Construcción de redes sociales en el lugar de destino: las experiencias de venezolanos, colombianos y españoles en una ciudad intermedia de Chile / Construção de redes sociais no país de destino: as experiências de venezuelanos, colombianos e espanhóis em uma cidade intermediária no Chile / Building social networks in the destination country: experiences of Venezuelans, Colombians and Spaniards in a medium-sized city in Chile

Resumen Se analiza la construcción, por parte de inmigrantes internacionales, de redes sociales en el país de destino, y las características de estas redes según el país de origen. Se estudia el caso de tres colectivos residentes en Chile, utilizando metodología cualitativa basada en entrevistas semiestructuradas, que se analizan mediante análisis narrativo. Los resultados muestran que quienes tienden a incorporarse con mayor rapidez en el lugar de destino, suelen establecer redes de vínculos débiles. Por el contrario, quienes tienen más dificultades para incorporarse en el lugar de destino, o lo hacen solo parcialmente, establecen redes densas más cerradas en lo cultural.

Resumo Este artigo analisa a construção, por imigrantes internacionais, de redes sociais no país de destino e as características dessas redes de acordo com o país de origem. O caso de três grupos residentes no Chile é estudado por meio de um desenho metodológico qualitativo baseado em entrevistas semiestruturadas, que são abordadas a partir da análise sociológica do discurso. Os resultados mostram que aqueles que se incorporam com mais facilidade e rapidez no local de destino tendem a estabelecer redes de vínculos fracos. Ao contrário, aqueles que têm mais dificuldade em se incorporar ao local de destino, ou o fazem apenas parcialmente, tendem a estabelecer redes culturalmente fechadas e coesas.

Abstract This article analyzes international immigrants' construction of social networks in the country of destination, and the characteristics of these networks according to the country of origin. The case of three groups residing in Chile is studied through a qualitative methodological design based on semi-structured interviews, examined by means of narrative analysis. Results show that those who adapt more easily and quickly to the place of destination tend to establish networks with weak ties. Conversely, those who have more difficulties in adapting to the place of destination, or do so only partially, tend to establish closed, tightly-knit cultural networks.

Quality of Life of Type 2 Diabetic Patients attending a Tertiary Hospital in South-South Nigeria

Background: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus affects the quality of life of individuals and their ability to function. It affects the physical, social and mental well-being of patients with immediate and delayed complications.This study determined the quality of life of type 2 diabetic patients attending a tertiary hospital in south-south Nigeria.Methods:This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among type 2 diabetic patients attending the medical outpatient clinic of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital between September and November 2019. Purposive sampling technique was used to select a total of 347 participants for the study following ethical approval. WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was used to measure the QoL of the participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. Descriptive data were presented in frequency distribution tables while summary statistics were done using mean and standard deviation for continuous variables and in proportions for categorical variables. Results:Results revealed that majority of the type 2 diabetic patients were females (53.3%) and between the ages of 51-60 years. 27.2% of them had poor overall QoL with the score of <45% while 65.7% had fair overall QoL with a score of 45-65 %. 7.1% had good overall QoL with a score of ≥65%. Conclusion:Majority of the type 2 diabetic patients had fair QoL while the least had good QoL. There is urgent need for increased health awareness and education of diabetic patients regarding diabetic care.

Incorporación laboral de migrantes sur-sur y sus hijos e hijas en Argentina: intersecciones de género, generaciones y trabajo / Incorporação laboral de migrantes sul-sul e seus filhos na Argentina: interseções de gênero, gerações e trabalho / Labor incorporation of south-south migrants and their sons and daughters in Argentina: intersections of gender, generations and work

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los patrones generales de incorporación laboral de migrantes sur-sur y sus hijos e hijas en Argentina. En primer lugar, detallamos las características de la incorporación laboral de los migrantes y sus hijos en comparación con la población nativa y sus hijos. En segundo lugar, analizamos las formas de la incorporación en los diferentes segmentos laborales de la sociedad argentina. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren una incorporación estructurada por los vectores de género y generaciones. Las generaciones más jóvenes dentro del hogar (hijas e hijos tanto de población nativa como migrante) se incorporan en los segmentos más precarios y esta incorporación interactúa, de manera complementaria, con el género. Las mujeres hijas de hogares migrantes se insertan mayoritariamente en los segmentos más bajos de la estructura laboral mientras que, en el otro extremo, los hombres nativos se incorporan en mayor proporción en los segmentos más altos de la estructura laboral.

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os padrões gerais de incorporação laboral dos migrantes sul-sul e seus filhos e filhas na Argentina. Primeiro, detalhamos as características de incorporação laboral dos migrantes e seus filhos em comparação com a população nativa e seus filhos. Em segundo lugar, analisamos as formas de incorporação nos diferentes segmentos laborais da sociedade argentina. Os resultados obtidos sugerem uma incorporação estruturada pelos vetores de gênero e de gerações. As gerações mais jovens dentro do lar (filhas e filhos tanto da população nativa como da migrante) são incorporadas nos segmentos mais precários e, de forma complementar, esta incorporação interage com o gênero. As mulheres filhas de lares migrantes inserem-se, maiormente, nos segmentos mais baixos da estrutura laboral, enquanto, no outro extremo, os homens nativos incorporam-se nos segmentos mais altos da estrutura laboral.

