tests in regular basketball assessment procedures as a valuable testing instrument.

"A relação entre aptidão física e precisão de arremesso dos jogadores profissionais de basquetebol." O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar a relação entre a condição física de basquetebolistas profissionais bósnios (n=38) na precisão de arremesso no decorrer de uma temporada competitiva. Adicionalmente, pretendeu-se verificar a relação entre a avaliação específica e a precisão de arremessos durante os jogos. As variáveis de condição física foram as seguintes: resistência de força, resistência aeróbia, potência dos membros inferiores e superiores, velocidade, agilidade, capacidade e potência anaeróbia. A avaliação específica do arremesso foi testada através da utilização de arremessos estáticos e dinâmicos. A precisão dos arremessos durante os jogos foi realizada no decorrer da temporada competitiva mediante análise das seguintes variáveis: lance-livre, arremessos de quadra, e percentagem de arremessos de três pontos. As análises de regressão indicaram a existência de uma relação positiva entre as avaliações específicas dos arremessos e a precisão durante os jogos, a qual foi mais forte nas situações de arremessos dinâmicos comparados aos estáticos. Contudo, as relações existentes entre as variáveis de condição física e a precisão de arremesso durante os jogos foram menores e pouco significativas. Apenas os testes de potência mostraram ser bons preditores para os arremessos efetuados a longas distâncias. Os resultados obtidos apoiam a inclusão de testes de avaliação da precisão de arremessosrealizados de forma dinâmica em procedimentos regulares de avaliação no basquetebol, constituindo-se como instrumentos valiosos para ocontrole do rendimento.

"La relación entre la aptitud física y precisión de tiro de los jugadores profesionales de baloncesto." El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la relación entre la condición física de los jugadores profesionales de baloncesto de Bosnia (n=38) y la precisión de tiro durante una temporada de baloncesto. Paralelamente, el objetivo secundario fue examinar las relaciones entre las evaluaciones de lanzamiento de baloncesto y la precisión de tiro durante el partido. Los componentes de la aptitud física incluían: la resistencia muscular y la resistencia aeróbica, la potencia de los miembros inferiores y superiores del cuerpo, la velocidad, la agilidad, la capacidad anaeróbica y la potencia anaeróbica. La precisión específica de tiro de baloncesto se evaluó mediante lanzamiento estático y evaluaciones de tiro en movimiento. La precisión de tiro en competición estuvo representada por los datos recogidos durante una temporada de baloncesto para cada jugador (tiro libre, tiro de campo y triple %). Posteriores análisis de los resultados mostraron que había una significativa relación positiva entre las evaluaciones de tiro y la precisión de tiro durante el partido. La relación era más fuerte cuando las pruebas de tiro en movimiento se compararon con las pruebas de tiro estático. Sin embargo, existían pocas o débiles relaciones entre los componentes de la aptitud física y la precisión de tiro en competición. Sólo las pruebas de potencia mostraron ser buenas predictoras para lanzamientos de mayor distancia. Los resultados apoyan la inclusión de los entrenamientos de precisión de tiro en movimiento en los procedimientos habituales de evaluación de baloncesto, como un valioso instrumento de prueba.

Preliminary exploration of excellent video open class construction of human parasitology / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Excellent open video courses are network video courses and academic forum about science and cultural quality,which set college and university students as service principle and at the same time open freely to the public.Practice has proved that school support is the premise of setting up excellent open video courses,and how well teachers master curriculum contents and design diligent teaching is the basis.What's more,consideration should be given to higher shooting and production technique.Only the sufficient cooperation between the chief course instructor and production crew can guarantee the high quality of open video courses.

Otoscopic Changes Before and After Shooting Amongst Military Army Personnel

The effect of loud noise to the army personnel is often identifi ed when hearing loss had already developed. Acoustic trauma during shooting training can also lead to acute changes in the ear which is shown on otoscopic examination. This study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of hearing protective device (earplug) on the prevalence of external ear changes amongst military personnel during shooting. This is a prospective cross sectional study that was conducted among 76 military personnel, who were divided into two groups: those with and without earplugs during shooting. Each participant underwent 3 otoscopic examinations: (a) pre-shooting, (b) immediate post-shooting (within 48 hours) and (c) 2 weeks after shooting. A total of 78 army personnel who were scheduled to undergo shooting training were otoscopically examined. Eighty three percent of them did not wear earplugs before. The percentage of infl ammation of external auditory canal and tympanic membrane dullness increased tremendously among subjects from non–earplug group less than 48 hours post-shooting. Assessment after 2 weeks showed improvement in around 30% of the subjects. Loud noise has become an occupational hazard not only to the inner ear but it also predisposes the external and middle ear structures to some form of injury. Although improvement is seen after some period, a protective device such as an earplug should be recommended and the usage should be reinforced among the army personnel involved in shooting.

