Study of anxiety in patients with glaucoma undergoing standard automated perimetry and optical coherence tomography - A prospective comparative study

Purpose: To compare the anxiety levels related to visual field testing and optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with glaucoma. Methods: This prospective, comparative study was conducted on patients with glaucoma. The participants’ anxiety traits were assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI]. Before visual field testing on Humphrey visual field analyzer (HVF) and retinal nerve fiber analysis on OCT, the participants completed Form Y1 to measure the current pretest level or ‘State’ anxiety [pretest anxiety]. Immediately after testing, participants were administered the Form Y1 questionnaire to assess the induced anxiety level during the testing [Intratest anxiety]. Results: A total of 228 patients were enrolled with 152 participants in the HVF group and 76 in the OCT group. The mean age of the participants in the HVF group was 57.2 ± 20.8 years and in the OCT group was 56.8 ± 20 years. There was no significant difference in trait and pretest anxiety between the HVF group and the OCT group (P = 0.971 and P = 0.716). Intratest test anxiety score was slightly higher in the HVF group (HVF: 42.13 ± 10.63, OCT: 40.71 ± 9.76; P = 0.33). The anxiety scores were higher when the experience of previous HVF tests was <2 and least when the number of tests exceeded five. Conclusion: Automated perimetry induces slightly more anxiety than OCT, which may affect test performance. The measured anxiety reduces as patients gain familiarity with the test with experience. This adds credence to the recommendation of more frequent visual field testing in newly diagnosed glaucoma patients

The relation between preoperative anxiety and awareness during anesthesia: an observational study / Relação entre ansiedade pré-operatória e consciência durante a anestesia: estudo observacional

Abstract Background: Anxiety is a state of worry caused by the anticipation of external or internal danger. Awareness During Anesthesia (ADA) is an unexpected memory recall during anesthesia. In this study, we aimed to determine the factors that affect preoperative anxiety and observe the incidence of ADA, as well as to determine the anxiety levels of these patients with a history of ADA. Methods: This study was planned to be prospective, observational, and cross-sectional. Patients in whom septoplasty was planned, who was admitted to the anesthesiology outpatients between March 2018 and September 2018, were ASA I-II, and aged 18-70 years were included in the study. The demographic characteristics of patients were recorded. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to determine anxiety during a preoperative evaluation. The modified Brice awareness score was used simultaneously to determine previous ADA. Results: The anxiety scores of patients who were conscious during anesthesia were higher than other patients. The mean STAI score was 40.85 ± 14.8 in the 799 patients who met the inclusion criteria of this study. When the anxiety scores were compared, the scores were higher in females than in males (p < 0.05). The mean STAI score was found as 40.3 ± 13.8 in patients who dreamed during anesthesia. Conclusion: It is important to determine the anxiety levels of patients in the preoperative period to prevent the associated complications. Preoperative anxiety, besides preventing ADA, should be dealt with in a multidisciplinary manner. ADA should be carefully questioned while evaluating previous anesthesia experiences.

Resumo Justificativa: A ansiedade é um estado de preocupação causado pela expectativa de perigo externo ou interno. Consciência durante a anestesia (CDA) é a evocação imprevista da memória de eventos intranestésicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os fatores que afetam a ansiedade pré-operatória, a incidência de CDA e os níveis de ansiedade nos pacientes com antecedente de CDA. Método: O estudo foi planificado como prospectivo, observacional e transversal. Foram incluídos no estudo pacientes programados para septoplastia eletiva, admitidos ao ambulatório de anestesiologia entre Março de 2018 e Setembro de 2018, com classe funcional ASA I-II e faixa etária entre 18 e 70 anos. As características demográficas dos pacientes foram registradas. O Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado (IDATE) foi utilizado para determinar a ansiedade durante a avaliação pré-operatória. Simultaneamente, o escore de consciência de Brice modificado foi usado para determinar CDA anterior. Resultados: Os escores de ansiedade dos pacientes que apresentaram CDA foram mais elevados do que de outros pacientes. A pontuação média do IDATE foi 40,85±14,8 nos 799 pacientes que obedeceram aos critérios de inclusão do estudo. Quando os escores de ansiedade foram comparados, foram maiores no sexo feminino do que no masculino (p < 0,05). O escore médio do IDATE encontrado foi 40,3±13,8 nos pacientes que relataram sonhos durante a anestesia. Conclusão: É importante determinar no pré-operatório os níveis de ansiedade dos pacientes para evitar as complicações associadas. Ansiedade pré-operatória e a prevenção de CDA devem ser tratadas com abordagem multiprofissional. A CDA deve ser cuidadosamente investigada, avaliando-se as experiências vividas pelo paciente em anestesias pregressas.