The objective of this article is to analyze the general patterns of labor incorporation of migrants and children of south-south migrants in Argentina. Firstly, we detailed the characteristics of the labor incorporation of migrants and their children in comparison with the native population and their children. Secondly, we analyzed the forms of incorporation into the different labor segments of Argentine society. The results obtained suggest an incorporation structured by the vectors of gender and generations. The younger generations within the household (daughters and sons of both native and migrant populations) are incorporated into the most precarious segments and in a complementary way, this incorporation interacts with gender. Women who are daughters of migrant households are mostly inserted in the lower segments of the labor structure, while at the other extreme, native men are incorporated in a greater proportion in the higher segments of the labor structure.

Migrações sul-sul: a recente onda de imigrantes zimbabweanos em Tete - Moçambique (2007-2016) / South-south migration: the recent wave of Zimbabwean immigration in Tete − Moçambique (2007-2016) / Migraciones sur-sur: la reciente ola de inmigrantes zimbabuense en Tete − Mozambique (2007-2016)

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a dinâmica das migrações internacionais sul-sul a partir do estudo de caso da recente imigração de zimbabweanos para a província de Tete, Moçambique, historicamente uma região de emigração. Nesse sentido, examinamos as características sociodemográficas desses novos imigrantes, assim como as condições e motivações individuais, familiares e estruturais subjacentes ao fluxo migratório. Para tanto, combinamos dados quantitativos provenientes do Censo moçambicano de 2007 e dos registros de trabalhadores imigrantes da Direção Provincial de Trabalho, Emprego e Segurança Social, com entrevistas semiestruturadas junto aos imigrantes zimbabweanos em Tete. Os resultados indicam uma multiplicidade de fatores que contribuíram para a recente onda de imigração em Tete, com destaque, além das motivações econômicas e de subsistência familiares, para aspectos sociais e culturais relacionados à longa tradição da mobilidade intrarregional na África Austral, facilitada por fronteiras relativamente porosas e fortes laços culturais, linguísticos e de parentesco. Discutimos, também, como a instalação de megaprojetos de mineração com capital brasileiro, em Tete, contribuiu para torná-la atrativa como destino migratório, num contexto em que se assistiam violentas ondas de xenofobia contra imigrantes na África do Sul, principal destino das migrações na região.

This article analyses the dynamics of international South-South migration through the case study of the recent immigration of Zimbabweans to the province of Tete, Mozambique, historically a region of emigration. We examine immigrants' socio-demographic characteristics, as well as the individual, family and structural conditions and motivations underlying this new migration flow. The analysis combines quantitative data from the 2007 Mozambican Census and administrative records for immigrant workers from the Provincial Directorate of Labour, Employment and Social Security, with semi-structured interviews with Zimbabwean immigrants in Tete. The results indicate a multiplicity of factors that contributed to the recent wave of immigration in Tete. In addition to economic and subsistence motivations, social and cultural aspects related to the long tradition of intra-regional mobility in Southern Africa, facilitated by relatively porous borders and strong cultural, linguistic and kinship ties, seem to be important. We also discussed how the installation of mining megaprojects with Brazilian capital in Tete, contributed to its appeal as a migrant destination, in a context in which violent waves of xenophobia against immigrants were occurring in South Africa, the main destination for migrants in the region.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la dinámica de la migración internacional sur-sur a partir del estudio de caso de la reciente inmigración de zimbabuenses a la provincia de Tete, Mozambique, históricamente una región de emigración. En este sentido, examinamos las características sociodemográficas de estos nuevos inmigrantes, así como las condiciones y motivaciones individuales, familiares y estructurales inherentes a este flujo migratorio. Para este fin, combinamos datos cuantitativos del censo de Mozambique de 2007 y registros de trabajadores inmigrantes de la Dirección Provincial de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social, con entrevistas semiestructuradas con inmigrantes zimbabuenses en Tete. Los resultados indican una multiplicidad de factores que contribuyeron a la reciente ola de inmigración en Tete, entre los que se destacan, además de las motivaciones económicas y de subsistencia familiar, aspectos sociales y culturales relacionados con la larga tradición de movilidad intrarregional en el sur de África, facilitada por fronteras relativamente porosas y por fuertes lazos culturales, lingüísticos y de parentesco. También discutimos cómo la instalación de megaproyectos mineros con capital brasileño en Tete contribuyó con su atractivo como destino migratorio, en un contexto en el que se asistía a violentas oleadas de xenofobia contra inmigrantes en Sudáfrica, el principal destino de las migraciones en la región.

The intersection of corruption and gender-based violence: Examining the gendered experiences of sextortion during migration to South Africa

Sextortion, a gendered form of corruption where sexual favours are the means of exchange, frequently occurs during migration.While the consequences of surviving sextortion are devastating, sextortion remains relatively understudied. Hence, this paper explores the experiences of sextortion of African migrants migrating to South Africa. Based on interviews with experts on migration, corruption, and gender in South Africa, this paper answers the research question: "What are the experiences of sextortion for African migrants migrating to South Africa and how are they gendered?". The results confirm irregular, female migrants are most vulnerable to experiencing sextortion both during their journeys and in South Africa. This is alarming as there are various psychical, mental, and sexual health consequences like trauma, STIs, pregnancies, and stigmatisation. These consequences have both short- and long-term consequences and will continue to exist without adjusted policy frameworks, improved support systems for survivors, and a broader discussion on gender norms. (Afr J Reprod Health 2022; 26[6]:45-54).

