Exames para o diagnóstico da síndrome da apnéia obstrutiva do sono: conhecimentos gerais para o cirurgião dentista que atua na área do sono / Investigations for the diagnosis of the syndrome obstructive sleep apnea: general knowledge for the dentist surgery that works in the sleep area

A Síndrome da Apneia e Hipopnéia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAHOS) foi descrita há quase três décadas na literatura, porém somente há pouco tempo tem conseguido o crescente interesse dos cirurgiões-dentistas; por isso foi feita esta revisão de literatura sobre a inter-relação entre a análise cefalométrica e os pacientes portadores desta patologia. Os estudos revisados mostram que existem diferenças significantes entre uma série de características da via aérea superior e das dimensões esqueléticas entre os pacientes com SAHOS e indivíduos normais. Foi observado que a análise cefalométrica tem sido utilizada como um importante meio auxiliar no diagnóstico e no planejamento do tratamento da Síndrome da Apneia e Hipopnéia Obstrutiva do Sono, associando um grande número de variáveis à prevalência desta síndrome. Esses conhecimentos básicos são de grande importância para o Cirurgião Dentista que atua na área da Odontologia do Sono(AU)

The Syndrome Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) was described almost three decades ago in the literature, but only recently has stimulated a growing interest of dental surgeons; therefore was done this review of literature on the interrelationship between cephalometric analysis and patients with this pathology. The reviewed studies show that there are significant differences between a number of characteristics of the upper airway and skeletal dimensions between OSA patients and people in their normal stages. It was observed that the cephalometric analysis has been used as an important tool in the diagnosis and treatment planning Syndrome Obstructive Sleep Apnea, associating an extensive number of variables to the prevalence of this syndrome. This basic knowledge is of great importance for the Dental Surgeon who works in the area of Odontology Sleep(AU)

Trastornos respiratorios en niños con síndrome de Down / Respiratory disorders in children with down syndrome

Respiratory disorders in children with Down syndrome (DS) are common, and frequently undiagnosed. They often present sleep disordered breathing, respiratory tract infections and recurrent wheezing. Children with DS also have associated conditions that contribute to recurrent respiratory problems, such as hypotonia, immune disorders, congenital heart disease and gastroesophageal reflux. An adequate knowledge of all possible causes of respiratory pathology in children with DS is necessary, in order to allow a proper diagnosis, management and prevention of complications.

Los problemas respiratorios en niños con Síndrome de Down (SD) son frecuentes y muchos de ellos subdiagnosticados siendo los más habituales los trastornos respiratorios del sueño, infecciones respiratorias y sibilancias recurrentes. Los niños con SD, además, tienen condiciones asociadas que contribuyen a sus problemas respiratorios recurrentes, como hipotonía, alteraciones inmunes, cardiopatías congénitas y reflujo gastroesofágico. Se debe tener un adecuado conocimiento de todas las posibles causas de patología respiratoria en niños con SD, para hacer un adecuado diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de las complicaciones.

Conducta perioperatoria en paciente con apnea obstructiva del sueño: A propósito de un caso / Perioperative behavior in a patient presenting with obstructive sleep apnea: With regard to a case

Introducción: A pesar de la alta frecuencia del síndrome de apnea - hipopnea obstructiva del sueño y de sus graves complicaciones perioperatorias, el riesgo de estos pacientes se subestima. Caso clínico: Hombre de 54 años, propuesto para herniorrafia incisional, con antecedentes de SHAOS y tratamiento con CPAP nasal; 6 puntos en la Escala de somnolencia de Epworth, obeso, fumador, consumidor frecuente de bebidas alcohólicas y dislipidémico; elementos clínicos de posible vía de aire difícil. Escala de evaluación de riesgo perioperatorio en pacientes con SAHOS 8 puntos (riesgo elevado). Se administró anestesia general balanceada (fentanilo, halotano, atracurio) y analgesia multimodal: morfina y bupivacaína por catéter epidural, nolotil y diclofenaco intravenosos. Tiempo quirúrcico 150 min. Se extubó y se colocó CPAP nasal en el postoperatorio inmediato. Se transfirió a Cuidados Intensivos por 24 hrs. La analgesia posoperatoria resultó satisfactoria y no se presentaron complicaciones; alta hospitalaria al sexto día de la cirugía. Desarrollo: Al elegir el método anestésico son varios los factores que influyen en la decisión y pocas las evidencias que fundamentan la superioridad de uno respecto a los demás. La experiencia del anestesiólogo, el tipo y localización de la intervención quirúrgica, la gravedad del SAHOS y la disponibilidad de recursos para atender a este tipo de pacientes durante todo el perioperatorio son claves para la elección. La consulta de los protocolos de actuación en pacientes con SHAOS permitió prever sus riesgos potenciales para la cirugía y seleccionar el plan anestésico, que adaptado a nuestras condiciones evitó posibles complicaciones.