Chronotype and anxiety are associated in patients with chronic primary insomnia

Objective: To assess the interaction of chronotype with anxiety in patients with chronic primary insomnia. Methods: Sixty-four patients (50 women) with mean age 43.9±8.1 years were investigated with the Horne and Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Results: Significant negative correlations of chronotype-MEQ score with STAI state-anxiety (r = -0.40, p < 0.05), STAI trait-anxiety (r = -0.40, p < 0.05), and STAI pre-sleep state anxiety (r = -0.30, p < 0.05) were observed. Eveningness preference was associated with higher trait, state, and pre-sleep state anxiety. Conclusions: These results suggest that chronotype may be an important parameter to identifying the origin and significance of a vicious anxiety-insomnia-depression cycle in patients with chronic primary insomnia.

Anxiety before dental surgery under local anesthesia: reducing the items on state anxiety in the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-form X

BACKGROUND: It is important to evaluate preoperative anxiety and prepare sedation when performing dental surgery under local anesthesia. Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is useful for predicting preoperative anxiety. State anxiety is defined as a subjective feeling of nervousness. Reduction in the number of the state anxiety items (questions) will be clinically important in allowing us to predict anxiety more easily. METHODS: We analyzed the STAI responses from 1,252 patients who visited our institution to undergo dental surgery under local anesthesia. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted for 9 groups comprising anxiety level determinations using the STAI; we then developed a coefficient of determination and a regression formula. We searched for a group satisfying the largest number of requirements for regression expression while setting any necessary conditions for accurately predicting anxiety before dental surgery under local anesthesia. RESULTS: The regression expression from the group determined as normal for preoperative state anxiety was deemed the most suitable for predicting preoperative anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: It was possible to reduce the number of items in the STAI by focusing on “Preoperative anxiety before dental surgery.”

Knowledge,attitude and anxiety pertaining to basic life support and medical emergencies among dental interns in Mangalore City,India / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

BACKGROUND:This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and anxiety pertaining to basic life support (BLS) and medical emergencies among interns in dental colleges of Mangalore city, Karnataka, India. METHODS:The study subjects comprised of interns who volunteered from the four dental col eges. The knowledge and attitude of interns were assessed using a 30-item questionnaire prepared based on the Basic Life Support Manual from American Heart Association and the anxiety of interns pertaining to BLS and medical emergencies were assessed using a State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Questionnaire. Chi-square test was performed on SPSS 21.0 (IBM Statistics, 2012) to determine statistical y significant differences (P<0.05) between assessed knowledge and anxiety. RESULTS:Out of 183 interns, 39.89％ had below average knowledge. A total of 123 (67.21％) reported unavailability of professional training. The majority (180, 98.36％) felt the urgent need of training in basic life support procedures. Assessment of stress showed a total of 27.1％ participants to be above high-stress level. Comparison of assessed knowledge and stress was found to be insignificant (P=0.983). CONCLUSION:There was an evident lack of knowledge pertaining to the management of medical emergencies among the interns. As oral health care providers moving out to the society, a focus should be placed on the training of dental interns with respect to Basic Life Support procedures.

The Impact of Patients with Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo on State-Trait Anxiety / 听力学及言语疾病杂志

Objective To investigate the anxiety condition of patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and the relationship among the different genders, ages and education levels and anxiety.Methods The general information and a history of 58 patients diagnosed as BPPV were studied.State-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) was adopted to 58 cases of BPPV and compared with the Chinese standard norm.SPSS 19.0 software was used to analyze the data.Results There was no significant difference in trait anxiety (T-AI) score (Pm:0.539;Pf:0.924) between male and female patients with BPPV and the 1998 Chinese male and female norm.The S-AI scores were significantly higher in male and female BPPV patients than that in Chinese men and women norm scores (Pm:0.033;Pf:0.01).There was no significant difference in trait anxiety (T-AI) score (P:0.674;P:0.349;P:0.077) between patients with different genders, ages and education levels.There was significant difference in state anxiety (S-AI) score (P:0.046;P:0.02;P:0.035) between patients with different genders, ages and education levels.The anxiety degrees of BPPV in man, elderly people, higher degree of education were higher than those of in woman, young and middle-age, lower degree of education.Conclusion The patients with BPPV have anxiety condition, but there is no obvious anxiety potential in T-AI.The anxiety degree of BPPV in man, elderly people, higher degree of education was higher than those of in woman, young and middle-age, lower degree of education.Therefore, the correct psychological assessment and psychological intervention were required throughout the whole course of BPPV treatment and rehabilitation.

