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Background: Objective of the study was to compare the effectiveness of VIA and pap smear for screening of premalignant lesions of cervix and to compare the performance of VIA used alone and combined with pap smear for screening of premalignant lesions of cervix.Methods: VIA and Pap smear were performed in 260 patients attending routine gynaecology OPD. Positive cases of either or both screening tests were subjected to colposcopy and biopsy if indicated. The reports of histopathology were correlated with the pap smear and VIA findings and thereby sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of each of the screening methods were calculated and results were analysed.Results: 260 patients were screened for premalignant lesions of cervix by VIA and pap smear both, 37 of 260 patients, (14.2%) were VIA positive, 30 of 260 patients (11.5%) were pap smear positive, 20 of 260 patients (7.69%) were positive for VIA as well as pap smear, 25 of 260 patients (9.6%) were confirmed of premalignant lesions on histopathology, 24 patients were diagnosed CIN and one patient was diagnosed with CIS.Conclusions: VIA has lower sensitivity and specificity compared to Pap smear but the results are comparable. Both the tests are fairly accurate. A combination of VIA and Pap smear increased the sensitivity and specificity to 100%.
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Background: Tuberculosis is a contagious bacterial disease that is considered to be one of the deadliest diseases worldwide. It affects lungs and causes pulmonary TB. Today in India, every minute 3 to 4 people die of TB, more than 1000 die every day and more than 5 lakhs die every year. Demonstration of AFB in smear has a great important in control of TB, as smear positivity directly correlates with infectivity. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study. It lasted over a period of 6 months (January to June). Samples were collected from patients attending TB and Chest OPD of IIMS&R Hospital and sent for AFB examination by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) microscopy at microbiology lab. Patients with symptom of cough lasting for more than 2 weeks were included. Results: Out of 718 patient’s samples, 128 were smear positive by ZN staining method. Out of which 81 (63.28%) were males and 47 (36.72%) were females. According to age distribution 35 (27.35%) were <30 years of age, 68 (53.12%) were in between 30 and 60 while 25 (19.53%) were >60 years of age. 105 (82.03%) positive patients were found to be from rural area and remaining 23 (17.9%) patients belong to urban area. 29 patients were found to have a past history of TB of 1 year. Out of 128 positive patients none were smokers. 25 (19.53%) were tobacco chewers. 11 (8.56%) were contact with a case of TB. Conclusions: Demonstration of AFB in smear has a great important in control of TB, as smear positivity directly correlates with infectivity. Z-N staining method is the most commonly used worldwide.
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Background: Cervical cancer screening has been introduced a few years ago to prevent harm and death caused by this disease. Our purpose in this study was to determine the reasons for non-performing Pap smear screening in nurses and midwives working in Ardabil health centers. Methods: The current descriptive-analytical research was conducted on 90 nurses and midwives working in health care centers in Ardabil city. The required information was collected through a questionnaire. After additional sampling and data collection from all participants in the research, it was coded and statistically analyzed in SPSS version 25 software. Results: The present study showed that the most common reason for not performing a pap smear test in single people and in the age group of 20-30 years is related to virginity and in married people and in the age group of 30-50 years. It was related to the fear of doing it. Conclusions: considering the cases that most women in the society are aware of cervical cancer and also the necessity of using cancer screening methods, using new educational methods through nurses and midwives to change their attitude and performance and increase their level and help in the timely diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
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Background: Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynaecologic neoplasms. PAP smear and colposcopy are used for its early detection. This study aims to find the correlation of colposcopic evaluation with Pap smear in cervical cancer screening and with histology.Methods: All women attending the OPD with unhealthy cervix and abnormal symptoms, who gave written informed consent were included in the study. Pap smear cytological grading, colposcopic findings were recorded. Pap smear and colposcopy findings was compared with histopathology.Results: The study included 73 patients. Pap smear was negative in more than half of the patients (56.2%), followed by atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance in 12 (16.4%), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion in 17 (23.3%), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion in 2 (2.7%) and squamous cell carcinoma in 1 patient (1.4%). The histopathology showed normal findings in 46 patients (63%), followed by CIN 1 in 11 (15.1%), CIN 2 in 6 patients (8.2%), CIN 3 and squamous cell carcinoma in 5 patients each (6.8%). Pap smear’s predictability of cervical malignancy showed that it had a sensitivity of 48.15, it’s specificity for identifying patients without cervical malignancy was 84.78%. Colposcopy’s predictability of cervical malignancy showed that it had a sensitivity of 88.89%, it’s specificity for identifying patients without cervical malignancy was 95.65%.Conclusions: Colposcopy does seem to be better than Pap smear in diagnosing cervical carcinoma and also identifying patients without it.