Instituições Brasileiras de Ensino e Pesquisa na Cooperação Sul-Sul para o Desenvolvimento: ciência, tecnologia e inovação em saúde / Brazilian teaching and research institutions in South-South cooperation for development: science, technology and innovation

Este trabalho possui o objetivo principal de identificar e analisar a relevância da cooperação Sul-Sul, especialmente BRICS, nas atividades científicas e tecnológicas da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Federal Fluminense e Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro nos períodos compreendidos entre 2003 a 2014 e 2015 em diante, utilizando a abordagem quantitativa para a análise dos dados. Como resultados e conclusões, o estabelecimento de parcerias com a cooperação Sul-Sul alcançou o maior crescimento acumulado (330,4%) em comparação ao crescimento acumulado da cooperação Norte-Sul (298,1%). Entre todas as regiões, o maior crescimento acumulado ficou com BRICS (1.650%). Do total de 2.199 parcerias, o Norte Global obteve 1.606 (73%) e o Sul Global 593 (27%). Na variação percentual entre períodos, de 2003 a 2014 a Sul-Sul obteve o maior crescimento (329%), de 2015 em diante sofreu a maior queda, com um crescimento de 130,8%. De 2003 a 2014 a Norte-Sul alcançou um crescimento de 266,7%, caindo para 149,3% em 2015 em diante. Os dados demonstram que apesar do 'Norte Global' ocupar as primeiras posições no número de acordos, os países em desenvolvimento compõem uma parcela importante e crescente dos acordos internacionais das universidades selecionadas. Os acordos com os países BRICS surgiram ou aumentaram quando o Brasil buscou implementar uma política externa autônoma com foco no 'Sul Global' entre 2003 e 2016. No entanto, a partir de 2016, a educação superior brasileira vem sofrendo cortes profundos no financiamento de suas atividades, inclusive diminuindo o crescimento em todas as modalidades de cooperação (Norte e Sul). Para a mudança de ordem internacional, parece fundamental que os países BRICS utilizem os instrumentos financeiros disponíveis para criar e apoiar parcerias de logo prazo direcionadas a produção científica e tecnológica das instituições universitárias. Ressaltamos ainda o caráter urgente e acentuado de incluir as universidades públicas brasileiras em uma política de estado para a ciência e a tecnologia enquanto questão de interesse nacional.

This work has the main objective of identifying and analyzing the relevance of SouthSouth cooperation, especially BRICS, in the scientific and technological activities of the Rio de Janeiro State University, Fluminense Federal University and Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in the periods between 2003 to 2014 and 2015 onwards, using the quantitative approach to data analysis. As results and conclusions, the establishment of partnerships with South-South cooperation reached the highest accumulated growth (330.4%) compared to the accumulated growth of North-South cooperation (298.1%). Among all regions, the highest accumulated growth came from BRICS (1,650%). Of the total of 2,199 partnerships, the 'Global North' obtained 1,606 (73%) and the 'Global South' 593 (27%). In the percentage variation between periods, from 2003 to 2014, South-South had the highest growth (329%), from 2015 onwards it suffered the biggest fall, with a growth of 130.8%. From 2003 to 2014 the North-South reached a growth of 266.7%, falling to 149.3% in 2015 onwards. The data show that despite the 'Global North' occupies the first positions in the number of agreements, developing countries are an important and growing part of the international agreements of the selected universities. Agreements with the BRICS countries emerged or increased when Brazil implemented an autonomous foreign policy focused on the 'Global South' between 2003 and 2016. However, from 2016 onwards, brazilian higher education has been suffering deep cuts in the financing of its activities, including decreasing growth in all cooperation modalities (North and South). To change the international order, it seems essential that the BRICS countries use the financial instruments available to create and support long-term partnerships aimed at the scientific and technological production of university institutions. We also emphasize the urgent nature of including brazilian public universities in a state policy for science and technology as a matter of national interest.

Embedded implementation research determinants in Latin American health systems

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To assess the determinants of embedded implementation research (EIR) conduct in seven Latin American and Caribbean countries. METHODS: This qualitative interpretative study conducted and analyzed 14 semi-structured interviews based on a grounded theory approach using Atlas-ti© 7.5.7. We grouped the conditions appointed by interviewees as determinants of EIR conduct into six domains. RESULTS: The participation of high-level engaged decision makers as research co-producers is an important EIR determinant that fosters research use. Nevertheless, EIR faces challenges such as dealing with key personnel changes and fluctuating political contexts. CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, EIR is effective in creating a sense of ownership of research results among implementers, which helps bridge the gap between research and decision-making in health systems.

Acesso a medicamentos e cooperação Sul-Sul: um estudo de caso de negociação conjunta de preços na América do Sul / Access to medicines and South-South cooperation: a case study on joint drug price negotiations in South America / Acceso a medicamentos y cooperación Sur-Sur: un estudio de caso de negociación conjunta de precios en Suramérica

Resumo: Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a negociação conjunta de preços de medicamentos de alto custo, que iniciou em 2015 nos âmbitos do Mercado Comum do Sul (Mercosul) e da União de Nações Sul-Americanas (Unasul), com a participação da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS). Apresenta-se como um estudo de caso, baseado em pesquisa documental e entrevistas em profundidade, que descreve a primeira etapa presencial do processo de negociação de preços conduzido pelo Comitê Ad Hoc de Negociação de Preços de Medicamentos de Alto Custo (CAHPM) do Mercosul. Tal processo resultou no estabelecimento de preços-teto na região para o darunavir e o sofosbuvir. No caso do darunavir, houve uma redução do preço global do medicamento, inclusive no preço do Fundo Global de Luta Contra aids, Tuberculose e Malária. Conclui-se que a negociação de preços foi bem-sucedida nos casos mencionados, e a participação do Fundo Estratégico da OPAS na compra dos medicamentos agilizou o processo de compra e a disponibilidade destes nos países.

