Factores internos, externos y bilaterales asociados con la deserción en estudiantes universitarios / Internal, External and Bilateral factors associated with desertion in university students

Tomando en cuenta doce índices de factores asociados con la deserción en estudiantes universitarios, fue sometido a prueba un modelo hipotético de factores internos, externos y bilaterales, con base en datos de una muestra conformada por 359 estudiantes de una universidad pública en el noroeste de México. El análisis factorial confirmatorio derivó la estructuración de tres factores principales asociados con la deserción, la cual concuerda con el modelo teórico planteado por los autores: 1. Factores Internos al Alumnos (FIA), 2. Factores Externos al alumno (FEA), y 3. Factores Bilaterales (FB). Se obtuvo validez convergente y divergente de constructos, con parámetros significativos para p < 0.001, asimismo, se consiguió un modelo confirmatorio con aceptable bondad de ajuste (X2 = 151.94; p = .00001; CFI = .91; RMSEA = .089; intervalo de confianza al 90% de RMSEA= .07, .10 y coeficiente de confiabilidad Rho = .86). Sin embargo, la estructuración factorial tiene ligeras variaciones en cuanto a sus componentes especificados previamente en el modelo teórico, aspecto que será comentado en la discusión.

Taking into account twelve indices of factors associated with desertion in university students, a hypothetical model of internal, external and bilateral factors was tested, based on data from a sample consisting of 359 students from a public university in northwestern Mexico. Exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyzes suggested the structuring of three main factors associated with dropout, which agrees with the theoretical model proposed by the authors: 1. Internal Student Factors (ISF), 2. External Student Factors (ESF), and 3. Bilateral Factors (BF). A good divergent and convergent validity of constructs were obtained, with significant parameters for p <0.001, likewise, a confirmatory model with good goodness of fit was obtained (X2 = = 151.94; p = .00001; CFI = .91; RMSEA = .089). However, the factorial structure has slight variations in terms of its components previously specified in the theoretical model, an aspect that will be analyzed in the discussion.

Resultados do ENADE e avaliação da formação em psicologia / Results of the ENADE and an assessment of academic training in psychology / Resultados del ENADE y evaluación de la formación en psicología

O objetivo do estudo foi apresentar uma avaliação da formação em Psicologia a partir de uma análise documental dos resultados do Exame Nacional de Desempenho dos Estudantes nas edições 2006, 2009 e 2012. Os resultados contemplam 57.687 concluintes dos cursos de Psicologia e mostram aumento no percentual de estudantes que participam de atividades de iniciação científica, monitoria e extensão em contraposição a um decréscimo das notas médias no componente geral e, sobretudo, no componente específico das provas (caindo de 52,7 em 2006 para 37,6 em 2012). Chama a atenção o fato de o desempenho dos estudantes, ao longo desses anos, ter caído mais nas instituições de ensino superior públicas do que nas instituições privadas. Esses resultados denunciam muitas fragilidades na formação do psicólogo no Brasil e devem servir de alerta para todos aqueles que atuam no ensino da Psicologia e também para as instituições representativas da categoria. (AU)

The objective of the study was to present an evaluation of Psychology education based on a documentary analysis of National Student Performance Examination (ENADE) results in the 2006, 2009 and 2012 editions. Results include 57,687 Psychology course graduates and show an increase in the percentage of students participating in scientific initiation, monitoring and extension activities, but also a decrease in average scores in the exam's general components and, markedly, on the specific component (falling from 52.7 in 2006 to 37.6 in 2012). It is striking that the performance of students over these years has fallen more in public higher education institutions than in private institutions. These results denounce many weaknesses in Brazilian Psychology education and should serve as an alert for those involved in teaching Psychology, as well as to the institutions representing the category. (AU)