As sociedades de damas atiradoras: pelos caminhos da prática do tiro ao alvo em Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul / The shooting ladies´ association: by the paths of the shooting practice in Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul

A prática do tiro ao alvo chegou ao Rio Grande do Sul no século XIX com os imigrantes alemães. Na década de 1860 foi fundada a primeira associação de tiro no Estado pela iniciativa de um grupo de homens. A questão norteadora desta pesquisa histórico-cultural é como sucedeu a emergência, a ascensão e as conformações das sociedades de damas atiradoras na cidade de Santa Cruz do Sul na primeira metade do século XX. As fontes históricas revelaram que as mulheres passaram a praticar o tiro em associações próprias denominadas de "sociedade de damas", a partir de 1900 em Santa Cruz do Sul, quando fundaram a sociedade pioneira no estado do Rio Grande do Sul.

The practice of shooting appeared in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in the 19th century with german immigrants. In 1860 was founded the first shooting association in the state by the initiative of a group of men. The main question of this cultural-historical research is how succeeded the emergency, the ascension and the conformations of the ladies society of shooters in the city of Santa Cruz do Sul in the first half of the twentieth century. Historical sources reveal that women started to practice shooting in own associations called "ladies' association," from 1900 in Santa Cruz do Sul, when they founded the pioneering association in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

Construção e validação de um instrumento de análise qualitativa do arremesso (lance-livre) do basquetebol / Development and validation of an instrument to assess movement quality of the basketball free throw shooting

Quando o profissional da área de Educação Física está ensinando uma habilidade motora, ele procura avaliar o movimento realizado pelo aluno e reflete sobre quais intervenções poderiam ser feitas naquele momento. No entanto, muitas vezes, o professor não dispõe de recursos que possam auxiliá-lo no processo de avaliação do movimento a ser aprendido pelo aluno. O processo de aquisição habilidades motoras poderia ser facilitado se o professor dispusesse nesse momento de um instrumento que identificasse o erro(s) cometido(s), bem como, qual seria a informação prioritária a ser fornecida ao aprendiz. Portanto, como a literatura especializada apresenta escassez no que diz respeito a esse tipo de ferramenta, o objetivo do presente estudo foi construir, validar e testar a objetividade e fidedignidade de um instrumento (checklist) que avalia a qualidade do arremesso do basquetebol (lance livre). O checklist da habilidade foi desenvolvido e avaliado por especialistas da modalidade esportiva e, posteriormente, o checklist foi utilizado para analisar 10 arremessos (vídeo editado) de quatro indivíduos em diferentes fases de aprendizagem da habilidade. Os resultados foram organizados em função do erro crítico e somatória de erros verificados pelos especialistas em duas ocasiões com uma semana de intervalo. Contrastando as avaliações do mesmo avaliador e entre avaliadores, em ambas as medidas, observou-se um nível de erro médio de 16,9%. Concluiu-se, portanto que o checklist proposto no presente estudo é um instrumento de avaliação do lance livre consistente e, nesse sentido, pode auxiliar professores e técnicos na análise qualitativa do arremesso. Além disso, esse instrumento de avaliação permite fazer inferências sobre o processo de aprendizagem de indivíduos nessa habilidade.

When a physical activity professional is teaching a motor skill, he evaluates the movement's learner and considers which interventions could be done at the moment. However, many times the instructor does not have such resources which could help him/her to evaluate the learner movement. The skill acquisition process could be facilitated if instructors could have an instrument that identifies errors, prioritizing information to be given to the learner. Considering that the specialized literature presents a lack of information about such tool, the purpose of this study was to develop, and to determine the objectivity and reliability of an instrument to assess the movement quality of the basketball free throw shooting. The checklist was developed and evaluated by basketball experts. Additionally, the checklist was used to assess 10 trials (edited video) from four individuals in different learning stages. Data were organized by the critical error and the error sum appointed by the experts in two different occasions (one week interval). Contrasting both evaluations, and also, contrasting different experts assessments, in sum and critical error, it was observed an average error of 16.9%. It was concluded that the checklist to assess the basketball free throw is reliable, and could help instructors to make a qualitative analysis. Moreover, the checklist may allow instructors to make assumptions on the motor learning process.

In vitro propagation of a rare medicinal fern of Western Ghats – Diplazium esculentum (Reytz.).

Present study aimed for in vitro culture of circinate part of young leaves of D. esculentum which is amongst the leafy vegetables consumed as vegetable by Paniya and Chetti tribes of Western Ghats. The circinate part of young leaves (crosiers), excised before the beginning of foliar expansion, was inoculated on half strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with auxins indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or α-napthalene acetic acid (NAA) or 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and cytokinin 6- benzylaminopurine (BA) in a range 0.5 to 2.5 mg L-1. Combinations of different concentrations of 2,4 D + BA, IBA + BA as well as of NAA+ BA were also tested in half strength MS medium with 3% sucrose and with pH 5.8. The best morphogenic response was obtained with half strength MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D 0.5 mg L-1 and BA 2.5 mg L-1, 3% sucrose, at pH 5.8. For rooting of the microshoots, half strength MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D ( 2 and 1 mg L-1 ) exhibited best results. Present study reports the successful in vitro culturing of D. esculentum.