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Objectives@#In the Philippines, there has been a lack of information on the concordance between classifications of Hansen’s disease or leprosy clinically, histopathologically, and with AFS results. The study ultimately aimed to determine the concordance between the clinical diagnosis, histopathological results, and AFS results of patients with leprosy seen at the Dr. Jose N. Rodriguez Memorial Hospital and Sanitarium (DJNRMHS). @*Methods@#This is a descriptive, retrospective, single-center study conducted at the DJNRMHS, a tertiary government hospital and one of the last remaining sanitaria in the country located in northern Metro Manila in the Philippines. The study reviewed and included all the patient records from the years 2017-2019 which included skin biopsy results and slit-skin smear with AFS. Leprosy patients were then classified based on the following classifications: World Health Organization (WHO) and Ridley-Jopling classifications; and the concordance of clinical diagnosis vs the histopathologic findings and clinical diagnosis vs AFS results were determined using kappa testing.
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Lèpre , BiopsieRÉSUMÉ
Objective To compare the diagnostic value of smear acid-fast staining,TB-DNA,X-pert MTB/RIF and culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Methods Four methods were used to detect the perifocal pus of the patients with bone destruction in orthopaedics department within one year,and the results were analyzed statistically,the indexes included sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value and negative predictive value.Results The sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value,and Youden index were 31.75%,100.00%,100.00%,53.74%and 0.32 respectively.TB-DNA had a sensitivity of 88.89%,a specificity of 98.00%,a positive predictive value of 98.25%,a negative predictive value of 87.50%,and a Youden Index of 0.87.Xpert MTB/Rif had a sensitivity of 95.23%,a specificity of 68.00%,and a positive predictive value of 78.95%,the negative predictive value was 91.90%,the Youden index was 0.63.The sensitivity,the specificity,the positive predictive value,the negative predictive value and the Youden index were 41.27%,100.00%,100.00%,57.47%and 0.41 respectively,(χ2 = 77.354,P<0.005).Conclusion Among the four methods,TB-DNA has a good Sensitivity and specificity,Xpert mtbrif has a good sensitivity,TB-DNA and Xpert mtbrif ha a good authenticity,and both positive and negative predictive values are high,it has good value in the diagnosis of bone tuberculosis.
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Objective To compare the application value of filter membrane method and smear method on the evaluation of disinfection effect of flexible endoscope.Methods 242 flexible endoscopes after cleaning and disinfection from January 2022 to November 2022 were collected as the study subjects,and the disinfection effect of all endoscopes was tested by filter membrane method and smear method.The qualified rate,pathogen detection rate,colony detection and use cost of the two detection methods were compared.Results Among the 242 flexible endoscopes,the total qualified rate of filter membrane method was lower than that of smear method while the total detection rate of pathogenic bacteria and the number of bacterial colony were significantly higher than those of smear method(P<0.05).In the two evaluation methods,the colony count detected by gastroscopy was mainly≤100 cfu/n,and the colony count detected by enteroscopy was mainly≥100 cfu/n(P>0.05).The economic cost and time cost of filter membrane method were higher than those of smear method(P<0.05),and filter membrane method increased the annual depreciation cost of the suction filtration system of 976 yuan.Conclusion Compared with smear method,filter membrane method is more effective in evaluating the disinfection of flexible endoscope,but its economic cost and time cost are also higher.However,in order to build a green environment-friendly hospital,it is necessary to increase the investment of endoscopy center,thus it is recommended to apply filter membrane method.