El objetivo del estudio fue presentar una evaluación de la formación en Psicología, a partir de un análisis documental de los resultados del Examen Nacional de Desempeño de los Estudiantes en las ediciones 2006, 2009 y 2012, ENADE. Los resultados contemplan a 57.687 individuos que culminaron los cursos de Psicología y muestran aumento en el porcentaje de estudiantes que participan de actividades de iniciación científica, monitoreo y extensión, en contraposición a una disminución de las notas medias en el componente general y, principalmente en el componente específico de las pruebas (disminuyendo de 52,7 en 2006 para 37,6 en 2012). Llama bastante la atención, el hecho de que el desempeño de los estudiantes a lo largo de esos años, disminuyó más en las instituciones de enseñanza superior pública que en las instituciones privadas. Esos resultados denuncian muchas fragilidades en la formación de psicólogos en Brasil y deben servir de alerta para todos aquellos que actúan en el campo de enseñanza de Psicología como también para las instituciones representativas de la categoría. (AU)

Effects of classroom-acoustic change on the attention level of university students

Diversas investigaciones han señalado la necesidad de modificar los espacios de aprendizaje para favorecer las condiciones de salud-trabajo-vida de los docentes y para mejorar las condiciones de aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Dichas modificaciones implican cambios arquitecturales, ya sea a través de amplificadores de sonido o deflectores, que permiten variar los niveles de reverberación del sonido y que por tanto modifican las necesidades de modular la voz y el desgaste asociado en el docente. El objetivo de la investigación realizada fue indagar el efecto del nivel de ruido, de la reverberación y de barreras acústicas, en el nivel atencional de 141 estudiantes de una universidad privada de la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia). Se utilizaron dos estrategias de medición de la atención. La primera de ellas contó con la medición del nivel atencional a través de un cuestionario con palabras pertenecientes a la clase y no pertenecientes a la misma, pero que tuvieran relación con la asignatura. La segunda estrategia midió el Índice de Atención (IA), el cual estuvo conformado por el promedio de las desviaciones de la mirada a un punto, calculado sobre una cuadrícula. Los resultados señalan diferencias significativas entre los grupos intervenidos y no intervenidos. Esta diferencia es significativa tanto para la estrategia de medición tradicional de la atención, a través del cuestionario con la lista de palabras, como para la estrategia alternativa de medición del Índice de Atención, a través de la cuadrícula. Este estudio señala que cambios específicos dirigidos a disminuir los valores de reverberación en los salones de clase, afectan positivamente los niveles de atención y el desempeño de estudiantes. Lo que indica la necesidad de mejorar las condiciones acústicas de los sitios de aprendizaje para así lograr tanto mejores comprensiones de los contenidos por parte de los estudiantes como menor desgaste en la voz de los docentes.

Noise in learning environments has proven to be a big source of health problems not only for teachers, but also for students. Noise is considered as every type of sound that we are not interested in hearing, whereas a useful sound is the one we want to perceive. Studies that analyze the relationship between the effects of noise and attention processes are developed within the idea that sound stimulation acts intermittently as an activator and therefore it can generate an over-activation in the individual due to the distortion caused by this diffused stimulation on the attention process. Furthermore, researches also show that the presence of noise affects performance by making subjects focus their attention upon aspects of the task defined as relevant. Researchers have stated the importance of changing learning spaces in order to favor the health- work-life conditions of teachers and to improve the students’ learning conditions. These alterations include architectural changes, using sound-field amplification, or ceiling baffles and reflect ors that allow changing the reverberation levels of sound in order to modify the need teachers have to modulate their voice and avoid wearing it out. Is common that regulations on the acoustic characteristics of many places set general requisites that are minimal and insufficient to control noise and reverberation, and that are not in line with the guidelines on intermittent sounds. The objective of this research was to examine the effect of noise, reverberation, and acoustical barriers on the level of attention of 141 students from a private university in . Modular panels with acoustic properties were used for an acoustic intervention in some classrooms, intending to reduce the noise levels. Then, all the students of four courses of Mathematics and Statistics were considered. At least two courses had classes in the class rooms that had the acoustic intervention at the beginning of the semester, and the same teacher should be teaching those courses (in both altered and unaltered classrooms) in order to exclude differences associated with the teacher. Since the investigation aimed to measure the level of attention of the students that were in both classrooms. We designed two measurement strategies that correspond to the two types of researches that study the relationship between noise and attention. However, this study presents important differences regarding the strategies that are traditionally associated with embedded figures tests, tests regarding global shape processing and details, or surveillance tasks, because these situations were not controlled within a lab but real noise situations in a classroom. Two strategies of attention measurement were used. The first strategy measured the level of attention through a questionnaire with words belonging and not belonging to the class, but related to the subject. The second strategy allows calculating the Attention Index (AI), which would be measured by the average of the times students look away to a specific point, this is indicated in a grid. The results point towards significant differences between the acoustically intervened and non-intervened groups. That difference is significant both for the traditional attention measurement strategy through a questionnaire with word list and for the alternate Attention Index (AI) measurement strategy using a grid. This study shows that noise levels have an important effect on the students’ attention processes, and that specific changes, aimed at decreasing reverberation values in classrooms affect positively the levels of attention and student performance. They also indicate the need to improve the acoustic conditions of learning sites in order to allow students to achieve a better understanding of contents and to lessen the fatigue of the teachers’ voices.