Asociación entre la ansiedad materna y el parto pretérmino en Lima, Perú / Association between maternal anxiety and preterm delivery in Lima, Peru

Introducción: el parto pretérmino se define como el parto antes de las 37 semanas. Se han establecido diversos factores desencadenantes, entre los cuales se encuentra la ansiedad. En Perú se han realizado pocos estudios en relación con el tema. Objetivo: determinar la asociación entre la ansiedad materna durante el tercer trimestre de embarazo y el desarrollo de parto pretérmino. Métodos: estudio de tipo cohorte prospectiva realizado en un hospital público de Lima-Perú, que incluyó a 247 gestantes (enero de 2014 a enero de 2015). Se evaluó a gestantes entre las semanas 28 y 35 de embarazo, durante la visita prenatal. Los datos perinatales se obtuvieron del libro de partos y de la historia clínica materna. El instrumento utilizado para medir la ansiedad fue la encuesta State Trait Anxiety Inventori (STAI). El análisis de datos se realizó mediante STATA versión 11.1. Resultados: la mediana de edad de las participantes fue 27, 68,1 por ciento fueron convivientes y 58 por ciento tuvieron secundaria completa. Se encontró una incidencia de parto pretérmino de 11,6 por ciento. En el análisis multivariado ajustado, se encontró un riesgo relativo de 1,23 (IC 95 por ciento: 0,57-2,65) para ansiedad de estado y un riesgo relativo de 0,97 (IC 95 por ciento: 0,45-2,06) para ansiedad de rasgo. En el análisis bivariado se encontró una asociación significativa con preeclampsia. Conclusión: Se recomienda realizar más estudios longitudinales para establecer mejor la asociación ansiedad materna - parto pretérmino(AU)

Introduction: preterm delivery is defined as delivery before 37 weeks of gestational age. Several triggering factors have been established, anxiety being one of them. Few studies on the subject have been conducted in Peru. Objective: determine the association between maternal anxiety during the third trimester of pregnancy and preterm delivery. Methods: a prospective cohort study was conducted at a public hospital in Lima, Peru, from January 2014 to January 2015. The study sample consisted of 247 pregnant women of 28-35 weeks of pregnancy. Evaluation was performed during prenatal visits. Perinatal data were obtained from the labor and delivery registry and the patients' medical records. The tool used to measure anxiety was the survey State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Data were analyzed with STATA version 11,1. Results: mean age of participants was 27 years; 68,1 percent cohabitated with their partners, and 58 percent had completed high school. Preterm delivery had an incidence of 11,6 percent. Adjusted multivariate analysis revealed a relative risk of 1,23 (95 percent CI 0,57-2,65) for state anxiety and ,.97 (95 percent CI 0,45-2,06) for trait anxiety. Bivariate analysis found a significant association with preeclampsia. Conclusion: anxiety during the third trimester of pregnancy was found to be a risk factor for preterm delivery. It is recommended to perform other longitudinal studies to more clearly determine the association between maternal anxiety and preterm delivery(AU)

The Influence of Olfactory Stimulation by Essential Oils on Salivary Alpha-Amylase Activity and State Anxiety Level / 日本補完代替医療学会誌

It is considered that olfactory stimulation by fragrance inhalation is one of the methods of relaxation. We examined the possibility by using fragrance inhalation essential oils, such as sweet orange oil and peppermint oil. We measured salivary alpha-amylase activity and state anxiety levels in undergraduate students before and after inhalation. Salivary alpha-amylase activity levels have been utilized to assess the sympathetic nervous activity.<br> Our results indicate that both salivary alpha-amylase activity and state anxiety levels are significantly reduced after fragrance inhalation of the sweet orange oil. Consequently, our research suggests that sweet orange essential oil has a relaxation effect.<br>

Sedative methods used during extraction of wisdom teeth in patients with a high level of dental anxiety