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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the results and efficiency of two real-time polymerase chain reaction procedures for detecting human papillomavirus utilizing urine samples. METHODS: This study comprised 151 patients who had previously tested positive for human papillomavirus in their cervical samples. Two different commercial real-time polymerase chain reaction techniques were used for identification and genotyping human papillomavirus in urine specimens. The urine samples of 151 patients were evaluated via the Roche Cobas test, and the urine samples of 91 patients were also evaluated via the Qiagen test. RESULTS: The overall consistency of urine and cervical swab specimens for the identification of human papillomavirus in Roche Cobas and Qiagen tests were 44.8 and 44%, respectively. The rates of positive human papillomavirus results from urine samples were 57 and 70.3%, respectively. The overall concordance among Roche Cobas and Qiagen tests utilizing urine samples for human papillomavirus type 16/18 was 84.3% with a kappa value of 0.675, and for other high-risk-human papillomavirus, it was 75.60% with a kappa value of 0.535. Roche Cobas showed high concordance with Qiagen test. CONCLUSION: human papillomavirus positivity was not detected in all urine samples. It is still inappropriate to recommend the use of urine liquid biopsy for the accurate and reliable detection of human papillomavirus. Due to the lack of a standardized tool, the utilization of urine samples as a screening human papillomavirus test remains a challenge.
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Objetivo: desenvolver uma oficina como forma de contribuição ao empoderamento de mulheres para a realização periódica do Papanicolau. Método: qualitativo, exploratório e descritivo, tipo pesquisa participante, em uma unidade de saúde, com mulheres entre 25 a 59 anos, através de entrevista semiestruturada coletiva, durante uma oficina ocorrida em fevereiro de 2023, analisada por meio da Análise Temática de Conteúdo. Resultados: a oficina mostrou-se como um dispositivo que potencializa o empoderamento feminino, interferindo no processo saúde-doença. Desvelou-se ainda como ferramenta de dialogicidade e escuta ativa, na compreensão dos determinantes que se configuram como empecilhos na realização periódica do Papanicolau. Considerações finais: como forma de romper barreiras, ao tratar-se da periodicidade do Papanicolau, a oficina é uma ferramenta eficiente e incentivadora de promoção à participação ativa, à autonomia, à autoestima e ao empoderamento social por meio do processo educativo
Objective: develop a workshop as a way of contributing to the empowerment of women to carry out regular Pap smears. Method: qualitative, exploratory and descriptive, participant research type, in a health unit, with women between 25 and 59 years old, through collective semi-structured interviews, during a workshop, analyzed through Thematic Content Analysis. Results: the workshop proved to be a device that enhances female empowerment, interfering in the health-disease process. It also revealed itself as a tool for dialogue and active listening, in understanding the determinants that constitute obstacles in the periodic performance of the Pap smear. Final considerations: as a way of breaking down barriers, when it comes to the frequency of the Pap smear, the workshop is an efficient and encouraging tool to promote active participation, autonomy, self- esteem and social empowerment through the educational process
Objetivos: desarrollar un taller como forma de contribuir al empoderamiento de las mujeres para la realización periódica de Papanicolaou. Método: investigación cualitativa, exploratoria y descriptiva, tipo participante, en una unidad de salud, con mujeres entre 25 y 59 años, a través de entrevistas colectivas semiestructuradas, durante un taller, analizadas mediante Análisis de Contenido Temático. Resultados: el taller resultó ser un dispositivo que potencia el empoderamiento femenino, interfiriendo en el proceso salud-enfermedad. También se reveló como una herramienta de diálogo y escucha activa, en la comprensión de los determinantes que constituyen obstáculos en la realización periódica del Papanicolaou. Consideraciones finales: como una forma de romper barreras en cuanto a la frecuencia de la prueba de Papanicolaou, el taller es una herramienta eficiente y alentadora para promover la participación activa, la autonomía, la autoestima y el empoderamiento social a través del proceso educativo