A expectativa do professor e o desempenho dos alunos / Teacher's expectation and students' performance

Este trabalho enfoca dois aspectos fundamentais na interação professor-aluno: a sintonia entre o professor e sua turma, e a expectativa do professor quanto ao desempenho dos alunos. Cruzando-se informações de diferentes instrumentos contextuais, aplicados aos professores e alunos, com os resultados dos testes cognitivos dos alunos, pôde-se identificar os fatores que distorcem a percepção do professor acerca da turma e influenciam sua expectativa. Constatou-se que a expectativa do professor é influenciada por suas percepções em relação ao ambiente escolar e pelas características sociodemográficas dos alunos. Observou-se que a expectativa do professor provoca um impacto positivo na proficiência do aluno, mesmo considerando-se o efeito de variáveis sociodemográficas tradicionalmente associadas ao desempenho. Essas conclusões foram obtidas a partir da construção de modelos hierárquicos.

This work focus on two basic aspects on teacher-student interaction: the tune between teacher and their class, and teacher's expectation with regard to students' performance. When cross analyzing the information of different contextual instruments, applied to teachers and students, with results of the students' cognitive tests, it was possible to identify the factors that distort the teacher's perception about the class and influence his/her expectation. It was noticed that the teacher's expectation is influenced by his/her perceptions in relation to the school environment and the students' social-demographic characteristics. It was observed that the teacher's expectation provokes a positive impact on the student's proficiency, even when it is considered the effect of social-demographic variables, which are traditionally associated to the performance. All these conclusions were obtained by constructing hierarchical models.

El burnout académico: delimitación del síndrome y factores asociados con su aparición / Academic burnout: delineation of the syndrome and factors associated with their emergence

El artículo presenta una revisión de los principales conceptos del síndrome de burnout académico, su evolución y su delimitación conceptual con otros trastornos como depresión y ansiedad, así como también una revisión de los modelos teóricos del burnout en el ámbito laboral para su aplicación en el ámbito académico. Además, se contextualizan las variables asociadas a su desarrollo y sus consecuencias en el rendimiento académico y en la salud mental de estudiantes universitarios.

The article presents a review of the main concepts of academic burnout, its evolution and its conceptual boundaries with other disorders like depression and anxiety, as well as the revision of theoretical models of burnout in the workplace to apply in the academic field. In addition, contextualize the variables associated with its development and its impact on academic performance and mental health of university students.

A correlation between characteristics and students’ perception with the last score of field experience study at community based medicine.