The Effect of Mindfulness Meditation on HPA-Axis in Pre-Competition Stress in Sports Performance of Elite Shooters.

Background: Little has been known about the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) axis response to pre-competition stress (PCS) and its response to relaxation therapies such as of Mindfulness Meditation Therapy (MMT) on sports population. In shooting sports good physical as well as psychological condition is highly demanded. Researchers have been performed on the psychophysiological responses of MMT on normal and diseased persons, but little has been done on sports population especially in shooters. Objective: The purpose of current study was to estimate the contribution of MMT on Salivary Cortisol (SC), a reliable physiological marker of HPA- axis response in reducing PCS, and its effect on shooting performance (PS). Methods: 96 male elite Shooters, with mean age of 29.5±4.3years were examined as in experimental and control (48 in each). Total duration of the study was five weeks, four weeks of experimental and one week study to determine the follow-up effect. Pre, post and follow-up data of quantitative phenotypic markers of HPA-Axis activity by analysis of SC and PS were analyzed. Results: Compare to control, experimental group has shown significant result, post-intervention (p<0.001) and in follow-up (p<0.001) in SC and in PS. Resulted in reduction of PCS level and increase in PS, whereas the control group has been shown non-significant result (p<0.05).Conclusions: Results indicated that relaxation therapies such as MMT may decrease PCS and will enhance PS. It is concluded that in four weeks of MMT has an effect on HPA-Axis by decreasing the level of SC as a reliable physiological marker of PCS.

De columbine à virgínia tech: reflexões com base empírica sobre um fenômeno em expansão / From columbine to virgínia tech: empirical based reflections about an expanding phenomenon

O fenômeno conhecido como school shooting vem chamando a atenção do mundo, principalmente após a tragédia na Columbine High School, na cidade de Littleton, Colorado, nos Estados Unidos, em 1999. Posteriormente, em abril de 2007, o estudante Cho Seung-Hui protagonizou um massacre de proporções ainda maiores ao atirar contra estudantes do Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, matando 32 pessoas e se suicidando ao final. O presente artigo reflete sobre o fenômeno chamando a atenção para a sua expansão pelo mundo e traz uma reflexão, baseada em dados empíricos, sobre o desenvolvimento dos protagonistas dos massacres em seus contextos sociais, incluindo o ambiente familiar, a mídia e interações entre colegas nas escolas e universidades.

School shooting phenomenon has attracted attention throughout the world, especially after the Columbine massacre in April, 1999. In that event, 12 people died and about 30 were hurt. Some years later, in April 2007, Cho Seung-Hui carried out an even more impressive deed, shooting and killing 32 people at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA. This article presents school shooting as a growing phenomenon that may happen anywhere and not just in the United States. A reflection based on empirical research is presented focusing the development of school shooters in their social contexts, including home environment, media influence, and inter-students interactions in High Schools and universities.

Alpha absolute power: motor learning of practical pistol shooting / Potência absoluta de alfa: aprendizagem motora do tiro prático de pistola

The present study aimed at investigating changes in behavior (shooting precision) and electrophysiological variables (absolute alpha power) during the motor learning of practical pistol shooting. The sample was composed of 23 healthy subjects, right-handed, male, between 18 and 20 years of age. The task consisted of four learning blocks. A One-way ANOVA with repeated measures and a post hoc analysis were employed to observe modifications on behavioral and electrophysiological measures (p<0.05). The results showed significative differences between blocks according to motor learning, and a significant improvement in shooting's accuracy from both blocks. It was observed a decrease in alpha power in all electrodes examined during task execution when compared with baseline and learning control blocks. The findings suggest that alpha power decreases as the function of the motor learning task when subjects are engaged in the motor execution.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar alterações nas variáveis comportamentais (precisão do tiro) e eletrofisiológicas (potência absoluta de alfa) durante o aprendizado motor do tiro prático de pistola. A amostra constituiu-se de 20 sujeitos saudáveis, destros, sexo masculino, faixa etária entre 18 e 20 anos. A tarefa consistiu de quatro blocos de aprendizagem. A análise estatística das variáveis comportamentais e eletrofisiológicas foram realizadas por meio de uma ANOVA one-way e uma análise post hoc (p<0,05). Os resultados demonstraram diferenças significativas entre os blocos em função do aprendizado motor, bem como uma sensível melhora na precisão do tiro de ambos os blocos. Foi observada uma diminuição na potência de alfa em todos os eletrodos analisados durante a execução da tarefa, quando comparados aos blocos de linha de base e controle da aprendizagem. Os achados sugerem que a potência em alfa diminui devido o aprendizado motor quando sujeitos estão engajados na execução de uma tarefa motora complexa.