Abstract: This article aims to analyze joint negotiation of prices on high-cost drugs, which began in 2015 in the frameworks of the Southern Common Market (Mercosur) and the Union of South American Nations (USAN), with the participation of the Pan-Americana Health Organization (PAHO). This is a case study based on document research and in-depth interviews, describing the first face-to-face stage in the price negotiations led by the Mercosur Ad Hoc Committee on Drug Price Negotiations. The process resulted in the establishment of price caps in South America for darunavir and sofosbuvir. In the case of darunavir, there was a reduction in the global price, including the price in the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria. In conclusion, price negotiation was successful in the above-mentioned cases, and participation by the PAHO Strategic Fund in the drug purchases streamlined their procurement and their availability in the countries.

Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la negociación conjunta de precios de medicamentos de alto costo, que comenzó en 2015 en los ámbitos del Mercado Común del Sur (Mercosur) y Unión de Naciones Suramericanas (Unasur), con la participación de la Organización Panamericana de Salud (OPAS). Se presenta como un estudio de caso, basado en investigación documental y entrevistas en profundidad, que describe la primera etapa presencial del proceso de negociación de precios, llevado a cabo por el Comité Ad Hoc de Negociación de Precios de Medicamentos del Mercosur. Tal proceso resultó en el establecimiento de precios-techo en la región para el darunavir y el sofosbuvir. En el caso del darunavir, hubo una reducción del precio global del medicamento, incluso en el precio del Fondo Global de Lucha Contra el SIDA, Tuberculosis y Malaria. Se concluye que la negociación de precios fue muy exitosa en los casos mencionados, y la participación del Fondo Estratégico de la OPAS en la compra de los medicamentos agilizó el proceso de compra y la disponibilidad de los mismos en los países.

The Allure of Abdominal Scarification (`UDE`) among the Esan Tribe in South-South Nigeria – A Prospective Analysis

Background:The practice of inflicting cuts (incisions) on the anterior abdominal wall to treat splenomegaly of various causes is a very common one in some parts of Edo State, Nigeria. Such incisions may result in several complications including sepsis (especially inchildren who are the major targets); massive blood loss leading to symptomatic anemia that may require blood transfusions or lead to death and massive keloidal growth as sequelae in some of the patients. This practice is a long-termpractice of the Esan people of the central part of Edo State Nigeria. This study aims to identify the factors that continue to make this practice attractive to members of the community, the common complications encountered, and how to develop an advocacy tool for health education and promote the health-seeking behavior of the populace.Methods:This was a prospective community based cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted in all the 5 Esan speaking local government areas of Edo State where this practice is very common. The study was done between January 2017 and June 2018. Participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire by previously trained researchers, after pretesting and validation. The questionnaire was administered on 700 adults, however, 500 were returned. The data obtained were summarized as frequencies and percentages.Results:The majority of the participants were middle-aged. Ninty-five percent (95%) of respondents were aware of the practice of abdominal scarification and 80% of them think itis effective. It was mainly carried out by herbalists in 95% of the respondents. Half of the respondents were unaware of any complications associated with the procedure. Conclusion:Abdominal scarification is a common practice among the Esan people of south-south Nigeria. They believe it's effective, affordable, and risk-free. This is despite the availability of effective alternatives in orthodox medicine. There is, therefore, a need for advocacy and health education considering the dangers and complications associated with the practice

Relationship between Glycosylated Haemoglobin Levels and Perinatal Outcome among Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria

Background:Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a global health challenge and is known to affect pregnancy adversely. Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level reflect long term glycaemiccontrol and is a more accurate measure than Fasting Plasma Glucose and post prandial plasma glucose level.Aims and Objectives:To determine the levels of HbA1c, perinatal outcomes and the relationship between maternal HbA1c level and perinatal outcomes in women with GDM at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital.Materials and Methods: This was a longitudinal study of 80 pregnant women from 36 weeks of gestation with GDM attending the antenatal clinic of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH). Blood samples from all consenting pregnant women were collected and sent to the Chemical Pathology laboratory to determine the HbA1c level. The blood samples from the babies were also sent to determine the random plasma glucose (RPG) level. A structured proforma was used to obtain socio-demographic characteristics and other information. Data collected was analyzed with SPSS version 22.0.Results:The mean age of the women was 32.58 ± 4.95 years. A total of 57 (71.3%) women with GDM had elevated HbA1c levels (≥ 6.5%). Fetal macrosomia occurred in 17.5%, while 8.8% had birth asphyxia. The perinatal mortality ratio was 1.3%. There was a statistically significant relationship between HbA1c levels and neonatal hypoglycemia and perinatal mortality(p <0.05). Conclusion: Despite the higher proportions of adverse perinatal outcomes occurring among those with elevated HbA1c levels, onlyneonatal hypoglycemia and perinatal mortality were significantly associated with elevated HbA1c