Field experience study (FES) is one of the Community Based Medicine Education Programs that has done in Faculty of Medicine University of Malahayati. The aims of this study were to identify several factors related to final FES score. The questionnaires were given for all field study participants. It consisted of students’ characteristics and perception on field study. This FES was conducted on 3 September 2007. Cox regression was used to analyze data using STATA version 9.0. Gender, previous GPA, time of taking FES was dominant risk factors related to risk of FES score. The students who had higher cumulative Grade Point Average (GPA) had 72% higher on final FES score [adjusted relative risk (RRα) = 1.72; 95% Confidence interval (CI) = 1.22-2.43). Female than male students had 39% higher final FES score (RRα = 1.39; 95% CI = 0.93-2.09; P = 0.111), and the students who took than who did not take FES on recommended year of study had 29% higher final FES score (RR = 1.29; 95% CI = 0.96-1.73; P = 0.088). While conducting FES, special attention should be given to students who had previous GPA in order to increase their final FES score.

The Differential Impact of Various Assessment Parameters on the Medical Students Performance in the Professional Anatomy Examination in a New Medical School / El Impacto Diferencial de Varios Parámetros de Evaluación del Desempeño de Estudiantes de Medicina en el Examen Profesional de Anatomía en una Nueva Escuela de Medicina

There is a dearth of knowledge on the level of agreement between all the various assessment tasks on the same content area, in order to test this hypothesis we adopted the concept of convergent validity and also to isolate area of academic weakness among the students and to readjust the curriculum content to balance the weakness. A blinded cohort retrospective study was carried out on a total of sixty-six third year medical students who had sat for their first professional examination in anatomy in the new medical college of Lagos State University. Using records of their grades in the various assessments parameters- the average end-in course assessment, short essays question (SEQ), multiple-choice questions (MCQ), and practical (Steeple-chase). The mean + S.D. Pearson's correlation with students t-test (p< 0.05 being significant) were analyzed using the computerized SPSS 11 (SPSS inc. Chicago, Illinois) software package. The practical was significantly correlated with overall performance (r = 0.89, p< 0.01); with the student t-value of 6.15 (p< 0.01). Although, the SEQ showed significant correlation to overall performance (r =0.72; p<0.01), the t-value of 0.4 was non-significant, but, within an acceptable range. The practical, MCQ, SEQ and end-incourse showed an overall rank order of relative performance in assessment tasks, therefore indicates that, in general, students performance in the Professional examination was better than in the end-incourse examination and hence, the need to reappraise this pattern and emphasize the role of incourse assessment in the curriculum.

Existe escasez de conocimiento sobre el nivel de concordancia entre todas las varias tareas de evalución sobre los contenidos de una misma área. En orden a evaluar esta hipótesis, adoptamos el concepto de validez convergente y también de área aislada, de falta de solidez académica entre los estudiantes y readecuar el contenido curricular para balancear esa falta de solidez. Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo al azar sobre un total de 66 alumnos de Medicina de Tercer Año, quienes tuvieron su primer examen profesional de Anatomía en la nueva Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad del Estado de Lagos, Nigeria. Usando registros de sus grados en varios parámetros de evaluación: promedio final de la evaluación del Curso, preguntas cortas de redacción, ítemes de selección múltiple y prácticas. La media + desviación estándar, correlación de Person con el t-test de Sudents (p< 0.05) fueron analizados con el programa SPSS 11 (SPSS inc. Chicago, Illinois). La parte práctica fue significativamente correlacionada con todo el rendimiento (r = 0.89, p< 0.01); con un valor del t-Students de 6.15 (p< 0.01). Aunque las preguntas cortas mostraron correlación significativa para la totalidad de lo hecho (r =0.72; p<0.01), el valor de t de 0,4 no fue significativo, pero estuvo dentro de un rango aceptable. La parte práctica, selección múltiple y preguntas cortas de redacción y final del curso, mostraron un orden de clasificación de relativo desempeño en las tareas de evaluación, lo que indica que, en general, la actividad de los estudiantes en el examen profesional fue mejor que en el examen del curso y de ahí, la necesidad de readecuar este patrón y enfatizar el rol de evaluación dentro del curso en el curriculum.