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Humains , Femelle , Adulte , Adulte d'âge moyen , Processus de maladie-santé , Santé des femmes , Test de Papanicolaou , AutonomisationRÉSUMÉ
Background: Cervical cancer is one of the major causes of mortality among women worldwide. It has taken fourth place among malignancies that affect women, the first leading is breast cancer. In developing countries including India, it is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. It is readily preventable and can be diagnosed at the pre invasive stage with adequate and repetitive cytological screening and Papanicolaou smears.Methods: This observational study was aimed to screen the patients attending gynae OPD of ESIMCH, Bihta. The main purpose was to study the incidence of premalignant and malignant lesions in population in and around ESICMCH, Bihta. A total of 100 patients attending gynaecology OPD of ESIC, Bihta were screened during a period of one year from October 2022 to September 2023.燩ap smears are taken from women visiting gynaecological OPD between ages of 25 to 70 with different gynaecological complaints using Ayer抯 spatula. Smears were reported according to Bethesda system 2001.Results: A total of 200 pap smears were examined. There were 68 patients with NILM, and 67 patients with inflammatory smear. ASCUS was found in 12 patients, LSIL in 10 patients, HSIL in 7 and squamous cell carcinoma in 1 patient. This study concluded that a simple pap smear test could be offered to vast populations for diagnosing premalignant conditions of the survey this has and will in future continue to aid us with the early diagnosis of survival cancer.Conclusions: PAP smear is useful in diagnosing malignant and premalignant lesions of the cervix. In developing countries such as India this screening method is cheap and can be widely used. It can be used by trainers and para medical staffs.
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Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women in India. So, detection of its premalignant lesions is of utmost importance, which can be easily done by screening methods. Screening programmes for cervical cancer using the conventional pap smear (CPS) technique have been in place since decades. However, CPS technique has many limitations. To overcome these limitations liquid-based cytology (LBC) was introduced in the mid 1990 as a better tool for processing cervical samples. The aim of present study is to compare CPS with LBC and to assess the diagnostic accuracy and cost effectiveness of LBC in rural tertiary care centre.Methods: The study was conducted over a period of 2 years at Rama medical college, Mandhana, Kanpur. All women presenting to gynaecological OPD with symptoms and signs suspicious of cervical malignancy were selected for paired samples of conventional pap and LBC. Colposcopy and biopsy were sought which correlated with cytologic findings.燫esults: A maximum number of cases were in the reproductive age group, most common age of presentation being 40-49 years (27.3%) followed by 30-39 years (25.3%). A majority of patients were presented with a complaint of discharge per vagina 176 (58.7%), followed by pelvic pain 154 (51.3%). Only 4 patients were found to have unsatisfactory smear in LBC (1.33%) while 22 patients had unsatisfactory smear in conventional PAP (7.33%). LBC showed presence of endocervical cells in almost all patients 290 (97.97%). Candida bodies were not evident in LBC smears while the CPS showed presence candida bodies in 4 cases.Conclusions: Both the screening methods are very effective and sensitive in the detection of premalignant lesions with slight discordance of grade on histology. Thus, we conclude that cervical cytology is very effective in the detection of premalignant lesions with the sensitivity of almost 100%. In developing countries such as India, where finances pose a major problem, conventional method is as good as LBC.