INTRODUCTION: Intravenous sedation is performed to ensure smooth and safe surgery. Dental anxiety is a reaction to an unknown danger. The Spielberger's state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) can be used to simultaneously evaluate the levels of state and trait anxiety. State anxiety is defined as subjective feelings of nervousness. This study assessed the presurgical anxiety using STAI and performed intravenous sedation for patients whose level of state anxiety was > stage IV. Based on our clinical experience, it is believed that higher doses of sedatives are needed to induce the desired levels of sedation in patients with a high level of state anxiety. OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether the sedative consumption of the patient with a high anxiety level increased. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with state anxiety scores of > or =51 were included in Group V, and those with state anxiety scores ranging from 42 to 50 were placed in Group IV. To induce sedation, intravenous access was established, and a bolus dose of 3.0 mg midazolam was administered intravenously. Sedation was maintained by administering a continuous infusion of propofol, which was aimed at achieving an Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale of 10-12/20. In this study, midazolam was initially administered when the body movements appeared to occur or the blood pressure increased. This was followed by the administration of higher doses of propofol if low sedation was observed. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the patient demographics, duration of sedation, and doses of local anaesthetic agents between Groups IV and V. The midazolam dose and mean propofol dose needed to maintain comparable levels of sedation were significantly higher in Group V than in Group IV. CONCLUSION: In female patients, whose level of preoperative state anxiety is more than Stage V of STAI, a large quantity of sedatives is needed for intravenous sedation.

Ansiedade dos estudantes diante da expectativa do exame vestibular / La ansiedad de los estudiantes ante la expectativa del examen de ingresso a la universidad / The anxiety of students at the expectation of attending colleges' entrance examination

O presente estudo investigou a ansiedade dos jovens estudantes de escolas particulares de um estado do Brasil em relação ao exame vestibular. A amostra foi composta por 124 estudantes do ensino médio participantes do vestibular seriado PISM (Processo de Ingresso Seletivo Misto), sendo 66 do gênero feminino e 58 do gênero masculino, 69 alunos do 1º ano do ensino médio e 55 do 3º ano. Os estudantes responderam a um questionário socio-demográfico e ao Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado (IDATE) na suas próprias salas de aula. Foi observada uma diferença significativa quanto ao gênero (p=0,036) sendo que foi encontrado um maior nível de ansiedade-estado nas mulheres do 1º ano comparativamente aos rapazes do 1ºano (p=0,004). O mesmo resultado foi encontrado com relação a ansiedade-traço: moças do 1º ano são mais ansiosas do que rapazes do 1º ano (p=0,000).

This study investigated the anxiety of private schools students at the expectation of attending colleges' entrance examination in one Brazilian state. The sample consisted of 124 high school students participating in the PISM series of examination (Joint Selective Admission Process). They were 66 females and 58 males, 69 students from the 1st year and 55 from the 3rd year. Students answered a sociodemographic questionnaire and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory in their respective classrooms. A significant difference regarding gender (p=0.036) was found, women from the 1st year presented higher levels of state-anxiety compared to men from the 1st year (p=0.004). The same result was found with respect to the trait-anxiety, women from the 1st year were more anxious than men from the 1st year (p=0.000).

Este estudio investigo la ansiedad de los estudiantes en las escuelas privadas en un estado de Brasil en el examen de ingreso. La muestra fuese compuesta de 124 estudiantes de la escuela secundaria participantes del PISM (Proceso de Admision Comun), siendo 66 mujeres e 58 hombres, 69 alumnos del 1er ano de escuela secundaria y 55 del 3er ano. Los estudiantes respondieron a un cuestionario socio-demografico y al Inventario de Ansiedad Rasgo-Estado (IDATE), en sus propias aulas. Hubo una diferencia significativa en relacion con el genero (p=0,036) que se encontro un mayor nivel de ansiedad estado en el 1er ano de las mujeres en comparacion con los hombres del 1er ano (p = 0,004). El mismo resultado se encontro con respecto a la ansiedad-rasgo: las mujeres de 1er ano son mas ansiosas que los hombres del 1er ano (p=0,000).

