A preliminary survey of acaroid mite breeding in farmer home storages / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To investigate the densities and species of acaroid mites in stored products in farmer home storages. Methods The mite samples which were collected from the farmers’home in Linquan County, Anhui Province included grains, foods, condiments, fruits and vegetables, and the breeding mites were isolated, then identified and classified after using the mites to make slide specimens. Results Twenty-one species of acaroid mites were obtained, belonging to 7 families and 15 genera. The highest breeding density was in the millet (3 888.89 mite/g) and the lowest was in the fennel (2.03 mite/g), and the frequent breeding species of storages were Tyrophagus putrescentiae and Lepidoglyphus destructor. The average breeding density of acaroid mites in grains was 383.94 mite/g, and the dominant mite species was T. longior. The average breeding density of acaroid mites in condiments was 149.53 mite/g, and the dominant mite species were L. destructor and Chortoglyphus arcuatus. The average breeding density of acaroid mites in foods was 85.15 mite/g, and the dominant mite species were T. putrescentiae, T. longior, T. palmarum, Glycyphagus domesticus and Dermatophagoides farina. The average breeding density of acaroid mites in fruits and vegetables was 49.15 mite/g, and the dominant mite species were Rhizoglyphus robini and T. palmarum. The average breeding density of acaroid mites in other stored products was 25.05 mite/g, and the dominant mite species were T. putrescentiae and L. destructor. Conclusion The species of acaroid mites in home storages are very rich, and it is necessary to take positive measures to reduce the infestation of acaroid mites.

A preliminary survey of acaroid mite breeding in farmer home storages / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To investigate the densities and species of acaroid mites in stored products in farmer home storages. Methods The mite samples which were collected from the farmers’home in Linquan County, Anhui Province included grains, foods, condiments, fruits and vegetables, and the breeding mites were isolated, then identified and classified after using the mites to make slide specimens. Results Twenty-one species of acaroid mites were obtained, belonging to 7 families and 15 genera. The highest breeding density was in the millet (3 888.89 mite/g) and the lowest was in the fennel (2.03 mite/g), and the frequent breeding species of storages were Tyrophagus putrescentiae and Lepidoglyphus destructor. The average breeding density of acaroid mites in grains was 383.94 mite/g, and the dominant mite species was T. longior. The average breeding density of acaroid mites in condiments was 149.53 mite/g, and the dominant mite species were L. destructor and Chortoglyphus arcuatus. The average breeding density of acaroid mites in foods was 85.15 mite/g, and the dominant mite species were T. putrescentiae, T. longior, T. palmarum, Glycyphagus domesticus and Dermatophagoides farina. The average breeding density of acaroid mites in fruits and vegetables was 49.15 mite/g, and the dominant mite species were Rhizoglyphus robini and T. palmarum. The average breeding density of acaroid mites in other stored products was 25.05 mite/g, and the dominant mite species were T. putrescentiae and L. destructor. Conclusion The species of acaroid mites in home storages are very rich, and it is necessary to take positive measures to reduce the infestation of acaroid mites.

Bioatividade de pós de espécies vegetais sobre a reprodução de Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr. 1775) (Coleoptera: bruchidae) / Bioactivity of powders from plant species on reproduction of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr. 1775) (Coleoptera: bruchidae)

Os inseticidas de origem botânica têm-se mostrado uma alternativa promissora na redução de insetos que atacam grãos armazenados. O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial inseticida de nove espécies vegetais na reprodução de Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr., 1775) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Folhas e ramos das plantas cumaru (Amburana cearensis), marmeleiro (Croton sonderianus), mussambê (Cleome spinosa), jurema-preta (Mimosa tenuiflora), angico (Anadenanthera macrocarpa), pereiro (Aspidosperma pyrifolium), mangirioba (Senna occidentalis), alfazema-brava (Hyptis suaveolens) e juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro) foram secos e moídos, separadamente, até obter um pó fino e, posteriormente, aplicados sobre amostras de grãos de feijão-caupi (45 g) contidas em copos plásticos (100 mL). Cada amostra foi infestada com um casal recém-emergido de C. maculatus e registrada a oviposição de cada fêmea. Grãos infestados, mas sem adição de pó foram utilizados como testemunha. O estudo foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições, em arranjo fatorial 9 x 2 + 1, correspondente às espécies de plantas, tipos de pó e testemunha, respectivamente. Para cada tratamento foi avaliado o número total de ovos por fêmea, o número de adultos emergidos e a razão sexual de C. maculatus. A sobrevivência dos adultos não foi afetada pela presença de pó quando comparada à testemunha. A média total de ovos variou entre 68,7 e 85,3 e não foi diferente entre os tratamentos. Contudo, grãos tratados com pó de folhas de mussambê e pó de ramos de juazeiro e pereiro tiveram a menor emergência de adultos (entre 68,1 e 70,9%). De forma semelhante, a razão sexual de C. maculatus foi reduzida em grãos tratados com pó de folhas de mussambê e pó de ramos das espécies jurema-preta, angico e pereiro com, aproximadamente, 40% de fêmeas a menos.