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Background: Cervical cancer is integral to any cancer control program in India because of the disease burden. Quick diagnosis plays a crucial role in limited resource areas. Hence, cost-effective and eco-friendly staining procedures with less time consumption help screening for cervical cancer cytodiagnosis. Thus, we wanted to assess the superiority of staining of smears by REAP (Rapid Economical Acetic acid Papanicolaou) technique and the newer EnviroPap (Environmental Papanicolaou) technique compared to conventional Pap technique on cervical smears. Methods: From each patient, three smears were prepared, one with routine conventional method, one with REAP stain, and another with EnviroPap stain and quality parameters were noted. The chi-square test assessed differences in categorical variables between stains; a p value of <0.05 was considered significant. Statistical analysis used was the Chi-square test, and p value of <0.05 using a two-tailed test was taken as being significant for all statistical tests. Results: REAP and Enviropap stained smears showed excellent nuclear and cytoplasmic details compared to conventional Pap staining protocol. Conclusions: REAP and EnviroPap staining protocols for those two techniques were simpler, easier, and cost-effective, which took minimal turnaround time for assessing pap smears at a large scale.
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Background: Cervical cancer has a long precancerous stage. The early diagnosis in preinvasive stage provides a golden opportunity for prompt intervention to prevent its catastrophic consequences. Through this study we intended to compare the diagnostic accuracy of modified IFCPC 2011 nomenclature and Swede score with respect to gold standard histopathology in colposcopic evaluation of premalignant cervical lesions.Methods: A comparative study was conducted at tertiary care hospital in Delhi, India between January 2021 to June 2022 on 50 women with abnormal Papanicolaou smear (ASCUS, LSIL, ASC-H, HSIL). Scoring of colposcopic lesions was done according to IFCPC nomenclature and Swede抯 scoring system. The two colposcopic scores were compared and their statistical association with histological findings were analysed. The collected data was analysed using SPSS version 25. The association of the qualitative variables were analysed using Fischer抯 exact test. Agreement was measured by Cohen kappa statistics.Results: Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of modified IFCPC 2011 nomenclature for predicting LSIL and HSIL were 87.50%, 58.82%, 50%, 90.91%, 68% and 100%, 100%, 100%, 100%, 100% respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of swede score for predicting LSIL and HSIL were 87.50%, 41.18%, 41.18%, 87.50%, 56% and 100%, 77.27%, 37.50%, 100%, 80% respectively.Conclusions: Modified IFCPC 2011 nomenclature had better predictive value than swede score in diagnosing both low grade and high grade premalignant lesions of cervix.
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Background: Unhealthy cervix is a very common finding in our country due to poor genital hygiene, malnutrition and multiparity. The cervix is the commonest site for female genital cancer. Gynaecologists who work in tertiary care institutes in the developing countries to get referrals from practitioners and peripheral health centres for patients with a clinical diagnosis of an “unhealthy cervix. An “unhealthy cervix” or grossly abnormal cervix can harbour premalignant cervical lesions or invasive carcinoma. That’s why present study was planned to evaluate colposcopy role in relation to PAP smear in symptomatic patients.Methods: The present study was a prospective, analytical study. After institutional committee approval this study was conducted from January 2021 to January 2022 in department of obstetrics and gynecology at RNT Medical college, Udaipur. Total 140 women were assessed for this study.Results: Our study results based on combined cytology and colposcopy with histopathology- sensitivity =100%, specificity =87.03%, PPV=84.09%, NPV=100%, accuracy =92.30%. The result of current study supports that, PAP smear demonstrates premalignant and malignant lesions, whereas colposcopy shows the exact site for biopsy for histopathological diagnosis and for further management.Conclusions: Colposcopy and cytology are complementary to each other. Best result in early detection of pre-invasive carcinomas could be obtained by combined use of cytology, colposcopy and colposcopy guided biopsy. So, use of ‘single visit approach’ in which cytology, colposcopy and guided biopsy all are done in one setting and treated accordingly in resource poor countries will enable maximum utilization of scarce medical resources.