Availability of preoperative anxiety scale as a predictive factor for hemodynamic changes during induction of anesthesia / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: The current study evaluated whether the level of preoperative anxiety assessed by the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) affects cardiovascular response during anesthetic induction. Furthermore, we evaluated the utility of the preoperative anxiety scale as a predictive factor for hemodynamic changes. METHODS: One hundred twenty patients who were scheduled to undergo elective surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled in this prospective study. The patients were asked to fill out STAI questionnaires the night before the day of surgery. For 5 minutes after tracheal intubation, changes in vital signs were recorded. The correlation between STAI scores and the percent changes in vital signs during the induction of anesthesia for each subgroup was assessed. In addition, the predictability of the 20% change in vital signs by STAI scores was analyzed using receiver operating characteristics curves. RESULTS: The state anxiety scores of patients 45 years of age or older showed a significant correlation with percent changes in mean blood pressure and heart rate, whereas the state anxiety scores in other subgroups showed no significant correlation with changes in vital signs during the induction of anesthesia. Furthermore, the state anxiety scores in patients 45 years of age or older were shown to be useful in predicting a 20% change in vital signs during anesthetic induction. CONCLUSIONS: The state anxiety scores of patients 45 years of age or above could be a useful tool for predicting changes in vital signs during anesthetic induction. Thus, physician should be mindful of preoperative anxiety.

Effects of acupuncture treatment on lumbar disk herniation with phobia / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

Objective:We successfully treated a patient suffering from pain and numbness in the waist and lower limbs with phobia. Sedative acupuncture treatment was performed in addition to somatic treatment.<BR>Case:A 64-year-old woman complained mainly of pain and numbness in the right waist and the lower limbs and had a sense of fear. Following the postoperative pain of lumbar disk herniation (L4-L5) in X-14 year, dorsal positioning without grasping anything frequently triggered a sense of fear with a scary feeling that her body was suspended in midair, which could not be alleviated by medication. As the symptoms in the waist and lower limbs recurred due to a fall in January of X year, she consulted an orthopedist in April. She was given a diagnosis of lumbar disk hernia (L5-S1) and hospitalized. Since the symptoms sustained, she consulted the department of acupuncture attached to the Kansai University of Health Sciences Clinic in November. The sense of fear triggered by dorsal position in the acupuncture treatment interfered with the treatment. When she was referred to the department of psychosomatic medicine, the diagnosis of "Other types"of the DSM-IV "300.29 specific phobia"was given. While low-frequency acupuncture electrotherapy on the same side and the same level as the hernia was provided, we applied sedative acupuncture treatment once a week 30 times using the following acupuncture points:GV23;PC6;CV17;and CV6. Before and after every acupuncture treatment after the 10th, the symptoms were evaluated with Finger Floor Distance (FFD), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of pain and mood (feelings) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). <BR>Results:The sense of fear during the acupuncture treatment slowly decreased after the 14th treatment. Decreases in FFD, VAS for pain and mood (feelings), and state anxiety score of STAI were observed. The pain and the numbness in the waist and the lower limbs decreased in parallel with the sense of fear. Furthermore, the dosage of hypnotic agent decreased gradually as sleep improved. <BR>Conclusion:Pain and numbness in the waist and the lower limbs with phobia were relieved by sedative acupuncture treatment.

Effectiveness of Preferable Color Light on Psychosomatic State Evaluated by Emotional Parameters and Biochemical Parameters / 日本補完代替医療学会誌

<b>Objective</b>: To assess the effectiveness of preferred colored light on psychosomatic state.<br> <b>Methods</b>: Preferred color light and other colored light were projected on a screen and shown to experimental and control subjects. To determine the effect of such light, mood adjective scores as determined by the Multiple Mood Scale (MMS) were measured as an emotional parameter, and levels of salivary chromogranin A (CgA) and salivary immune globulin A were measured as biochemical parameters. This study was performed in a randomized, crossover design. These data were analyzed statistically and a<i> p </i>value less than 0.05 was considered significant.<br> <b>Results</b>: After being exposed to preferred colored lights, mean MMS scores indicating positive moods, such as well-being increased significantly (p = 0.025), and scores indicating negative moods, such as depression and boredom decreased significantly (p = 0.005, p = 0.041). Mean value of salivary CgA also decreased and was significantly different between experimental and control group (p < 0.001).<br> <b>Conclusion</b>: Preferred colored light may be effective in promoting a calm positive state.<br>

Korean State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Application Study in Middle and High School Students / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the validity and standardize the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in middle and high school students and find the factors which influenced their anxiety. METHODS: 1,033 middle and high school students were selected randomly from 7 regions around the country. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was applied in all subjects and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was applied with it to calculate the coexistence validity. To find the causes of adolescent anxiety, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Subjective Happiness Scale, The Satisfaction With Life Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RES), Parent-Adolescent communication family inventories, In family social scene were all applied and correlation with STAI was investigated. RESULTS: Reliability issues, such as internal coherence, the coherence between specific phobia and anxiety state were satisfactory and the coexistence validity with BAI was high. The result of factor analysis shows that factor structures were similar to previous studies. High school students showed higher anxiety levels than middle school students, and girls higher than boys. For socio-economical factors, poverty and poor grades related to higher anxiety. Among psychological factors, happiness and selfesteem showed high correlation with anxiety. CONCLUSION: The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) showed high validity and reliability in middle and high school students and proved itself a reliable scale. When treating their anxiety, age, sex, socio-economical and psychological factors should all be considered.

