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Background:Telomere, the biological chronometer, has been found to be influenced by different parameters which are reprogrammed during fetal life.This study was designed to find out influence of education on relative telomere length (RTL) of the maternal and new born and to detect improvement in the genetic remodeling during the fetal life between low and high educational levels of mother.Methods:Pregnant females(18-37 years) and their newborns (n=250) were recruited from Karachi hospitals. In this cross-sectional study RTL (maternal and cord) was calculated by Quantitative real-time PCR. Statistical analysis used were chi square tests and Mann Whitney U test for variables with two categories and then Kruskal Wallis for variables with more than two categories to examine mean difference between relative telomere length(RTL) and maternal education. The relationship between predictor variable(education) and RTL was done by linearregression.Results: A significant association of education and RTL revealed shorter mean maternal RTL(base pair(bp)) 6380±1128 among females with low education and longer 6553±945 in high education females respectively (p=0.071) (B= 0.009 p= >0.05). Similarly, cord RTL were shorter 6600±1218 in low and longer 7154±1585 in high educationgroup(p=0.007)(B= 0.184 p = <0.05) at 95% confidence level.It was also found that newborn among high education with upper middle Socioeconomic status (SES) have significantly longest RTL 7262±1804(p=<0.05).Conclusion: Overall longer newborn RTL than mothers were observed among different levels of education in targeted population of Karachi where higher education have a shielding effect on telomere remodeling during the fetal development
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Background: Iron requirements are increased in adolescent girls with growth and the onset of menarche and remain high in women until menopause. Methods: We conducted a study on two study groups of girls in age group 18-25 years belonging to different socioeconomic classes as per the Modified Kuppuswamy’s Scale to study the effect of the phases of menstrual cycle & socioeconomic class on the iron status indicators (Hb, Serum Iron, TIBC, MCV & TS%).Menstrual phases were defined and blood samples were drawn from all the girls in all the 3 phases (menstrual, follicular & luteal) and Hb, Serum iron & Total iron binding capacity were assessed on a semi-auto-analyzer & MCV was estimated using a fully automated CBC machine. Transferrin Saturation was derived as Serum Iron / TIBC × 100. Results: We found significant (p< 0.01) difference in iron status indicators in both our groups, the values of iron status indicators varied significantly according to the menstrual cycle, with values highest during the luteal phase and lowest during the menstrual phase. From our observations we can conclude that the nutritional status (assessed by the height, weight & BMI) and the iron status indicators both differ significantly in the two age-matched comparable socio-economic groups. Conclusion: socioeconomic class has a major determining role on an individual’s health. The effect of hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle also has a part to play in the variation of iron status measures, which has to be considered while measuring them in a female during her reproductive years
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Background: Iron requirements are increased in adolescent girls with growth and the onset of menarche and remain high in women until menopause. Methods: We conducted a study on 18-25 years females of lower socioeconomic status as per the Modified Kuppuswamy’s Scale to study the effect of the phases of menstrual cycle & socioeconomic class on the iron status indicators (Hb, Serum Iron, TIBC, MCV & TS%).Menstrual phases were defined and blood samples were drawn from all the girls in all the 3 phases (menstrual, follicular & luteal) and Hb, Serum iron & Total iron binding capacity were assessed on a semi-auto-analyzer & MCV was estimated using a fully automated CBC machine. Transferrin Saturation was derived as Serum Iron / TIBC × 100. Results: We found that the values of iron status indicators varied significantly according to the menstrual cycle, with values highest during the luteal phase and lowest during the menstrual phase. From our observations we can conclude that the nutritional status (assessed by the height, weight & BMI) and the iron status indicators both are significantly lower in the females of lower SES. Hence, socio-economic class has a major determining role on an individual’s health. Conclusion: The effect of hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle also has a part to play in the variation of iron status measures, which has to be considered while measuring them in a female during her reproductive years.
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Background and Objectives: Sailanur rehm refers (pathological vaginal discharge) refers to the disease entity in which there is flow of infected discharge from uterus. Method: The study is an observational study performed in the Gynae OPD of AKTC, AMU, Aligarh. All the patients were randomly allocated according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Prevalence of Sailanur rehm is seen among 45 patients according to the Socio-economic Status(SES). Results: In the present study most of the patients 36(80%) belong to lower SES, while only 9 (20%) belongs to upper SES. Interpretation and Conclusion: In the present study most of the patients 36(80%) belong to lower SES, while only 9 (20%) belongs to upper SES.
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OBJECTIVES: Few studies have attempted to explain the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and obesity in Korea. Especially the studies on same race with different SES at same time are good for SES influence estimation. The present study highlights the influence of SES of parents on adolescent obesity. The subjects are the same race, but live in different areas, with different SES, Seoul and Yangpung in Korea, and Yanbian in China. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted in Mar-Jun 1996. We carried out anthropometry, 24 hour-recall diet survey, self-reported questionnaire about sociodemographic characteristics and physical activity. For SES indicators, we used income and education of parents. RESULTS: The relationship between SES of parents, defined as educational status, and obesity in boys in Korea and China is direct, but not significant. The relationship is inverse and non-significant among Korean girls. However, for the Korean girls in severe obesity, the relationship is significant. For the Korean-Chinese girls, there is an inverse relationship between the education level and obesity but a direct relationship between the income level of parents and obesity. For the Korean adolescent, there are a direct association between the SES of parents and the nutrients factors such as energy, protein, and fat intake. The energy expenditure of adolescent has no relationship with SES of parents. CONCLUSION: Among boys, the higher the SES, the greater the risk of obese. Among girls in Korea and Korean-Chinese, on the other hand, the lower the educational status of parents, the greater the risk of obese.