SARS-CoV-2 en América Latina y Caribe: Las tres encrucijadas para el pensamiento crítico en salud / SARS-CoV-2 in Latin America and the Caribbean: The three intersections for critical thinking in health

Resumen Pensar la pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 implica el estudio de dimensiones generales y singulares para el devenir histórico de América Latina y Caribe. De lo individual a lo colectivo, de las ciencias biomédicas a las ciencias sociales y la salud colectiva, de los grupos de riesgos a las sociedades excluyentes y las inequidades constitutivas de la herencia colonial, patriarcal, capitalista moderna en el Estado y las sociedades. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar lo que se denomina las tres encrucijadas para el pensamiento crítico latinoamericano en salud. Buscando analizar y reflexionar sobre los presupuestos y lógicas presentes en la respuesta a la emergencia sanitaria en referencia a: 1. La teoría crítica en salud y sus intersecciones con el pensamiento crítico latinoamericano; 2. las implicancias decoloniales de problematizar el Estado y los sistemas de salud pública, y 3. la geopolítica de la seguridad sanitaria global como hoja de ruta del Norte global. Se esbozan aproximaciones en los riesgos de aceleración del capitalismo del desastre post-pandemia y los caminos alternativos de abordaje de las tensiones creativas en la reconstrucción de procesos emancipatorios para la soberanía sanitaria regional y una Salud desde el Sur.

Abstract Thinking about the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic implies the study of general and unique dimensions for the historical evolution of Latin America and the Caribbean. From the individual to the collective, from biomedical sciences to social sciences and collective health, from risk groups to exclusive societies and the inequities constituting the colonial, patriarchal, modern capitalist heritage in the State and societies. The objective of this article is to review what are called the three intersections for Latin American critical health thinking. Seeking to analyze and reflect on the assumptions and logic present in the responses to the health emergency with reference to: 1. Critical health theory and its intersections with Latin American critical thinking; 2. The decolonial implications of problematizing the State and public health systems; and 3. The geopolitics of global health security as a roadmap for the global North. They outline approaches on the risks of capitalism's acceleration of the post-pandemic disaster and the alternative ways of addressing creative tensions in the reconstruction of emancipatory processes for regional health sovereignty and Health from the South.

Strategy for the South-South cooperation on schistosomiasis control under the Belt and Road Initiative / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Following the concerted efforts for nearly 70 years, great successes have been achieved in the national schistosomiasis control programme in China. Currently, the national schistosomiasis control programme in China is facing the challenges to solve the problems during the“final mile”stage towards schistosomiasis elimination, and contribute Chinese experiences, Chinese strategy and Chinese wisdom to the global schistosomiasis control programmes, so as to facilitate the transformation of the joint efforts in the Belt and Road Initiative to a high-quality development, thereby well supporting the activities on global health security. This paper analyzes the current global status of schistosomiasis and the challenges of the global schistosomiasis control programmes, describes the basis for the cooperation on schistosomiasis control among the countries along the Belt and Road Initiative, illustrates the challenges for translation of Chinese experiences and techniques in schistosomiasis control to other diseaseendemic countries, and proposes the patterns and prospects of the South-South cooperation on schistosomiasis control under the Belt and Road Initiative.

Migración sur-sur y desigualdad: alteraciones en la incorporación laboral de migrantes peruanos en la Ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina, 2001-2010 / South-South migration and inequality: alterations in the labor incorporation of peruvian migrants in the City of Córdoba, Argentina, 2001-2010

Resumen Objetivo: analizar la incorporación laboral de los migrantes peruanos en la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina, en el periodo 2001-2010. Métodos: Se realiza análisis estadístico descriptivo en la primera fase y análisis de correspondencias múltiples en la segunda fase (ACM), ambos en perspectiva comparada con la población nativa. Resultados: los hombres aumentan la participación en la industria, tanto los nativos como los migrantes. Sin embargo, en mayor magnitud para los hombres peruanos. Las mujeres nativas ven poco alterada su estructura ocupacional en el periodo. Para las mujeres nacidas en Perú el movimiento hacia el sector de la industria también se aprecia. Sin embargo, el rasgo más destacable para este grupo es la desconcentración de la categoría más frecuente: el trabajo doméstico, en un proceso que va en dirección a diversificar el espectro de ocupaciones. Conclusiones: en relación a los migrantes peruanos, el clivaje de género presenta estabilidad como un mecanismo que explica las inserciones diferenciales, donde las mujeres persisten en ocupaciones específicas en el periodo considerado. Esto apoya la hipótesis de una incorporación segmentada para las mujeres. Sin embargo, también se observa una variación, ya que aunque la categoría más frecuente sea el trabajo doméstico en ambos momentos censales, la menor proporción de ellas allí empleadas en el 2010, indica que otras ocupaciones adquieren relevancia. En el caso de los hombres el principal rasgo es el trasvase hacia la industria.