Introduction: Despite the high frequency of the obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome and of its perioperative severe complications, the risk of these patients is underestimated. Clinical case: Man aged 54, candidate to incisional herniorrhaphy with a history of sleep obstructive apnea and treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure six points in Epworth’s somnolence scale, obese, smoker, frequent consumer of alcohol and dyslipemic; clinical elements of possible difficult airway. The assessment scale of perioperative risk in SAHOS patients was of 8 points (high risk). Balanced general anesthesia was administered (fentanyl, halothane, atracurio) and multimodal analgesia” morphine and bupivacaine by epidural catheter, i.v. nolotil and diclofenac. Surgical time 150 min. Patient was extubated and placed in nasal CPAP during the immediate postoperative time. He was transferred to Intensive Care Unit for 24 hrs. Postoperative analgesia was satisfactory without complications; the hospital discharge was at sixth day postoperative. Development: Selecting the anesthetic method are some factors influencing in decision and not much evidences supporting the superiority of one regarding the others. The experience of the anesthesiologist, the type and location of surgical intervention, severity of SAHOS and availability of resources to care this type of patient over the perioperative time are key for choice. Consultation of performance protocols in patients presenting with SHAOS allowed to prevent its potential risks for surgery and to select the anesthetic plan, which adapted to our conditions avoided possible complications.

Aplicación de distracción osteogénica mandibular en niños con el síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño / Application of a mandibular osteogenic distraction in children with sleep obstructive apnea

Objetivos: mostrar los resultados de los primeros pacientes con síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS) de tipo periférico esqueletal tratados en nuestro país con osteogénesis por distracción mandibular. Métodos: se trataron 9 pacientes con distracción osteogénica mandibular bilateral, con distractores marca Leibinger y Synthes. El periodo de latencia fue de 72 horas. La tasa de distracción mandibular, a razón de 1,0 mm cada 12 horas y la contención fue de 8 semanas. Luego se inició el tratamiento ortodóncico posquirúrgico. Se evaluaron los resultados a través de polisomnografía y estudios cefalométricos antes de la intervención, luego y al año del tratamiento. Resultados: el 89 por ciento de los casos fueron curados, el 11 por ciento tuvo mejoría. Dentro de las complicaciones encontradas, el 55 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron limitación temporal de la apertura bucal, que remitió con fisioterapia, y dos pacientes necesitaron traqueostomía con fines anestésicos. Conclusiones: la osteogénesis por distracción mandibular resultó ser un método terapéutico eficaz para el tratamiento del SAOS de tipo periférico, esqueletal(AU)

Objectives: to show the results from the first patients presenting with sleep obstructive apnea syndrome (SOAS) of skeletal peripheral type treated in our country with osteogenesis by mandibular distraction. Methods: Nine patients were treated with bilateral mandibular osteogenic distraction using Leibinger and Synthes distraction devices. Latency period was of 72 hours. Mandibular distraction rate at 1,0 mm each 12 hours and restraint was of 8 weeks. Then, postsurgical orthodontics treatment was started. Results were assessed by polysomnography and cephalometry studies before intervention, after it and at a year of treatment. Results: The 89 percent of cases had a good recovery, the 11 percent showed an improvement. Complications included: a temporary limitation of mouth opening in 55 percent disappearing with physiotherapy and two patients needed tracheostomy for anesthetic purposes. Conclusions: Osteogenesis by mandibular distraction was an effective therapeutical method for treatment of peripheral skeletal SOAS(AU)

Apnea obstructiva del sueño. Hora de ser tomado en serio por los anestesiólogos / Sleep obstructive apnea is a serious matter that must to be considered by anesthesiologists