Correlation Between Preoperative Anxiety and Intraoperative Anesthetic Requirements / 中国微创外科杂志

Objective To investigate the correlation between preoperative anxiety and intraoperative anesthetic requirements,and to determine the proper anxiety evaluation scale.Methods Sixty ASA I patients undergoing knee arthroscopy were enrolled.The anxiety level of the patients was assessed by using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI),Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS),and Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) 30 min before the surgery.The low frequency(LF) and low frequency/high frequency(LF/HF) of the heart rate variability were recorded before the surgery.Target controlled infusion(TCI) of propofol was started to provide a blood concentration of 1.5 ?g/ml,and was increased by 0.5 ?g/ml every 30 s until OAA/S value reached 4,which was defined as the point of consciousness loss.BIS value and propofol requirements were recorded.TCI of propofol was maintained for 30 min to keep a BIS value at 50,LF and LF/HF of heart rate variability and maintenance dose of propofol were recorded during this period.Results Propofol requirements at the point of consciousness loss were significantly liner correlated with the SAI,TAI,and Zung scores,as well as LF and LF/HF(r=0.362,0.285,0.315,0.274,0.411,P

Effects of Sensory Information on Preoperative Anxiety of Day-Case Surgery Patients / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Preoperative anxiety is described as an unpleasant state of uneasiness or tension that may adversely influence the quality of anesthesia and outcome of surgery. This study was designed to assess the effects of sensory information on preoperative anxiety of outpatients for day-case surgery. METHODS: One hundred healthy patients scheduled for elective day-case surgery were randomly assigned to one of two groups. A leaflet consisting of sensory information describing what they could expect to feel during anesthesia, surgery, and recovery time was provided by a trained nurse to the patients in information group (n = 50) in the preparation room before the operation. However, no information was provided to the patients in control group (n = 50). All patients were requested to complete the Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory on the day before the operation in the clinic, and at the conclusion of the sensory information or standard interview in the preparation room before the induction of anesthesia. Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate were recorded during the observational period. RESULTS: Although no significant difference existed between the two groups on the pre and postintervention anxiety scores and vital signs, the question about feeling of objective anxiety in the information group was significantly higher than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Implications are presented for identifying the patients at risk for preoperative anxiety and coping styles and for designing effective interventions to enhance the patient's sense of control.

The propensity to depression and anxiety in children

BACKGROUND: The goals of this study are to investigate the propensity to depression and anxiety in children, and also, to investigate its relationship to the family structure, their life events, and school achievement. We have attempted to aid the continuous and comprehensive management of children with depression and anxiety in a field of family practice. METHODS: A group of 797 boys and girls in 5th and 6th were selected grades a elementary school in their, In the area of ll-san and In-cheon city in August, 1997. Making use of the Kovacs' Children's Depression Inventory(CDI, 1977) and the Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children(STAIC, 1973), we investigated the propensity to depression and anxiety by self-rating. At the same time, the general characteristics(gender, age, resideuce, family structure), life events(death single parent, divorced family, death of a sibling, family discord between husband), and school achievement were investigated and assessed their relationship. RESULTS: The Children's Depression Inventory score was 11.69, the State Anxiety Inventory score was 31.51, and the Trait Anxiety Inventory score was 31.49. The CDI score were significantly higher in females, sixth year students, residents execpt for those living in an apartment or villa, and low school achievement group(P<0.01, P<0.05), There was no significance between CDI score and age, whether or not a dual-income family, death of a sib, hospitalization within 6 months, and family discord between husband and wife. The STAIC score was significantly higher for old age, female, sixth year students, and low school achieve menu group(P<0.01), and there was no significance between the STAIC score and residence, whether or not a dual-income family, death of a sibling, hospitalization within 6 months, and family discord between husband and wife. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, there was a significant correlation between gender, school years, school achievement and a propensity to depression and anxiety. Therefore, family physician should be more involved in family intervention and anticipatory guidance upon medical examination and treatment, if he or she has a symptoms of anxiety and depression.