Abstract Objective: to analyze the labor incorporation of Peruvian migrants in the city of Córdoba, Argentina, in the period 2001-2010. Methods: We use descriptive statistical analysis in the first step and analysis of multiple correspondences in the second step (MCA), both in comparative perspective with the native population. Results: men increase participation in the industry, both natives and migrants. However, the magnitude is greater for Peruvian men. For native women, the change in the occupational structure is small. For women born in Peru the movement towards the industry sector is also appreciated. However, the most remarkable feature for this group is the scattering of the most frequent category: domestic work, in a process that goes in the direction of diversifying the spectrum of occupations. Conclusions: in relation to Peruvian migrants, gender cleavage presents stability as a mechanism that explains differential incorporation, where women persist in specific occupations in the period considered. This supports the hypothesis of a segmented incorporation for women. However, there is also a variation, since although the most frequent category is domestic work in both census periods, the lower proportion of them employed there in 2010 indicates that other occupations acquire relevance. In the case of men, the main feature is the transfer to industry.

A importância da cooperação sul-sul em saúde no processo de implantação da Rede Latino-americana de Banco de Leite Humano / The importance of health cooperation in the implementation process of the Latin American Human Milk Bank Network / La importancia de la cooperación en salud en el proceso de implantación de la RedLatinoamericana de Banco de Leche Humana

Objetivo: Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a importância do modelo de cooperação sul-sul para a implantação da Rede Latino-americana de Banco de Leite Humano e as ações desempenhadas pelo Brasil neste processo de implantação. Metodologia: Tratou-se de uma pesquisa com a utilização da análise bibliográfica e documental, para a compreensão da cooperação estruturante. Sendo realizada a busca nas bases de dados do SciELO, e LILACS, e no site da Rede Global de Banco de Leite da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Foram selecionados 10 artigos e cinco documentos oficiais. Resultados: Percebe-se que a trajetória de cooperação entre os países teve sua construção marcada por eventos e acordos, que permitiram a estruturação da Rede Global de Leite Humano, maior articuladora para o sucesso da política pública em amamentação no Brasil, enfrentando da mortalidade infantil, e afirmando o protagonismo feminino que movimenta todas as ações que cooperam para a redução da mortalidade infantil. Conclusão: A estratégia mantém um perfil solidário entre os países pactuados, pois o objetivo de redução da mortalidade é enfrentado como experiência exitosa

Objective: This study aims to analyze the importance of the South-South cooperation model for the implementation of the Latin American Network of Human Milk Bank and the actions carried out by Brazil in this implementation process. Methodology: It is a research with the use of bibliographical and documentary analysis, for the understanding of structuring cooperation. The search was carried out in the databases of Scielo, and LILACS, and in the website of the Global Network of Milk Bank of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. We selected 10 articles and five official documents. Results: It is noticed that the cooperation path between the countries was built by events and agreements, which allowed the structuring of the Global Network of Human Milk, the main articulator for the success of the public policy on breastfeeding in Brazil, facing infant mortality, and affirming the female protagonism that moves all actions that cooperate to reduce infant mortality. Conclusion: The strategy maintains a solidarity profile between the agreedments countries, because the objective of mortality decrease is confronting as a successful experience

Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la importancia del modelo de cooperación sur-sur para la implantación de la Red Latinoamericana de Banco de Leche Humana y las acciones desempeñadas por Brasil en este proceso de implantación. Metodología: Se trata de una investigación con la utilización del análisis bibliográfico y documental, para la comprensión de la cooperación estructurante. Se realizó la búsqueda en las bases de datos de Scielo, y LILACS, y en el sitio de la Red Global de Banco de Leche de la Fundación Oswaldo Cruz. Se seleccionaron 10 artículos y cinco documentos oficiales. Resultados: Se percibe que la trayectoria de cooperación entre los países tuvo su construcción marcada por eventos y acuerdos, que permitieron la estructuración de la Red Global de Leche Humana, mayor articuladora para el éxito de la política pública en lactancia en Brasil, enfrentándose a la mortalidad infantil, y afirmando el protagonismo femenino que mueve todas las acciones que cooperan para la reducción de la mortalidad infantil. Conclusión: La estrategia mantiene un solidario perfil entre los países pactados, porque el objetivo de reducir la mortalidad se enfrentado como una experiencia exitosa.

O Instituto Sul-Americano de Governo em Saúde e a Cooperação Sul-Sul

A globalização ampliou a interdependência entre países e exige dosEstados nação adaptar suas políticas domésticas à realidade internacional, poiscada vez mais problemas internos não podem ser solucionados integralmentesem a cooperação com outras nações e outros agentes. Na saúde, esta novanoção de interdependência nas relações internacionais e necessidade decooperação entre atores ativos na política internacional são evidenciadas com ocrescente número de instituições, de regimes internacionais e de organizaçõesinternacionais criadas nas últimas décadas. Na América do Sul, em contexto demudanças políticas e governos democráticos, foi criada em 2008 a União deNações Sul-Americanas (Unasul). Reconhecendo o lugar de destaque que asaúde vem alcançando na política externa dos países e nas agendasinternacionais, o segundo conselho ministerial setorial a ser constituído peloschefes de Estado da Unasul foi o Conselho de Saúde Sul-Americano. Um dosprodutos mais concretos deste Conselho foi a criação do Instituto Sul-Americanode Governo em Saúde (Isags). Esta dissertação teve por objetivo examinar oprocesso de institucionalização do ISAGS no período de 2011 a 2015, analisara sua atuação a partir da perspectiva da cooperação Sul-Sul, e identificar osdesafios para sua sustentabilidade. Trata-se de um estudo de caso a partir deduas estratégias principais de coleta de dados e fontes de informação: análisedocumental e entrevistas com atores-chave. Foram realizadas 16 entrevistascom informantes-chave de nove dos doze países membros do Conselho deSaúde Sul-americano e analisados documentos deste conselho e do Isags...