Introducción: El mantenimiento de la permeabilidad de las vías aéreas superiores es una preocupación compartida por los anestesiólogos y por los médicos involucrados con los disturbios del sueño. Los pacientes con apnea obstructiva del sueño son más susceptibles de presentar obstrucción de las vías respiratorias, principalmente cuando se asocian al efecto depresor de fármacos usados en sedación o anestesia. Objetivo: Realizar una puesta al día sobre la relación entre apnea obstructiva del sueño y anestesia, así como planificar la conducta anestésica y tratamiento perioperatorio. Desarrollo: Se describe la conducta perioperatoria de los pacientes con apnea obstructiva del sueño que requieren uso de anestesia por cualquier causa. Conclusiones: La apnea obstructiva del sueño es una entidad que aumenta el riesgo quirúrgico y que requiere consideraciones especiales en todas las fases de la anestesia.

Introduction: High airways permeability maintenance is a concern shared by anesthesiologists and by physicians involved in sleep disturbances. Patients presenting with sleep obstructive apnea are more liable to present airways obstruction, mainly when are associated with depressor effect of drugs used in sedation or analgesia procedures. Aim: To make an updating on relation between sleep obstructive apnea and anesthesia, as well as how to plan the anesthetetic behavior of patients with this condition requiring the use of anesthesia from any cause. Conclusions: Sleep obstructive apnea is an entity increasing the surgical risk and requiring special considerations in all anesthesia phases.

Avaliação do risco de síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) nos pacientes internados em spa de emagrecimento / Evaluation of the risk of sleep obstructive apnea syndrome (SOAS) in patients admitted in a slimming spa

Introdução: A associação entre a Síndrome de Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS) e a obesidade tem sido muito estudada. A SAOS é caracterizada pela obstrução repetitiva da via aérea superior durante o sono, muitas vezes acompanhada de roncos, dessaturação de oxigênio, fragmentação do sono e sonolência excessiva diurna (SED). Tipo do Estudo: Transversal Prospectivo. Objetivo: Analisar os resultados do Questionário de Berlim (QB) e da Escala de Sonolência de Epworth(ESE) preenchidos pelos pacientes internados no Spa Med Campus Sorocaba, procurando encontrar quais deles possuem sonolência diurna e alto risco para SAOS. Método: Os pacientes responderam voluntariamente aos Questionários de Berlim e ESE. O estudo foi do tipo transversal, com análise dos questionários preenchidos durante o ano de 2008. Resultados: Obtivemos um total de 276 pacientes, com um total de 183 mulheres e 93 homens. A prevalência de obesos foi de 111 pacientes (40,2%). No grupo QB positivo, obtivemos 84 pacientes no total; sendo 34 homens, quanto ao grupo ESE positivo, encontramos no total 67 pacientes, sendo 24 homens. Conclusão: A ESE e o QB têm servido atualmente de triagem para os distúrbios do sono e pode servir como possível indicador para a polissonografia. Os resultados dos questionários nos mostram a alta prevalência de indivíduos internados em SPA com risco de apresentar SAOS, especialmente os obesos.

Introduction: The association between Sleep Obstructive Apnea Syndrome (SOAS) and the obesity has been highly studied. The SOAS is characterized by the repetitive obstruction of the upper airways during the sleep, many times accompanied by snores, oxygen desaturation, sleep fragmentation and excessive daytime somnolence (EDS). Type of Study: Prospective Transversal. Objective: To analyze the results of the Berlin Questionnaire (BQ) and the Epworth Somnolence Scale (ESS) completed by the patients interned in the Spa Med Campus Sorocaba, attempting to find who has daytime somnolence and high risk for SOAS. Method: The patients completed the Berlin Questionnaire and the ESS voluntarily. The study was of transversal type with analysis of the questionnaires completed during the year of 2008. Results: We obtained a total of 276 patients with a total of 183 women and 93 men. The prevalence of obese patients was of 111 patients (40.2%). In the positive BQ group, we obtained a total of 84 patients; 34 male; as to the positive ESS group, we found a total of 67 patients, 24 male. Conclusion: The ESS and the BQ have been useful currently for selection of the sleep disorders and may serve as a possible indicator for polysonography. The questionnaires' results show us the high prevalence of individuals interned in SPA with the risk of having SOAS, specially the obese ones.