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Background: Carcinoma of cervix is the most common genital malignancy in India. It is an indolent cancer which can be picked up at an early stage using screening methods such as Papanicoloau smear and liquid based cytology. The present study was undertaken to analyze the age distribution, diagnosis, type of sample, adequacy of sample and results of patients undergoing cervical cytology screening.Methods: The study was conducted using 300 random cytology reports from the pathology department of a tertiary care center in the period of 5 months from January 2019 to May 2019. Patient’s data was collected and analyzed.Results: The percentage of patients in each age group undergoing cervical cytology was: 21-30 years (7.4%), 31-40 years (14.6%), 41-50 years (36%), 51-60 years (30.7%), 61-70 years (10.7%) and 71-80 years (0.6%). The most common diagnosis/indication for doing cervical cytology is screening (41.6%), followed by abnormal uterine bleeding (24%). 95% of samples sent for cytology were liquid based cytology. Among the 300 samples sent to the pathology department for cervical cytology, 290 were adequate for opinion (97%) and 10 were inadequate for opinion (3%). The results are as follows: negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (68%), inflammatory smear (8%), ASCUS (6%), ASC-H (3%), LSIL (9%), HSIL (6%).Conclusions: Most samples belonged to the age group of 41-50 years. Common indication being screening. Most samples were adequate for opinion. Most commonly, they were reported as negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy.
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Background: Unhealthy cervix is a very common finding in our country due to poor genital hygiene, malnutrition and multiparity. The cervix is the commonest site for female genital cancer. Gynaecologists who work in tertiary care institutes in the developing countries to get referrals from practitioners and peripheral health centres for patients with a clinical diagnosis of an “unhealthy cervix. An “unhealthy cervix” or grossly abnormal cervix can harbour premalignant cervical lesions or invasive carcinoma. That’s why present study was planned to evaluate colposcopy role in relation to PAP smear in symptomatic patients.Methods: The present study was a prospective, analytical study. After institutional committee approval this study was conducted from January 2021 to January 2022 in department of obstetrics and gynecology at RNT Medical college, Udaipur. Total 140 women were assessed for this study.Results: Our study results based on combined cytology and colposcopy with histopathology- sensitivity =100%, specificity =87.03%, PPV=84.09%, NPV=100%, accuracy =92.30%. The result of current study supports that, PAP smear demonstrates premalignant and malignant lesions, whereas colposcopy shows the exact site for biopsy for histopathological diagnosis and for further management.Conclusions: Colposcopy and cytology are complementary to each other. Best result in early detection of pre-invasive carcinomas could be obtained by combined use of cytology, colposcopy and colposcopy guided biopsy. So, use of ‘single visit approach’ in which cytology, colposcopy and guided biopsy all are done in one setting and treated accordingly in resource poor countries will enable maximum utilization of scarce medical resources.
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Background: Carcinoma of cervix is the most common genital malignancy in India. It is an indolent cancer which can be picked up at an early stage using screening methods such as Papanicoloau smear and liquid based cytology. The present study was undertaken to analyze the age distribution, diagnosis, type of sample, adequacy of sample and results of patients undergoing cervical cytology screening.Methods: The study was conducted using 300 random cytology reports from the pathology department of a tertiary care center in the period of 5 months from January 2019 to May 2019. Patient’s data was collected and analyzed.Results: The percentage of patients in each age group undergoing cervical cytology was: 21-30 years (7.4%), 31-40 years (14.6%), 41-50 years (36%), 51-60 years (30.7%), 61-70 years (10.7%) and 71-80 years (0.6%). The most common diagnosis/indication for doing cervical cytology is screening (41.6%), followed by abnormal uterine bleeding (24%). 95% of samples sent for cytology were liquid based cytology. Among the 300 samples sent to the pathology department for cervical cytology, 290 were adequate for opinion (97%) and 10 were inadequate for opinion (3%). The results are as follows: negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (68%), inflammatory smear (8%), ASCUS (6%), ASC-H (3%), LSIL (9%), HSIL (6%).Conclusions: Most samples belonged to the age group of 41-50 years. Common indication being screening. Most samples were adequate for opinion. Most commonly, they were reported as negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy.