Globalization has increased interdependence between countries and hasrequired nation states to adapt internal policies to international reality since, allthe time more, internal problems cannot be entirely resolved without cooperationwith other nations or actors. In the field of health, this new idea ofinterdependence in international relations and the need for cooperation betweenactive actors in international policies are demonstrated by the increasing numberof institutions, international regimes and international organizations created overthe past few decades. At the beginning of the 2000s, in a context of politicalchanges and democratic governments in South America, the Union of SouthAmerican Nations (Unasur) was created. In recognition of the important role thathealth had been gaining in external policies and international agendas of severalcountries, the second Ministerial Sectorial Council formed by the Heads of Stateof UNASUR was the South American Health Council. One of the most concreteoutcomes of this Council was the creation of the South American Institute ofGovernment in Health (ISAGS). This study aims to to examine the process ofinstitutionalization of ISAGS in the period from 2011 to 2015, Analyze itsperformance from the perspective of South-South cooperation, and identify thechallenges for its sustainability. This is a case study, which uses two mainstrategies for the choice of information sources and data collection: documentanalysis and interviews with key actors. Sixteen interviews were conducted withkey informants from nine of the twelve member countries of the South AmericanHealth Council and documents from this council and Isags were analyzed...

South-South cooperation in health: bringing in theory, politics, history, and social justice / A cooperação Sul-Sul em saúde: trazendo perspectivas teóricas, políticas, históricas e de justiça social / Cooperación Sur-Sur en salud: aportando perspectivas teóricas, políticas, históricas y de justicia social

Abstract: Since the mid-2000s, the practice of South-South cooperation in health (SSC) has attracted growing attention among policymakers, health and foreign affairs ministries, global health agencies, and scholars from a range of fields. But the South-South label elucidates little about the actual content of the cooperation and conflates the "where" with the "who, what, how, and why". While there have been some attempts to theorize global health diplomacy and South-South cooperation generally, these efforts do not sufficiently distinguish among the different kinds of practices and political values that fall under the South-South rubric, ranging from economic and geopolitical interests to social justice forms of solidarity. In the spirit of deepening theoretical, historical, and social justice analyses of SSC, this article: (1) critically revisits international relations theories that seek to explain SSC, exploring Marxian and other heterodox theories ignored in the mainstream literature; (2) traces the historical provenance of a variety of forms of SSC; and (3) introduces the concept of social justice-oriented South-South.

Resumo: Desde meados da primeira década do século XXI, a cooperação Sul-Sul em saúde (CSS) vem atraindo cada vez mais atenção entre gestores, ministérios da saúde e das relações exteriores, agências de saúde global, e pesquisadores de diversas disciplinas. Não obstante, o uso do termo "Sul-Sul" para caracterizar essa prática explica pouco sobre o conteúdo da cooperação, além de misturar o "onde?" com o "quem, quê, como e por quê?". Já houve algumas tentativas de teorizar a diplomacia da saúde global e a cooperação Sul-Sul geralmente, mas esses esforços têm sido insuficientes no sentido de distinguir as diversas práticas e valores políticos sob a rubrica Sul- Sul, desde os intereses econômicos e geopolíticos até a solidariedade e a justiça social. No espírito de aprofundar as análises políticas, teóricas, históricas, e de justiça social nas discussões sobre a CSS, o artigo: (1) revisita criticamente as teorias de relações internacionais que podem explicar a CSS, explorando teorias en la tradição Marxista e heterodoxas ignoradas na literatura convencional; (2) identifica as origens históricas das diferentes formas dessa cooperação; e (3) introduz o conceito da cooperação Sul-Sul orientada a la justiça social.

Resumen: Desde mediados de los años 2000, la práctica de la cooperación Sur-Sur en salud (CSS) ha recibido una creciente atención entre formuladores de políticas, ministerios de salud y de asuntos exteriores, organismos internacionales de salud y académicos provenientes de un gran abanico de campos científicos. Sin embargo, la denominación cooperación Sur-Sur poco dilucida acerca del contenido real de la cooperación y mezcla el "dónde" con el "quién, qué, cómo, y el por qué". A pesar de que han habido algunos intentos de teorizar sobre la diplomacia en la salud global y la cooperación Sur-Sur en general, estos esfuerzos no han identificado de manera suficiente los distintos tipos de prácticas y los diferentes valores políticos que caen en la rúbrica de CSS, y que incluyen desde los intereses económicos y geopolíticos hasta las formas de solidaridad fieles a la justicia social. Con el ánimo de ahondar en los análisis políticos, teóricos, históricos y de justicia social de la CSS, este artículo: (1) vuelve a examinar críticamente las teorías sobre las relaciones internacionales que intentan explicar la CSS, explorando teorías en la tradición Marxista y otras teorías heterodoxas, que han sido ignoradas en la literatura convencional; (2) rastrea los orígenes históricos de distintas formas de CSS; y (3) presenta el concepto de cooperación Sur-Sur orientada por la justicia social.