Botanical insecticides have been employed successfully against some stored product insects. In this study, the insecticidal potential of nine plant species was evaluated on the reproduction of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr., 1775) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Leaves and stems of "cumaru" (Amburana cearensis), "marmeleiro" (Croton sonderianus), "mussambê" (Cleome spinosa), "jurema-preta" (Mimosa tenuiflora), "angico" (Anadenanthera macrocarpa), "pereiro" (Aspidosperma pyrifolium), "mangirioba" (Senna occidentalis), "alfazema-brava" (Hyptis suaveolens) and "juazeiro" (Ziziphus joazeiro) were dried and ground, separately, into a fine powder which was thoroughly mixed with 45 g of cowpea beans in a plastic cup (100 mL). Each sample was infested with a pair of newly emerged C. maculatus and the numbers of eggs and emerged adults and sex ratio were registered. Infested cowpea grains without any powder were used as a control treatment. The experiment was carried out in completely randomized design with five replicates in a factorial arrangement of 9 x 2 + 1, corresponding to plant species, types of powders and control treatment, respectively. Powders from different plant species have not significant effect on survival of C. maculatus adults when compared with the control. Similarly, the total number of eggs was not different between plant species studied and this number ranged between 68.7 and 85.3 eggs per female. However, powder from "mussambê" leaves or "juazeiro" and "pereiro" stems had the lowest adult emergence between 68.1% and 70.9%. With regard to sex ratio of C. maculatus, powder from "mussambê" leaves and that from "jurema-preta", "angico" and "pereiro" stems reduced the number of female emerged in approximately 40%.

Toxic effects of essential plant oils in adult Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)

Toxic effects of essential plant oils in adult Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Stored grains are subject to losses in quality nutritional value and in sanitation from the time they are stored to the time they are consumed. Botanical insecticides may offer an alternative solution for pest control. The objective was to test the insecticidal properties of the essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus (leaf), Zingiber officinale (root) and Mentha sp. (leaf). The efficacy of these oils was tested to control the rice weevil, S. oryzae, using hydrodistillation. Chemical analysis of the essential oils was carried out by gas chromatography. Major components of C. citratus were geranial (48 percent) and neral (31 percent), of Z. officinale were α-zingibereno (13 percent), geranial (16 percent), neral (10 percent) and α-farneseno (5 percent) and of Mentha sp. was menthol (92 percent). Bioassays were carried out by fumigation and topical application. In topical application assays, the essential oil of C. citratus had greater toxicity (LC50 0.027 µL mL-1) and shorter exposure time than the oils of the other two plants. After 24 h and 48 h, 70 percent and 100 percent mortality of S. oryzae occurred, respectively. In fumigation assays, essential oil of Z. officinale had a lower LC50 (1.18 µL cm-2) and 70 percent mortality after 24 h exposure. Therefore, we recommend the use of essential oils of C. citratus and Z. officinale to control the rice weevil S. oryzae.

Efeito tóxico de óleos essenciais de plantas medicinais em adultos de Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Grãos armazenados estão sujeitos a perdas na qualidade física, sanitária e nutricional, desde sua maturação fisiológica até o momento do consumo. Uma alternativa para o manejo de pragas são os inseticidas botânicos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito inseticida de óleos essenciais de Cymbopogon citratus (folha), Zingiber officinale (raiz) e Mentha sp. (folha), obtidos através do método de hidrodestilação,no controle de adultos do gorgulho-do-arroz, S. oryzae. A caracterização química dos compostos encontrados nos óleos essenciais foi realizada por cromatografia gasosa, sendo observados como principais componentes para C. citratus: geranial (48 por cento) e neral (31 por cento), para Z. officinale: 16 por cento de geranial, 13 por cento de α-zingibereno, 10 por cento de neral e 5 por cento de α-farneseno e para Mentha sp.: 92 por cento de mentol. Os bioensaios foram realizados por aplicação tópica e fumigação. Os resultados da aplicação tópica mostraram que o óleo essencial de C. citratus apresenta maior toxicidade quando comparado à Mentha sp.e ao Z. officinale, pois apresentou uma CL50 de 0.027 µL mL-2 e um menor período de exposição, causando 70 por cento e 100 por cento de mortalidade de adultos de S. oryzae, respectivamente, 24 e 48 horas após dos tratamentos. Nos ensaios com fumigação, em adultos de S. oryzae, o óleo essencial de Z. officinale, apresentou a menor CL50 (1,18 µL cm-2) e o menor período de exposição, causando 70 por cento de mortalidade em 24 horas após a aplicação dos tratamentos. Desse modo conclui-se que os óleos de C. citratus e Z. officinale podem ser recomendados no controle de adultos do gorgulho-do-arroz S. oryzae.

Ocorrência de coleópteros em alimentos industrializados para cães, comercializados na região metropolitana de Recife, PE / Occurrence of weevils (Insecta: Coleoptera) in pet food traded in the Metropolitan Region of Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil

With the purpose of verifying the occurrence of insect pests in dog food commercialized in the Metropolitan Region of Recife, samples from 15 different pet stores were submitted to the extraction of insects in a Berlese-Tullgren apparatus. Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Tenebrionidae) (55.2 percent) was the most frequent specie followed by Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Cucujidae) (31.3 percent), Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Bostrichidae) (8.9 percent) and Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius) (Anobiidae) (4.7 percent), all from Coleoptera. Recife showed the highest rate of infestation (53.6 percent), followed by Olinda (34.4 percent) and Jaboatão dos Guararapes (12.0 percent). The infestation by coleopters in the region occurs with high frequency and may represent a threat mainly in commercialized products in bulk.

Objetivando verificar a ocorrência de insetos-praga em alimento industrializado para cães, comercializado na região metropolitana do Recife, amostras de 15 diferentes lojas agropecuárias foram submetidas à extração de insetos em funil de Berlese-Tullgren. Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Tenebrionidae) (55,2 por cento) foi o mais freqüente, seguido por Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Cucujidae) (31,3 por cento), Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Bostrichidae) (8,9 por cento) e Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius) (Anobiidae) (4,7 por cento), todos Coleoptera. Recife apresentou o maior índice de infestação (53,6 por cento), seguido por Olinda (34,4 por cento) e Jaboatão dos Guararapes (12,0 por cento). A infestação por coleópteros ocorre com elevada freqüência na região, podendo representar uma ameaça principalmente nos produtos comercializados a granel.