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Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women in India even though it is a vaccine preventable disease. Women ever undergone a screening for cervical cancer in India is only 1.7% in rural (NFHS-5). The focus of this study was to identify the factors affecting cervical cancer screening among rural women of Chengalpattu district. Methods: It is a community based cross sectional study conducted in 12 villages coming under field practicing areas of rural health training centre of Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute in Chengalpattu district. Sampling was done by using Simple random sampling method and our sample size was 220. A pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The collected data was entered in Microsoft Office Excel and analysis was done using SPSS software version 21. Results: The Mean (SD) age of the study participants was 45±10.17 years. Among all the participants, 181 (82.3%) were unaware about any method of cervical cancer screening. Factors that are barriers to cervical cancer screening includes feeling of being healthy (79.6%), fear of finding out cancer (71.9%), anticipation of pain (68.1%). Conclusions: Present study found out that most study participants were unaware about the methods of cervical cancer screening. It is important to educate women about cervical cancer screening methods to overcome barriers.
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Background: Cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause of death in females worldwide. In India cervical cancer is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Cancer of cervix is preventable, and can be diagnosed at the pre-malignant stage with adequate and repetitive cytological screening by Papanicolaou (Pap) smears. Aim of this study was to study the role of Pap smear in detecting premalignant and malignant lesions as well as non-neoplastic lesions of cervix.Methods: It is a retrospective study of 240 pap smears studied from January 2022 to June 2022 and received in pathology department of a tertiary care hospital of north Maharashtra. Samples are collected from women between 21 to 65 years presenting with some gynecological problems. Smears were reported as per the 2014 Bethesda system.Results: Out of 240 women, 216 were having normal cytology and 146 cases with inflammatory changes. 10 cases were unsatisfactory. 5 cases of ASCUS, 1 case of SCC, 2 cases of HSIL and 6 cases of LSIL were observed.Conclusions: Pap smear test is a simple, safe, noninvasive, economical OPD based procedure to detect pervasive cervical epithelial lesions. Every woman should undergo Pap test at least once in her life before the age of 45 years.
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Background: Cervical Cancer is the second most common cancer among women worldwide approximately 80% of which occurred in developing countries. Out of all cervical cancer cases seen in the world, only 14% are in the developed countries, while about 86% occurs in the developing countries. The Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer in Indian women. Cervical cancer is usually preceded by a long phase of cytological changes, known as cervical intraepithelial neoplastic (CIN) and takes a long period of 15-20 years before the invasive cancer develops". Thus cervical cancer can be prevented if cellular changes are detected and treated in early stage. World Health organization considers cervical cancer as a preventable disease. This is because it can be diagnosed in its precancerous phase. So we have done study to study efficacy of pap smear and colposcopy. Comparative study of PAP smear and colposcopy with cervical biopsy in women with symptomatic/ unhealthy cervix.Methods: All the high risk women of reproductive, perimenopausal and postmenopausal age group who presented with unhealthy cervix on naked eye examination, abnormal vaginal discharge, post coital bleeding, intermenstrual spotting/bleeding, cervix that bleeds on touch and abnormal uterine bleeding. An informed consent was obtained before performing Pap's smear and colposcopy. In case there was abnormal cytology report, the patient's cervical biopsy was done.Results: The sensitivity of Pap smear is 50%, specificity is 86.6%, positive predictive value (PPV) 37.8%, and negative predictive value is 91.4%. The sensitivity of coloposcopy smear is 96.4, specificity is 39.53 and positive predictive value (PPV) 20.61%, negative predictive value is 98.55%.Conclusions: Colposcopy is definitely more sensitive and accurate than pap smear. By combining Pap smear with colposcopy, we can maximize the sensitivity and specificity of cancer cervix screening.