A translação do conhecimento no âmbito da cooperação internacional: a experiência da Fiocruz em incorporação de tecnologias em saúde no Haiti / The translation of knowledge in the ambit of international cooperation: the experience of Fiocruz in introducing health technologies to Haiti

Para examinar o debate sobre cooperação internacional Sul-Sul, realizou-se uma análise do curso de Gestão dos Recursos Físicos e Tecnológicos em Saúde no Haiti, parceria Fiocruz e ministérios da Saúde do Brasil e do Haiti, que teve como finalidade construir viabilidade para o funcionamento das unidades construídas pelo Brasil, contribuindo para a sustentabilidade do projeto de cooperação tripartite. O formato adotado pelo curso, de formulação de projetos de intervenção para superar problemas reais identificados pelos alunos, possibilitou a construção de oito pré-projetos de intervenção, voltados para superação de problemas de gestão nos hospitais comunitários de referência construídos pelo Brasil no Haiti.

To investigate the debate about South-South cooperation, we conducted an analysis of a course on the Management of Physical and Technological Resources in Health given in Haiti as part of a partnership between Fiocruz and the Brazilian and Haitian ministries of health with the aim of enabling the functioning of the units built by Brazil, contributing to the sustainability of the tripartite cooperation project. The course format – designing interventions to overcome real problems identified by the students – resulted in the development of eight intervention pre-projects geared towards overcoming management problems at the reference community hospitals built by Brazil in Haiti.

Cooperação internacional em saúde: o caso da Fiocruz / International cooperation in health: the case of Fiocruz

O artigo revisa a trajetória da cooperação internacional considerando os ajustes feitos a partir das principais conferências internacionais sobre o assunto (Buenos Aires, 1978; Roma, 2003; Paris, 2005; Acra, 2008; e Busan, 2011). Alinha essas novas orientações com as práticas que a Fiocruz vem adotando, como “cooperação estruturante em saúde”, uma abordagem diplomática que inclui diversos elementos sugeridos nas reuniões internacionais mencionadas, orientada ao apoio dos sistemas de saúde como um todo, não exclusivamente a doenças ou problemas de saúde, assumindo a saúde em seus determinantes biológicos, sociais e ambientais.

This article reviews the trajectory of international cooperation in the light of the adjustments made at the leading international conferences on the topic (Buenos Aires, 1978; Rome, 2003; Paris, 2005; Accra, 2008; and Busan, 2011). This article aligns these new approaches with the practices Fiocruz has adopted, such as “structural cooperation in health,” namely a diplomatic approach that includes various aspects raised at the aforementioned international conferences oriented towards supporting health systems as a whole. The new approach does not focus exclusively on specific diseases or health issues and addresses health from the perspective of its biological, social and environmental determinants.

A Unasul na Assembleia Mundial da Saúde: posicionamentos comuns do Conselho de Saúde Sul-Americano / Unasur in the World Health Assembly: common positions of the South American Health Council

A União de Nações Sul-Americanas (Unasul), criada em 2008, pretende fortalecer a identidade sul-americana e reduzir inequidades regionais. Com a criação de conselho específico, a saúde ganha destaque como área estratégica. O artigo discute a atuação do Conselho de Saúde da Unasul na Assembleia Mundial da Saúde (AMS), a partir da análise dos posicionamentos comuns do bloco de 2010 a 2014. No período analisado, a Unasul apresentou posições comuns referentes a 26 Resoluções. A atuação da Unasul na AMS ao longo dos últimos cinco anos dá visibilidade ao processo de integração regional na América do Sul e fortalece a própria Unasul como um player na agenda global da saúde.

The Union of the South American Nations (Unasur), created in 2008, aims to strengthen the South American identity and reduce regional inequities. With the creation of specific council, health is highlighted as strategic area. The article discusses the performance of the Unasur Health Council in the World Health Assembly (WHA), from the analysis of the common positions of the bloc from 2010 to 2014. In the analyzed period, Unasur has presented common positions regarding to 26 Resolutions. Unasur actuation in the WHA over the last five years brings visibility to the regional integration process in South America and strengthens Unasur as a player in the global health agenda.

South-South Cooperation: Brazilian experiences in South America and Africa / Cooperação Sul-Sul: experiências brasileiras na América do Sul e na África

Over recent years Brazil has played an increasingly active role internationally, the result of its model of integration and its foreign policy directives. The health sector is a valuable and strategic area for Brazilian technical cooperation to achieve various objectives, including its development goals. This article describes the main directives of Brazilian foreign policy, conceptually defining and characterizing South-South Cooperation, illustrated through an analysis of two Brazilian technical cooperation initiatives in healthcare: one in South America, the other in Africa. The study concludes that, irrespective of the interests and power asymmetries existing in South-South Cooperation, the objectives of this cooperation were achieved through the technical work.

Nos últimos anos, o Brasil foi ativo no âmbito internacional, tanto por seu modelo de inserção como pelas diretrizes de política externa. O setor saúde é uma ferramenta valiosa e estratégica utilizada pela cooperação técnica brasileira para lograr seus objetivos de desenvolvimento. Este artigo descreve as principais diretrizes de política externa brasileira, conceitua e caracteriza a Cooperação Sul-Sul, ilustrada mediante análise de duas iniciativas de cooperação técnica em saúde do Brasil: na América do Sul e na África. O estudo conclui que, independentemente dos interesses e das assimetrias de poder que existem na Cooperação Sul-Sul, os objetivos dessa cooperação foram alcançados por meio do trabalho técnico.